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1.
为了探索断层岩石在断层带不同温度和压力条件下其摩擦强度和摩擦滑动稳定性对于断层活动性的影响,我们采集了龙门山断裂带地震发生区段出露的自然断层泥样品和后山断裂带韧性剪切带中的富含层状硅酸盐矿物的糜棱岩样品进行了水热条件下的摩擦滑动实验研究。我们根据自然断层泥样品的XRD分析结果选取了5种具有不同矿物组合及含量的自然断层泥样品并在50MPa的初始围压和25℃～150℃的温度条件下进行了摩擦滑动实验。 相似文献
2.
为探索断层岩石摩擦特性对于断层力学性质的影响,我们采集了龙门山汶茂断裂韧性剪切带中的富含层状硅酸盐矿物的糜棱岩样品进行了水热条件下摩擦滑动实验研究.实验在三轴压机之上完成,实验温度为100~600℃,有效正压力100MPa,孔隙水压分别为30MPa和130MPa.为获得摩擦滑动的稳定性参数(a-b),剪切滑移速率在1.22μm·s-1,0.244μm·s-1和0.0488μm·s-1之间切换.实验发现在200~500℃的温度范围内,摩擦系数随着温度的增加而显著增大(约0.56~0.72).在200~300℃范围内,随温度的升高糜棱岩的摩擦滑动表现出由稳定的速度强化向不稳定速度弱化转变的趋势.在有效正压力不变的情况下,孔隙水压的增大会促进糜棱岩的摩擦滑动在500~600℃温度范围内由不稳定的速度弱化向稳定的速度强化的转变.实验给出的断层在原地深度处的脆性和塑性变形机制的转变,有助于理解断层深部的地震成核机制以及成核的温压条件. 相似文献
3.
在不同含水条件下研究了光面、含脆性物质夹层和含延性物质夹层 3类断层的摩擦滑动行为 ,认为水对断层滑动稳定性和摩擦滑动的速度依赖性有重要影响。建立了含有岩性、围压 (深度 )和含水量 3因素的断层活动稳定性的模式 ,认为脆性断层更多地表现为速度弱化 ,少量水的存在易于出现黏滑 ,高孔隙压时会表现为稳滑 ;半脆性或半延性的断层在少量水或较低孔隙压的情况下会表现出速度弱化 ,也就可能出现黏滑 ,但孔隙压较高后 ,会表现出速度强化 ,滑动也就会是稳定的 ;延性断层多为速度强化 ,不出现黏滑。提出水的进入降低了系统的稳定性 ,水的存在增加了系统的稳定性。这是考虑水或一般流体对岩体或断层活动稳定性影响时需要考虑的两个方面 相似文献
4.
孔隙压岩石三轴摩擦实验装置是研究孔隙压对岩石滑动面摩擦性状影响的专用设备.该设备包括孔隙压岩石三轴实验装置和岩石摩擦装置两部分.摩擦装置由上、下压头,密封套筒和具有内部滑动块体的岩石样品组成.滑动面宽20×20mm、高40mm 的长方体,滑动面宽20mm、高30mm.最大孔隙压P_(max)=100MPa,最大位移L_(max)=10mm.应用该装置将三轴条件下样品之间的斜向摩擦滑动变为轴向滑动.滑动面上的法向压力σ_n=σ_3,即σ_n 变为与轴压无关的独立变量. 相似文献
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黑云母是自然界常见的层状硅酸盐矿物,其摩擦系数不高且化学稳定性好,对其摩擦性质的关注可能会对弱断层的研究有所帮助.本次工作选取的实验温度条件对应于典型地壳强度模型中脆塑性转化带的范围,为300 ℃和400 ℃.有效正应力为200 MPa,孔隙水压包括10 MPa和30 MPa,在此条件下对黑云母模拟断层泥进行摩擦实验研究.实验得出黑云母的摩擦系数平均在0.36左右.速度依赖性随温度升高速度弱化的程度增强,表现为300 ℃为十分微弱的速度弱化,而在400 ℃出现了黏滑行为,代表了更强的速度弱化.显微结构中同时出现了脆性剪切变形和塑性扭折变形,但决定宏观力学性质的显然是脆性剪切变形.在黑云母存在的情况下,本研究的实验结果有助于理解大陆地壳脆塑性转化带中地震的可能性和弱断层深部的变形机制、宏观力学行为以及地震活动. 相似文献
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为更好地理解层状硅酸盐对断层强度、滑动速度依赖性及地震活动特征的影响,利用双轴摩擦实验对含白云母岩盐断层带在干燥及含水条件下摩擦的速度依赖性进行了实验研究,并观测了摩擦滑动过程中的声发射,分析了断层带的微观结构.实验结果表明,干燥条件下含白云母岩盐断层带在0.1 ～ 100μm/s的速度范围内表现为黏滑和速度弱化,增大σ2会使断层带从速度弱化向速度强化转化,速度依赖性转换出现在0.1 μm/s,其中断层滑动表现为稳滑或应力释放时间较长的黏滑事件;含水条件下含白云母岩盐断层带在0.05 ～0.01μm/s的速度范围内表现为速度强化,0.1 ～10μm/s的速度范围内表现为速度弱化,50～100μm/s的速度范围内又转换为速度强化行为.含白云母岩盐断层带在干燥条件下一次黏滑伴随一个或一丛声发射事件,而在含水条件下与稳滑相对应,滑动过程中并未记录到声发射事件.显微结构观察表明,速度弱化域的主要变形机制是岩盐颗粒的脆性破裂和局部化的滑动;干燥条件下,速度强化域的主要变形机制是岩盐颗粒的均匀破裂;含水条件下2个速度强化域对应不同的微观机制,高速域的速度强化受控于岩盐颗粒在白云母相互连结形成的网状结构上的滑动及其均匀碎裂作用,而低速域的速度强化还受岩盐的压溶作用控制.通过与岩盐断层带摩擦实验结果对比可知,白云母的存在对于燥岩盐断层带摩擦滑动方式和速度依赖性没有显著影响,而在含水条件下白云母的存在使得岩盐断层带滑动趋于稳定.实验结果为分析含层状硅酸盐断层的强度和稳定性提供了依据.此外,在速度依赖性转换域上观察到的应力缓慢释放的现象进一步证实了在岩盐断层带摩擦滑动过程中观察到的现象,这对慢地震机制研究具有参考意义. 相似文献
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为了探讨大陆地壳断层深部的力学性质,我们选择了采自红河断裂带的糜棱岩作为实验样品,进行热水条件下的高温高压摩擦滑动实验.实验在一个以气体为介质的高温高压三轴实验系统中进行.实验条件是：有效正应力为200 MPa;孔隙水压为30 MPa（在400 ℃到600 ℃之间为超临界水条件）;温度为100 ℃到600 ℃;轴向加载的速率范围从0.04 μm/s到0.2 μm/s再到1 μm/s.实验结果表明：（1）当温度小于300 ℃时,糜棱岩的摩擦强度随着温度的上升而增大;当温度大于300 ℃时,糜棱岩的摩擦强度随着温度的上升而减小.这种趋势和以往花岗岩的摩擦滑动数据基本一致;（2）糜棱岩在200 ℃和400 ℃时表现为速度弱化,其余温度下为速度强化;（3）糜棱岩与已有花岗岩的摩擦滑动数据并不完全一致;（4）花岗质糜棱岩速度弱化向速度强化转变的温度在430 ℃附近,以此我们可以推测：在变形机制为摩擦滑动的深部条件下,地震成核的深度范围可以比以往的估计更深. 相似文献
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《地震地质》2017,(5)
文中针对龙门山断层浅层钻探获取的花岗岩体中的断层泥进行了摩擦滑动实验研究。这种断层泥与其他天然断层泥相比,绿泥石的质量分数很高,约为47%。为研究这种黄绿色断层泥在断层浅部低正应力条件下的摩擦滑动性质,选取的实验条件:围压130MPa,采用围压恒定控制,温度25~150℃,孔隙水压50MPa。通过对比其他天然断层泥的实验结果发现,该断层泥强度较高,稳态摩擦系数在0.47~0.51之间。通过与已有的黏土总质量分数相当但矿物不同的天然断层泥的摩擦系数数据对比,表明不同的非云母层状硅酸盐矿物的摩擦强度排序为:绿泥石伊利石蒙皂石。文中的实验条件对应龙门山地区温度不超过150℃,深度不超过8km的浅层地壳环境,实验结果表明该天然断层泥在整个温度范围内均呈速度强化特征,在摩擦滑动中处于稳定状态。但是断层泥的渗透率很低(10-19m~2),在高速摩擦滑动时可能会发生热压作用。基于此可得出结论:龙门山断裂带的切过已有的深度不超过8km的碎屑原岩的断层可能产生稳定黏滞滑动的阻力,不会自发地震成核,而在后期高速摩擦滑动(0.05m/s)时可能会发生同震弱化,形成一定的灾害叠加。 相似文献
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为探究脆塑性转化带断层的力学性质和滑动稳定性,本文采用干燥的Carrara大理岩预切断层(saw-cut)样品,在气体介质三轴高温岩石力学实验仪上开展了摩擦实验研究,实验温度70～400℃,围压30～100 MPa,位移速率在0.08μm·s-1, 0.4μm·s-1, 2μm·s-1之间切换.实验力学数据揭示,不同围压下Carrara大理岩断层摩擦系数随温度变化规律不同：低围压(30 MPa)下,摩擦系数随温度升高先增大后减小,中高围压(≥70 MPa)下摩擦系数则表现为随温度先减小后增大.断层摩擦滑动行为在100～300℃的范围内表现出由稳定的速度强化转化为不稳定的速度弱化,且在400℃左右重新转变为稳定的速度强化.实验后断层滑动面形貌和微观结构分析表明,稳定滑动断层面为高反射镜面,擦痕清晰;黏滑断层面为有光泽的凹凸不平的表面;最高围压下蠕滑的断层面粗糙无光泽,擦痕不可辨别.本文认为受温度激活的塑性变形过程逐步主导了岩石变形,对断层激活发生不稳定滑动至关重要,而高围压则会抑制断层的不稳定滑动.本研究结果不仅为识别野外... 相似文献
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AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE PROCESS OF INTERGRANULAR PRESSURE SOLUTION OF PLAGIOCLASE GOUGE UNDER HIGH TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE: METHOD AND PRELIMINARY RESULTS 
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下载免费PDF全文 To understand the mechanism of lower-crust earthquake and slow slips, it is necessary to study the frictional properties of mafic rocks and their major rock-forming minerals. Previous studies have performed a series of experimental researches on gabbro, basalt and their major constituents.
According to the results of previous experiments, frictional sliding of plagioclase under hydrothermal conditions(100~600℃)shows a property of velocity weakening, and the experimental results show that both the direct rate effect parameter(a)and the healing effect parameter(b)increase with temperature, a typical feature for thermally-activated processes. Velocity weakening means property of a shear band that has a stronger friction healing effect than the direct rate effect in the rate and state friction constitutive framework, and the healing effect(b value)in constitutive relation mainly reflects the increase in contact area with time under hydrothermal conditions, with some minor effect of structural changes. Since the microphysical mechanism of feldspar minerals at the contacts is mainly brittle cataclasis for temperatures below 600℃, the significant frictional healing effect in this case can only be explained by the mechanism of pressure solution. In order to determine if the dissolution process of plagioclase actually occurs on the laboratory time scale, we conducted hydrostatic experiments on plagioclase powder samples under hydrothermal conditions whereby frequent contact switch between particles seen in frictional sliding experiments can be avoided, making the observation on the dissolution sites possible.
Experimental temperatures were 400℃ and 500℃, with confining pressure of 90~150MPa, pore pressure of 30MPa, with 2mm initial thickness of fault gouge. The mechanical data show that a creep process occurred in the plagioclase fault gouge in the experimental temperature and pressure range; and the microstructures of the experiment show that precipitation of new grains is prevalent as the product of pressure solution process between plagioclase particles. At the same time, it is observed that the contact points have an appearance similar to fused, fuzzy structure as signatures of dissolution. The results of our experiments provide a definite experimental evidence for the healing mechanism in friction of plagioclase and for the theoretical relation between unstable slip and the pressure solution process.
The results of the experiments are summarized as follows:
(1)Drainage rate of pore water in plagioclase gouge was high in the first few hours of experiment, but gradually decreases over time for both temperature and pressure series of experiments slowing down to a steady state. This feature indicates that there is a creep process that evolves inside the plagioclase gouge.
In the temperature-series experiments, the drainage rate of the pore water in the plagioclase gouge at 400℃ is relatively low than the cases for higher temperatures. Thus, the applied temperature is positively correlated with the creep of plagioclase gouge.
(2)Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)observations of the experimentally deformed samples were performed on thin sections cut along the sample axis. Firstly, from the images of microstructure, it was found that the degree of particle fracture became more significant at a higher effective pressure, with smaller pore volume between particles. In the temperature-series experiments it was found that the degree of compaction of plagioclase gouge increased with increasing temperature. Precipitation of plagioclase grains in layered structures was generally observed in high-magnification images, indicating the presence of pressure solution processes. Contact points were also found to be in a state of ambiguity that seems to be a fused morphology, but the details of the structure remain to be determined by further observations.
The above results indicate that the pressure solution process of plagioclase particles can occur on a typical laboratory time scale, and the results of this study provide robust experimental evidences for the theory that links between pressure solution and the mechanism of frictional healing and unstable slips for plagioclase. 相似文献
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Creep,stable sliding,and premonitory slip 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
John M. Logan 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1978,116(4-5):773-789
Summary The current status of laboratory investigations into creep, stable sliding and premonitory slip is reviewed and some new material is presented. It is postulated that pre-cut rocks and those with simulated gouge layers undergo a transition with increasing confining pressure from (1) stable sliding to stick-slip, to (2) sliding along the pre-cut with deformation of the country rock, to (3) homogeneous flow of the specimen without slip along the pre-cut. Stick-slip behavior is not always present. Decreasing displacement rates are found to enhance stick-slip. Mixtures of gouge are found to be significant in controlling the behavior of sliding with 10–20 percent of anhydrite mixed with quartz or clays mixed with anhydrite shifting the sliding mode from stable stick-slip or stick-slip to stable sliding, respectively. Premonitory slip may be one of the most significant short term precursors of earthquakes. Although widely recognized in the laboratory, little systematic work has been completed. Variations in pore pressure, resistivity and seismic velocities have been investigated. Clearly much work needs to be done into these topics before a clear understanding is achieved. 相似文献
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FRICTIONAL PROPERTIES OF A NATURAL FAULT GOUGE FROM DRILLED CORES IN THE LONGMENSHAN FAULT ZONE CUTTING GRANITIC ROCK 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 In this paper, we report friction experiments performed on natural fault gouge samples embedded in granitic rock from drilled core by a project entitled "the Longmenshan Fault Shallow Drilling(LMFD)". Compared with other natural fault gouge, this yellow-greenish gouge(YGG)is dominantly chlorite-rich. The maximum content of chlorite reaches 47%in the YGG. To understand the frictional properties of the YGG sample, experiments were performed at constant confining pressure of 130MPa, with constant pore pressure of 50MPa and at different temperatures from 25℃ to 150℃. The experiments aim to address the frictional behavior of the YGG under shallow, upper crustal pressure, and temperature conditions. Compared with previous studies of natural gouge, our results show that the YGG is stronger and shows a steady state friction coefficient of 0.47~0.51. Comparison with previous studies of natural gouge with similar content of clay minerals indicates a sequence of strengths of different clay minerals:chlorite > illite > smectite. At temperatures up to 150℃ hence depths up to~8km in the Longmenshan region, the YGG shows stable velocity-strengthening behavior at shallow crustal conditions. Combined with the fact of strong direct velocity effect, i.e., (a-b)/a>0.5, faults cutting the present clastic lithology up to~8km depth in the Longmenshan fault zone(LFZ)are likely to offer stable sliding resistance, damping co-seismic rupture propagating from below at not-too-high slip rates. However, as the fault gouge generally has low permeability, co-seismic weakening through thermal pressurization may occur at high slip rates(>0.05m/s), leading to additional hazards. 相似文献
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为了研究下地壳主要造岩矿物之一的辉石在摩擦滑动中的力学性质,本文选择辉石中的透辉石作为实验样品,在约200 MPa有效正应力（30 MPa孔隙水压）及100~600℃的热水条件下进行了速度阶跃摩擦滑动实验,在滑动开始后将剪切滑动速率在0.122 μm·s-1和1.22 μm·s-1之间进行切换来确定摩擦滑动对速度变化的响应.通过实验发现：透辉石在102~200℃表现为速度强化,随着温度升高,在约215℃附近从速度强化转变为速度弱化.在310℃以上,速度弱化的程度受温度的影响不大,而且摩擦本构参数a值和b值随温度的变化趋势相同.对变形样品的显微观测发现,与其速度强化行为相对应的微观变形主要以数条平行的R1剪切为主,卸样时造成的裂纹集中在R1剪切内部,形态长而曲折;与其速度弱化行为相对应的断层泥内部,剪切带变窄且数量明显增加,在内部互相连接,在边界附近多发育B剪切,卸样时形成的裂纹大量存在于B剪切带与R1剪切附近,形态短且平直. 相似文献
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蒙脱石的脱水作用对断层摩擦本构行为的影响 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
利用高温双轴摩擦装置，研究了含蒙脱石的断层带在不同温度下摩擦滑动的速度依赖性，以期了解脱水作用对摩擦行为的影响。结果表明，断层带摩擦强度随温度而升高，而速度依赖性较为复杂，以１．４ｕ／ｓ为界，室温和１００℃时，低滑动速率下表现为微弱的速度弱化，高滑动速率下则表现为速度强化；２００℃时均为速度强化；３００℃时高滑动速率下仍为速度强化，但低滑动速率下转变为速度弱化；４００℃以上，均为明显的速度弱化。摩擦行为的变化与脱水过程及相应的断层物质变形方式的变化密切相关 相似文献
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为了深入理解断层带摩擦滑动速度依赖性转换及其机制,利用双轴摩擦实验对干燥及含水条件下岩盐断层带摩擦的速度依赖性进行了实验研究,并观测了摩擦滑动过程中的声发射,分析了断层带的微观结构.实验结果表明,干燥岩盐断层带在0.1~100 μm/s的速度范围内表现为速度弱化,增大σ2会使断层带向速度强化转变;含水条件下岩盐断层带在1~100 μm/s的速度范围内表现为速度弱化,而在0.1~0.01 μm/s的速度范围内表现为速度强化,速度依赖性转换出现在0.1~1 μm/s,其中断层表现为振荡或应力释放时间较长的黏滑事件;岩盐断层带在干燥条件下表现出很强的声发射活动,每个黏滑均对应一丛声发射事件,而在含水条件下一次黏滑只对应一个声发射事件.显微观察表明,局部化的脆性破裂是速度弱化域的主要变形机制,分布式的碎裂流动是干燥岩盐断层带在速度强化域的变形机制,颗粒边界迁移以及压溶作用的塑性变形是含水条件下岩盐断层带在速度强化域的主要变形机制,而脆性破裂和塑性变形共同控制着速度依赖性转换域断层带的变形.水的存在促进岩盐发生塑性变形,进而导致断层带从速度弱化向速度强化转换.上述结果有助于理解断层带上地震活动的特征和慢地震的机制. 相似文献