共查询到17条相似文献，搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
2.
海啸灾害及其预警系统 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
地震海啸是最严重的自然灾害之一。2004年底印度洋大海啸更是震撼了全世界。本文对海啸的定义、性质、特征,历史上和近代的中国和世界的严重海啸灾害作了简单介绍。指出建立和完善海啸预警系统,可以在一旦海啸发生后,争取几十分钟甚至几小时时间,提前发出海啸警报信息,这就能极大地减轻海啸灾害。本文简单地介绍了海啸预警系统的主要内容。 相似文献
3.
海啸及风暴潮灾害简介 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
地震海啸和风暴潮是严重的海洋灾害，2004年底印度洋大海啸更是震撼了全世界。本文对海啸和风暴潮的定义、性质、特征、历史上和近代的严重海啸及风暴潮灾害作了简单介绍。指出建立和完善海啸和风暴潮预警系统，可以在一旦海啸和风暴潮发生后，提前发出警报信息，争取到几十分钟甚至几十小时时间，从而极大地减轻海啸和风暴潮灾害。 相似文献
4.
香港海啸监测及警报系统的发展 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
地震监测、海啸数值模拟和海平面监测是监测和预报海啸的主要工具。为了有效监测南海北部可能发生的地震海啸,香港天文台（HKO）正在香港筹建一个宽频地震站,同时通过太平洋海啸警报及减灾系统（PTWS）的框架取得美国加州综合地震网（CISN）显示系统的实时地震信息,并通过世界气象组织（WM0）的全球通信系统（GTS）接收南海和西北太平洋的验潮站和海啸浮标数据以监测海面的波动情况。香港天文台通过联合国教科文组织（UNESCO）政府间海洋学委员会（IOC）取得海啸漫滩模式交换计划（TIME）下的海啸数值模式,把香港本地的高分辨率水深和地形数据融合在模式之内,并利用这个模式计算南海多处地区在不同地震情景下的海啸传播,为海啸预报提供重要的参考数据。 相似文献
5.
南海东南边缘的马尼拉海沟是国际上公认具有发生破坏性地震海啸条件的危险地区,由于南海没有大面积的岛屿阻隔海啸传播,如果在马尼拉海沟发生大地震引发海啸,那么将对广东省漫长的海岸线造成严重破坏。广东省南海地震海啸监测预警系统建设在广东省地震速报系统和国家地震自动速报备份系统的基础上,由地震速报、震源机制快速计算、海啸数值模拟计算等模块组成,对南海地震海啸进行实时监测,提供海啸波浪到达海岸线的估计时刻和最大海浪高度,提供预警信息等社会公共服务。 相似文献
6.
安超 《中国科学:地球科学》2021,(1)
海啸是重要的海洋灾害之一,经常与地震灾害伴生,可以跨洋传播而不明显损失能量,登岸时波高骤升,对沿岸造成巨大的生命财产损失.21世纪以来,海啸灾害频发,引起世界各国对海啸成因机制及预警研究的重视.海啸数据对解析俯冲带大地震的破裂模型也有重要作用.文章对近年来有关海啸生成、传播、反演和预警的研究进展进行综述,分析现已取得的研究成果及存在的问题,讨论海啸预警策略的研究思路,并展望未来的海啸研究热点. 相似文献
7.
我国地震海啸危险性分析方法研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
美国、日本等国家已经建立了完善的海啸防灾减灾机制，对海啸危险性分析方法的研究也做了很多的工作，而我国目前在这方面尚属空白。本文首次对我国的海啸危险性分析方法进行了研究，提出了我国地震海啸危险性分析的基本原则，在此基础上，借鉴我国成熟的地震危险性分析方法，建立了我国地震海啸危险性分析方法的主要步骤。在根据我国一些历史地震海啸资料的基础上，通过统计的方法对我国珠江三角洲的海啸危险性进行了研究。 相似文献
8.
地震海啸灾害及其研究概述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
１９９８年７月１７日,西北太平洋巴布亚新几内亚近海地区发生７．１级地震,并引发海啸,造成严重的生命和财产损失,约有３０００－５００人死亡或失踪,５座村庄被巨浪蚕没,本文介绍了这次地震海啸破坏情况,国内外历史上大地震海啸灾害,简述了有关专家对巴地地震海啸追踪研究的初步结果和评论。 相似文献
9.
2004年12月26日印度洋海啸明确证实仅靠历史记录难以显示海啸的危险性。长期地质记录为评估海啸危险提供了更多信息。海啸遗留的沉积证据有助于评估过去洪水的水位深度和速度,估计源头位置,以及帮助了解海啸是如何影响滨海地区的生态和地貌。过去的沉积可以估计历史海啸的次数和重复周期。这些信息对于减轻未来海啸的影响和减少其带来的可能损失具有指导作用。古海啸研究引起了地震地质、古生物学、古生态学、地貌学、海洋物理学、地球物理学、海洋地质学、沉积学、地球化学、地震学、海岸工程学和社会学领域的科学家的兴趣,并可能导致不曾… 相似文献
10.
基于强震台网的我国沿海海啸走时预警 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
经济快速发展的中国沿海地区,面临着潜在海啸袭击危险。海啸传播走时分析是海啸预警系统的重要组成部分。本文基于强震台网提供的地震要素,从理论上讨论海啸预警时间计算方法。在球坐标系下,建立了远洋海啸传播模型,采用差分技术,实现远洋海啸传播数值模拟,首次针对我国主要城市进行了海啸走时计算,分析了我国沿海走时特点,指出了未来发生在太平洋的远洋海啸对我国的长江三角洲会有较大影响。本文计算海啸走时方法可以为我国建设的新一代基于数值海啸预警系统提供技术支持。 相似文献
11.
Great differences in hazard and losses were shown from two tsunamis, both generated in Chile, one in 1960 and the other in 2010. Numerical simulation was applied to the tsunami analysis. The fault dislocation of the seafloor was assumed to equal to the initial tsunami wave field, which can be calculated by the formula of fault dislocation in the elastic isotropic half-space. The linear long wave theory was used as the tsunami hydrodynamic model, and the finite difference method and leap-frog scheme were selected for solving the equations. The accuracy of the simulated results was verified by the observed data in five tide gauges. By means of two scenario tsunamis, the analytical results show that the earthquake magnitude, bathymetry in rupture zone and rapid release of warning information in 2010 tsunami are the main explanations of the aforementioned great difference. 相似文献
12.
Toshihiko Shimamoto Akito Tsutsumi Eiko Kawamoto Masahiro Miyawaki Hiroshi Sato 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1995,144(3-4):665-691
Detailed field work at Okushiri Island and along the southwest coast of Hokkaido has revealed quantitatively (1) the advancing direction of tsunami on land, (2) the true tsunami height (i.e., height of tsunami, excluding its splashes, as measured from the ground) and (3) the flow velocity of tsunami on land, in heavily damaged areas. When a Japanese wooden house is swept away by tsunami, bolts that tie the house to its concrete foundation resist until the last moment and become bent towards the direction of the house being carried away. The orientations of more than 850 of those bent bolts and iron pipes (all that can be measured, mostly at Okushiri Island) and fell-down direction of about 400 trees clearly display how tsunami behaved on land and caused serious damage at various places. The true tsunami height was estimated by using several indicators, such as broken tree twigs and a window pane. The flow velocity of tsunami on land was determined by estimating the hydrodynamic force exerted on a bent handrail and a bent-down guardrail by the tsunami throughin situ strength tests.Contrary to the wide-spread recognition after the tsunami hazard, our results clearly indicate that only a few residential areas (i.e., Monai, eastern Hamatsumae, and a small portion at northern Aonae, all on Okushiri Island) were hit by a huge tsunami, with true heights reaching 10 m. Southern Aonae was completely swept away by tsunami that came directly from the focal region immediately to the west. The true tsunami height over the western sea wall of southern Aonae was estimated as 3 to 4 m. Northern Aonae also suffered severe damage due to tsunami that invaded from the corner zone of the sand dune (8 m high) and tide embankment at the northern end of the Aonae Harbor. This corner apparently acted as a tsunami amplifier, and tide embankment or breakwater can be quite dangerous when tsunami advances towards the corner it makes with the coast. The nearly complete devastation of Inaho at the northern end of Okushiri Island underscored the danger of tsunami whose propagation direction is parallel to the coast, since such tsunami waves tend to be amplified and tide embankment or breakwater is constructed low towards the coast at many harbors or fishing ports. Tsunami waves mostly of 2 to 4 m in true height swept away Hamatsumae on the southeast site of Okushiri Island where there were no coastal structures. Coastal structures were effective in reducing tsunami hazard at many sites. The maximum flow velocity at northern Aonae was estimated as 10 to 18 m/s (Tsutsumi
et al., 1994), and such a high on-land velocity of tsunami near shore is probably due to the rapid shallowing of the deep sea near the epicentral region towards Okushiri Island. If the advancing direction, true height, and flow velocity of tsunami can be predicted by future analyses of tsunami generation and progagation, the analyses will be a powerful tool for future assessment of tsunami disasters, including the identification of blind spots in the tsunami hazard reduction. 相似文献
13.
经统计与研究,多数地震是不引发海啸的,故地震与海啸不存在直接的因果关系。这是因为引发地震海啸(特别是大的地震海啸)的直接原因,主要是海底地震所造成的次生的巨大体积的海底滑坡和崩塌,而不是海底地震时海底地面的同震错断与变形。因此,若未来震中附近存在不稳定海底滑坡和崩塌体,只要发生地震,不论震级大小与震源深浅,也不论震源类型(即倾滑或走滑)都可引起海底滑坡和崩塌,进而引发海啸。若未来震中附近不存在不稳定海底滑坡和崩塌体,再大震级的地震,即使是倾滑型地震也不能引发海啸 相似文献
14.
15.
Tiziana Rossetto Camilo De la Barra Crescenzo Petrone Juan Carlos De la Llera Jorge Vásquez Marco Baiguera 《地震工程与结构动力学》2019,48(8):867-887
This paper presents a comprehensive comparison of different dynamic and static approaches for assessing building performance under sequential earthquakes and tsunami. A 10-storey reinforced concrete seismically designed Japanese vertical evacuation structure is adopted as a case study for the investigation. The case study building is first assessed under sequential earthquake and tsunami nonlinear response history analyses: the first time this is done in the literature. The resulting engineering demand parameters are then compared with those obtained when the analysis procedure is systematically simplified by substituting different static approaches for the nonlinear response history analyses in both the earthquake and tsunami loading phases. Different unloading approaches are also tested for the cases when an earthquake pushover is adopted. The results show that an earthquake nonlinear response history analysis, followed by a transient free vibration and a tsunami variable depth pushover, provides the best alternative to full dynamic analyses in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency. This structural analysis combination is recommended and has the advantage that it does not require the tsunami inundation time history to be known in advance. The proposed double pushover approach is instead deemed only suitable for the collapse assessment of regular low to mid-rise buildings and for the development of collapse fragility functions. An important observation made is that sustained earthquake damage seems not to affect the tsunami resistance of the case study building when the fully dynamic analysis is carried out for the sequential loading. This observation will be the subject of future work. 相似文献
16.
采用球坐标系下非线性浅水波方程, 研究日本本州M9.0大地震引发的海啸对中国东南沿海的影响, 并计算了冲绳海槽构造带上3个不同段落可能发生潜在地震引发的海啸, 分析这些海啸与日本大海啸的浪高和走时关系. 结果表明, 日本地震海啸模拟结果与日本当地报道及中国东南沿海7个验潮站的报道结果相符. 冲绳海槽构造带中段可能发生的3次不同震级（M7.0, M7.5, M8.0）潜在地震引发的海啸到达中国东南沿海的时间比日本海啸提前约4个小时, 从震源区传播3个多小时即可到达华东沿海部分验潮站. 冲绳海槽M7.5潜在地震海啸在验潮站上计算的波高与日本海啸相当, 中冲绳海槽M8.0潜在地震海啸在大陈站的波高将超过0.9 m, 在坎门站波高将超过1.8 m. 北冲绳海槽的潜在地震海啸威胁主要集中在江苏盐城、 上海一带, 南冲绳海啸主要对台湾东北部和浙江沿海产生威胁. 本文对冲绳海槽构造带上潜在地震引发海啸的模拟结果, 可为中国东南沿海地区的防震减灾、 海啸预警提供有意义的参考. 相似文献
17.
2004年12月26日印度尼西亚地震海啸灾害考察 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
林均岐 《地震工程与工程振动》2005,25(2):30-33
印度洋地震海啸的灾害是严重的。本文介绍了印度尼西亚在这次地震海啸中的灾害情况，包括建筑物的破坏、生命线工程的破坏等。最后提出了几点建议。 相似文献