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1.
南极大气臭氧和温度垂直结构及其季节变化的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用南极中山站2008年2月至2009年2月臭氧和温度探空等资料,对中山站上空大气臭氧和温度的垂直结构及季节变化特征进行了研究.结果表明,在中山站上空热对流层顶和臭氧对流层顶的高度相近,年平均高度分别为7.9和7.4km.对流层顶的气压和温度都存在位相相反一波型季节变化.春季和冬季对流层顶的温度转折没有夏季和秋季明显,而依据臭氧变化恰能更好地确定对流层顶高度.在对流层臭氧垂直分布的季节变化不显著;而平流层却十分明显.春季下平流层臭氧严重耗损,14km处的臭氧最小分压仅为1.57MPa,最大分压出现在上平流层,其他季节下平流层臭氧随高度增加而升高.春季下平流层臭氧的严重损耗,与极夜过后低温条件和平流层冰晶云表面消耗臭氧的光化学过程有密切关系.大气臭氧和温度的垂直结构及季节变化特征,对春季南极臭氧洞的形成和发展具有重要意义. 相似文献
2.
中层大气温度变化的探测与研究是当前气候变化研究课题的一个组成部分，本文基于海南激光雷达2010—2020年间的长期观测，通过对中层大气Rayleigh散射信号的反演，探讨了海口(19.9°N,110.3°E)上空中层大气(32～64 km)温度变化特性.研究结果显示，中层大气温度呈周期性变化趋势，年、半年、季节变化幅度最大值分别为6.0、3.8、1.7 K,平流层顶位于42～51 km高度，日平均温度最高为～262 K.平流层温度主要表现为年变化趋势，半年和季节变化不明显；平流层顶和低中间层温度变化趋势具有年和半年变化特征，季节变化不明显.在太阳活动性发生明显变化的周期里，平流层顶温度的年际变化趋势对辐射通量F10.7指数变化有较明显的响应；而在太阳活动平静的年份里，温度变化趋势与太阳辐射通量变化的相关性不明显. 相似文献
3.
利用1958~2001年的臭氧混合比和ECMWF(European Centre for Medium_range Weather Forecast)资料,采用Wei诊断模型定量计算了穿越全球对流层顶的臭氧质量通量.结果表明:(1)臭氧通量场存在纬向型和经向型的空间波列结构,这些空间波列均未能跨越对流层顶断裂带到达热带对流层顶控制区,其中南北两极的极区、地中海-伊朗高原-青藏高原-日本南部-北太平洋和南半球对流层顶断裂带中沿纬圈完整的空间波列最为显著.海洋上空臭氧通量的性质较为均匀一致,大陆上空的空间结构多变.北半球向下与向上的局地平均最大臭氧通量分别是-4μg.m-2.s-1和2.5μg.m-2.s-1,南半球的对应值为-2.5μg.m-2.s-1和1.5μg.m-2.s-1.(2)纬向平均的臭氧净通量依赖于纬度变化,北半球与南半球具有显著的非对称特性,总效应是平流层臭氧向对流层输运注入.臭氧通量有着显著的季节变化,可随不同季节在地理分布上发生空间转移现象,而且其控制机制不仅受对流层顶的季节运动影响,也随大气环境的季节调整而发生改变.(3)南北半球臭氧净通量的变化趋势相反,南半球为双峰结构,表现为非对称振幅的季节波动结构.全球臭氧通量振幅的年际变化表现出明显的QBO(Quasi_Biennial Oscillation)特性,年代际演变的结构形态(向下的臭氧净通量)可划分为4个阶段:1960年代是平稳变化期,1970年代为增强期,1980年代是又一个相对平稳期,1990年代为剧烈变化期.向下的臭氧净通量主极大值出现在1977、1990年和1998年,极小值在1993年和1996年. 相似文献
4.
5.
利用北半球40°N～50°N纬度带上HALOE实验测量的O3和H2O廓线资料,根据示踪成分O3和H2O空间分布的化学寿命以及输运特征时间常数等性质,在等熵坐标中构建了对流层顶附近及最低平流层300～390 K等熵面间,O3/H2O混合关系的结构形态和季节特征.结果表明: (1) 在对流层顶转换层的320～380 K等熵面间O3混合比廓线的斜率具有空间转折"突变",而H2O混合比廓线的斜率则出现空间渐变转折.在对流层顶附近O3和H2O的源分别是平流层与对流层,使O3混合比和H2O混合比在320～380 K等熵面的两侧显现出截然不同的垂直分布梯度.(2) 在对流层顶附近O3/H2O达到最小二乘意义上的最佳拟合时,两者参考关系的对流层支与平流层支呈现出非规则"L"结构形态的季节与季节内变化,其中对流层支的斜率为负,而平流层支的斜率可随季节出现正负变化.同时,由"L"形态的转角处可确定随季节变化的化学对流层顶(chemopause)特征.(3) 由O3/H2O混合关系反映出对流层不同区域空气携带的物质成分分别与平流层空气混合而形成混合层,而且可使混合层的混合线不恒定.混合层的表现在2003年、2005年1月和2003年4月的混合程度相当,混合的等熵厚度大约是30 K,即在320～350 K等熵面间.2005年11月的混合高度有所增高,进入平流层的H2O混合比要比2003年和2005年1月的小,混合的等熵厚度大约为30 K,在330～360 K等熵面间.不同季节混合的等熵厚度变化较小,但高度可随季节而变化.O3/H2O混合关系的平流层支随季节的变化很明显,1月最低平流层空气脱水是引起平流层支季节变化的重要原因. 相似文献
6.
臭氧的时空分布特征对气候和环境变化具有显著影响,随着臭氧资料数量的增加和质量的提高,有必要对臭氧时空分布特征及其与气候变化的关系进行详细研究.本文利用欧洲中期天气预报中心提供的1979—2013年的全球月平均臭氧总量资料、平流层温度场资料,采用旋转经验正交函数分解(REOF)、Morlet小波分析、合成分析等方法研究了20°N以北的北半球冬季(12—2月)臭氧总量异常的主要空间分布结构与时间演变特征,并进一步分析了主要模态与平流层上层(2hPa)、中层(30hPa)以及下层(100hPa)温度异常的关系.结果表明:近30年北半球冬季臭氧总量异常变化最显著的区域主要有5个,分别位于极地地区(75°N—90°N,0°—360°)、北半球副热带地区(20°N—40°N,0°—360°)、阿拉斯加地区(60°N—75°N,180°—260°E)、北大西洋地区(45°N—60°N,310°E—360°E)及西伯利亚地区(50°N—65°N,80°E—130°E).5个区域的冬季臭氧总量异常具有明显的年际和年代际变化特征.1980年代后期是各个区域的臭氧总量异常由年代际偏多转为偏少的转换时段.此外,各区域存在显著的年际变化周期,而且各个区域的年际周期存在明显的差异.臭氧总量异常变化与平流层温度异常变化的关系表明,臭氧总量异常的增加(减少)能够导致平流层上层温度异常偏冷(暖)和平流层中、下层温度异常偏暖(冷),其中平流层中层温度异常的偏暖(冷)程度要比下层更加明显. 相似文献
7.
利用ECMWF和HALOE资料,分析了1991~2002年两种资料中温度垂直廓线、平方差水平分布,并通过线性趋势分析方法分析了平流层不同高度温度变化趋势的差异.研究结果表明：在中低纬度地区,10 hPa以下两种资料中温度垂直廓线非常吻合;10~2 hPa高度,HALOE资料中温度比ECMWF资料中温度要高;1 hPa高度上,两种资料也有比较小的差异.在南北半球的中高纬度地区,温度的差异比较明显,整个平流层中,HALOE资料中温度比ECMWF资料中温度要高.平流层中温度的水平分布差异随着高度而增大.中低纬度地区温度差异相对较小,南北半球50°以上地区差异比较大.在平流层的中低层100 hPa、50 hPa和10 hPa高度,两种资料中温度的变化趋势一致,但是HALOE资料中温度的递减趋势要更明显.在平流层高层2 hPa,1996年后两种资料中温度的变化趋势相反.本研究将为平流层温度研究的资料选择提供一定的依据. 相似文献
8.
本文利用2013年6月至2015年10月北京南苑观象台两年多午后臭氧探空资料，初步分析了北京城区大气混合层内臭氧浓度的垂直分布规律以及典型天气条件下大气边界层臭氧的变化特征.主要结果有：（1）季节平均而言，地表至对流层中部（8 km）的臭氧浓度在夏季最高，冬季最低，相差50~130 μg·m-3，最大差异在边界层.总体而言，对流层臭氧浓度随高度有比较缓慢的增加，但是边界层内臭氧浓度的垂直结构随季节有比较大的差异：夏季混合层中部存在一个臭氧浓度极大值，这与夏季比较强的光化学生成臭氧有关；而在冬季地面臭氧浓度很低，平均值小于40 μg·m-3，说明冬季地面是臭氧很强的汇.（2）臭氧浓度季节内变率的季节差异也十分明显，夏季最大、冬季最小.季节内变率在从边界层向自由对流层过渡区域最小（夏季为24 μg·m-3，冬季仅为10 μg·m-3），在边界层内变率较大，夏季可达64 μg·m-3（冬季为30 μg·m-3），这也说明边界层化学过程明显影响臭氧浓度的变化.（3）我们从所有白天样本中严格筛选了部分混合层样本，并把臭氧浓度在由混合层向自由大气过渡时的垂直分布分成了三类，即臭氧浓度随高度增大（Ⅰ型）、减小（Ⅱ型）以及基本稳定不变（Ⅲ型）；臭氧垂直结构类型有明显的季节特征，夏季主要是Ⅱ型，而冬季则以Ⅰ型为主.（4）此外，我们还针对一些典型天气过程（强风、静稳雾天和PM2.5污染）边界层内臭氧的变化特征进行了分析，结果表明：强风切变产生的机械对流引起的充分混合，有利于高层臭氧向低层输送，使得混合层内臭氧浓度的垂直梯度明显减小，同时混合层高度较高，达3 km以上；在高湿度静稳天气控制下，大气混合层较稳定，对北京上空污染物的垂直扩散十分不利：颗粒物浓度升高，削弱到达近地层的太阳辐射，从而降低臭氧的生成效率，混合层内臭氧浓度与混合层厚度都处于较低水平. 相似文献
9.
本文建立了一个中纬电离层E层理论模式. 该模式从NO+,O２＋,O+和N２＋这四种主要离子的连续性方程出发,通过数值模拟得到中纬电离层E层电子和各种离子密度随时间和高度的变化情况. 计算结果能较好地反映出E层电子密度峰值（NmE）或E层临界频率（foE）的日变化、季节变化以及随太阳活动的变化趋势. 将模式的计算结果与武汉地区测高仪的观测数据进行比较,结果证明模式能够较为客观地反映中纬电离层E层的实际形态. 针对以往电离层E层理论模式存在的主要问题,本文还进一步讨论了几种重要因素,包括二次离化源,λ<150?谱段的辐射通量,吸收截面以及NO分布对于模式计算结果的影响. 相似文献
10.
利用1979~1992年卫星TOR对流层臭氧数据库资料,以及同期太阳辐照度数据序列,考察青藏高原对流层臭氧含量变化与太阳辐射周期变化之间的关系.分析表明,青藏高原对流层臭氧分布表现出与太阳辐照度相同的变化趋势,存在着明显的太阳周期变化特征.逐月线性回归分析表明,太阳辐照度增加导致青藏高原对流层臭氧增加的正效应.在太阳周期内,太阳辐射增加可使青藏高原对流层臭氧、平流层臭氧和臭氧总量分别增加1.31、4.97、6.628DU,或4.07%、2.04%、2.28%.该特征与赤道太平洋地区完全相反,分析产生差异的原因,至少应包括两方面因素：一是背景大气NOX和水汽含量的差异;二是青藏高原频繁发生的平流层-对流层大气物质交换和输送. 相似文献
11.
The stratosphere holds a variety of particulates like polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) and sulphate aerosols which catalyse chemical reactions. These reactions cause changes in the composition of the stratosphere, including the redistribution of active chlorine which might lead to ozone destruction. As a result during recent years a lot of effort has been directed towards the quantification of the uptake of trace gases like ClONO2, HCl, etc. into these particulates. However, it has been observed that many of the two and three dimensional models used in such studies are constrained by the lack of adequate rate constant data. This paper describes a theoretical approach to estimate the reaction rate constants for 23 gases on both types of polar stratospheric clouds (type I and II). It is found that for gases like N2O5, ClONO2 and HCl, diffusional uptake is important and contributes significantly to the heterogeneous reaction rate. A complete Lennard-Jones calculation is used to accurately compute the trace gas diffusion coefficients. 相似文献
12.
Influence of the Precipitating Energetic Particles on Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
We evaluate the influence of the galactic cosmic rays (GCR), solar proton events (SPE), and energetic electron precipitation (EEP) on chemical composition of the atmosphere, dynamics, and climate using the chemistry-climate model SOCOL. We have carried out two 46-year long runs. The reference run is driven by a widely employed forcing set and, for the experiment run, we have included additional sources of NO x and HO x caused by all considered energetic particles. The results show that the effects of the GCR, SPE, and EEP fluxes on the chemical composition are most pronounced in the polar mesosphere and upper stratosphere; however, they are also detectable and statistically significant in the lower atmosphere consisting of an ozone increase up to 3?% in the troposphere and ozone depletion up to 8?% in the middle stratosphere. The thermal effect of the ozone depletion in the stratosphere propagates down, leading to a warming by up to 1?K averaged over 46?years over Europe during the winter season. Our results suggest that the energetic particles are able to affect atmospheric chemical composition, dynamics, and climate. 相似文献
13.
R. Krishna Rao Vupputuri 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1978,117(3):448-485
two-dimensional time dependent model of the stratosphere incorporating the major interactions between radiative-photochemical and dynamical processes is described. The main prognostic equations considered are the thermodynamic equation and the general conservation equation for the minor chemical constituents representing the odd oxygen (O
x
=O+('D)+O3), odd hydrogen (HO
x
=HO+HO2), N2O, odd nitrogen (NO
x
=NO+NO2+HNO3), CF2Cl2, CFCl3 and odd chlorine (Cl
x
=Cl+ClO+HCl). The zonal wind and mean meridional circulations are determined diagnostically by the integration of the thermal wind equation and the stream function equation in the meridional plane espectively. The large scale eddy processes are parameterized in terms of zonal mean quantities using the generalized diffusion formulation on a sloping surface. The radiative heating and cooling and the hotochemical sources and sinks are incorporated in a form which allows for the major interactions among the minor trace constituents, temperature and mean circulation.Two integrations consisting of natural stratosphere and a stratosphere contaminated by the chlorofluoromethanes through lower boundary fluxes are carried out for 23 model years by changing the declination of the sun every day and using 6-hour time step. The model simulations of temperature, mean circulation, ozone, HO
x
, N2O and NO
x
in the meridional plane for the normal stratosphere, show satisfactory agreement with the available observations. Based on the results of second integration it is found that the injection of chlorofluoromethanes in the atmosphere at the estimated current production rates can lead to significant changes in the meridional distribution of ozone, temperature and NO
x
in the middle and upper stratosphere. The results also indicate that the percentage total ozone depletion increases from tropics to high latitudes and from summer to winter high latitudes. Also discussed are the results of additional experiments incorporating the reaction of HO2 with NO and the reactions involving ClNO3. 相似文献
14.
Long-term measurements of the ozone concentration in the vicinity of the city of Berlin have been performed with ground based Dobson spectrophotometers and balloon borne systems. The respective experiments cover the past 24 years. All data have been reevaluated and corrected towards uniform calibration standards, leading to the longest European data set of total column density, altitude-dependent ozone partial pressures and the corresponding temperatures. Smoothing algorithms unravel significant long-term trends.The analysis shows an increase of ozone concentration within the middle stratosphere (below 31 km height) as well as in the troposphere over the past 24 years. On the contrary, ongoing ozone depletion in the lower stratosphere has been found.The large scale vertical redistribution of atmospheric ozone in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere seems to be in agreement with model calculations and trend predictions that have their roots in changes of the chemical composition and the ozone photochemistry due to anthropogenically induced trace gas concentrations.Deutscher Wetterdienst, Meteorologisches Observatorium Potsdam.Deutscher Wetterdienst, Meteorologisches Observatorium Lindenberg. 相似文献
15.
I. L. Karol 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1980,118(2):695-705
A scheme of a system of physical and chemical processes controlling the production, transport and destruction of ozone and its gaseous catalysts, as well as other related gases in the low and high stratosphere is presented. An account is made of temperature variations of the stratospheric layer resulting from changes in ozone content; also included is the effect of temperature variations on photochemical reaction rates and ozone and other gases transport between atmospheric layers. Parameters describing major relations of the system are inferred from the analysis of ozone and trace gas data and from the results of model calculations of interdependence between variations in temperature and ozone content of the layer.An analysis of minor fluctuations of the linearized system shows that photochemical processes are responsible for its aperiodic stability and that gas transport between atmospheric layers destabilizes the system. 相似文献
16.
A comparison is made of the first two years of Nimbus-4 backscattered ultraviolet (BUV) ozone measurements with the predictions of the Ames two-dimensional model. The ozone observations used in this study consist of the mixing ratio on the 1-, 2-, 5-, and 10-mb pressure surfaces. These data are zone and time averaged to obtain seasonal means for 1970 and 1971 and are found to show strong and repeatable meridional and seasonal dependencies. The model used for comparison with the observations extends from 80°N to 80°S latitude and from altitudes of 0 to 60 km with 5° horizontal grid spacing and 2.5-km vertical grid spacing. The chemical reaction and photolysis rate constants used in the model are those recommended in the report of the NASA Panel for Data Evaluation (1979) Chemical reaction and photolysis rates are diurnally averaged, and the photodissociation rates are corrected for the effects of scattering.It is found that the large altitude, latitude, and seasonal changes in the ozone data agree well with the model predictions. Also shown are model predictions of the sensitivity of the comparisons to changes in the assumed mixing ratios of water vapor, odd nitrogen, and odd chlorine, as well as to changes in the ambient temperature and transport parameters. 相似文献
17.
A. N. Gruzdev 《Geomagnetism and Aeronomy》2014,54(5):633-639
Using spectral, cross-spectral, and regression methods, we analyzed the effect of the 11-year cycle of solar activity on the ozone content in the stratosphere and lower mesosphere via satellite measurement data obtained with the help of SBUV/SBUV2 instruments in 1978–2003. We revealed a high coherence between the ozone content and solar activity level on the solar cycle scale. In much of this area, the ozone content varies approximately in phase with the solar cycle; however, in areas of significant gradients of ozone mixing ratio in the middle stratosphere, the phase shift between ozone and solar oscillations can be considerable, up to π/2. This can be caused by dynamical processes. The altitude maxima of ozone sensitivity to the 11-year solar cycle were found in the upper vicinity of the stratopause (50–55 km), in the middle stratosphere (35–40 km), and the lower stratosphere (below 25 km). Maximal changes in ozone content in the solar cycle (up to 10% and more) were found in winter and spring in polar regions. 相似文献
18.
Seasonal variations of ozone are studied by taking into consideration both photochemical and dynamical processes. Assuming that the seasonal variations of total ozone amounts are linear combinations of photochemical equilibrium variations and those due to atmospheric motions, the observed variations of the total ozone amount seem reasonably to be explained.The concept mentioned above implies that the time scale of ozone might be rather short in the lower stratosphere. The order of the half restoration time was estimated to be 10 to 102 days in the lower stratosphere. Thus the estimated time scale of ozone must be somewhat longer than that of the temperature in the lower stratosphere, of which variation usually shows its maximum in the midwinter in middle latitudes, while that of ozone shows its maximum in the late winter or early spring. As the maximum values of both quantities would appear in the early summer without air motions, the similarity in the phase differences of temperature and ozone suggests the validity of the concept of this paper. 相似文献
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本文利用美国国家大气环境中心(NCAR)的二维化学、辐射和动力相互作用的模式(SOCRATES),模拟了大气中N2O增加对O3和温度的影响,并从化学、辐射和动力过程讨论了影响原因,此外还与大气甲烷和平流层水汽增加对大气环境的影响进行了对比.分析表明:大气中N2O浓度增加以后,将通过化学过程引起30 km以上O3损耗,30~40 km损耗较多;30 km以上降温明显,下平流层中低纬度地区以及对流层O3增加并有微弱升温;30~40 km附近,北半球中高纬地区O3减少以及降温幅度都大于南半球.对流层升温主要是N2O和O3增加所致,而平流层温度变化主要受O3控制.北半球中高纬地区动力过程对温度变化的反馈较其它地区明显,这种反馈对平流层中高层北半球中高纬地区温度和O3的变化都有明显影响.大气中甲烷增加引起的O3损耗在45 km以上,45 km以下O3增加.平流层水汽增加会引起40 km以上O3减少,20~40 km大部分地区O3增加.N2O增加造成的O3损耗正好位于臭氧层附近,其排放对未来O3层恢复至关重要.N2O增加引起下平流层15~25 km中低纬度地区有弱的升温,这与其它温室气体增加对该地区温度的影响不同,CO2,CH4和H2O等增加后下平流层通常是降温. 相似文献