共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 218 毫秒
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可拓学是研究事物拓展的可能性和拓展规律与方法的科学,它可以广泛的应用于各种矛盾和对立问题的解决.可拓分类方法是利用可拓学理论对事物类型归属进行研究的动态分类方法.为了解决储层流动单元分类中现存误判率较高的问题,本文利用可拓分类方法对储层流动单元分类进行了研究,并把利用可拓分类获得的流动单元分类结果与灰关联聚类法判别分析结果进行了比较,发现可拓分类方法具有更强的判别能力,具有实用性强、误判率低的特点,判别准确率可比灰关联聚类法提高15%.这种方法不仅仅适用于流动单元分类,对于油气勘探开发的很多环节都将具有适用性. 相似文献
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基于流动单元的储层评价及剩余油预测 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用自然分段结合聚类分析的方法,在该区识别出4类流动单元,并以短期旋回为单位,对各类流动单元进行了平面分布预测,按流动单元的平面结构特征将短期旋回分为4类.采用概念模拟、定性分析和定量模拟的方法对剩余油进行了研究,表明储层流动单元结构对剩余油的控制明显,处于一类、二类短期旋回中的大面积连续分布的E,G型流动单元大多水淹,而在以F型为主的三类短期旋回中不被控制的小型孤立的G型流动单元及大面积分布的F型流动单元成为剩余油富集部位,针对此,开发调整策略应加强小规模E,G型流动单元的完善,加大三类短期旋回的动用力度,封堵一类短期旋回.这一策略明显改善了油田的开发效果. 相似文献
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测井储层分类方法多样,每种方法的原理、计算步骤及所需资料各不相同,且各方法的适用性及应用效果均存在很大差异,本文通过文献调研,将测井储层分类方法归纳为四大类:(1)基于交会图版法的半定量储层分类方法,此方法操作简单、应用范围广但适用性不强;(2)基于流动单元概念的测井储层分类方法,此方法基于岩心物性数据可以迅速达到储层分类的目的 ,具有明确的地质意义,但结果依赖于取心数据;(3)基于多元统计法及机器学习算法的测井储层分类方法,此类方法可以有效地避免人为因素的干扰,速度快、方法多样,可以实现储层的定量分类评价,是未来发展的趋势,但分类结果意义不明确;(4)基于测井新技术新方法的储层分类方法,该方法携带了大量的地质信息,与其他分类方法结合可以更有效、更准确地评价储层.最后比较了四种分类方法的优缺点并给出了相应的选择建议,该研究对测井储层分类方法的优选具有一定的参考意义. 相似文献
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渗透率是反映储层渗流特性的参数,其对研究油气运移及油气田勘探开发具有重要意义.目前渗透率计算模型大多精度较低,主要原因是储层纵横向的非均质性和孔隙结构的巨大差异,且现有计算模型适用范围小,应用资料种类单一,不能综合反映区域特征.本文以西湖凹陷3个区带7个构造29 口探井的测井资料和岩石物理实验分析资料为研究基础,应用10种渗透率计算方法,最终优选流动单元带法,通过区域测井大数据分析,建立了精度较高的区域性渗透率计算模型.研究表明:同一流动单元处于一个相对稳定的沉积期内,沉积环境和水动力条件稳定,岩性、物性有很强的一致性,建立的渗透率模型精度高,可靠性强,能够直接为区域新钻井的储层评价及探勘开发提供依据. 相似文献
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3 富集地幔人们曾经用大陆地壳拼凑和原始的下地幔柱解释所有非大洋中脊玄武岩(即富集玄武岩或来自所谓原生储层的玄武岩)。上地幔被看作是枯竭地幔和洋中脊玄武岩的储层,而仅是洋中脊玄武岩的储藏,它是 相似文献
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北祁连玉石沟蛇绿岩印度洋MORB型同位素组成特征及其地质意义 总被引：22，自引：0，他引：22
系统研究了北祁连山玉石沟蛇绿岩单元内枕状玄武岩的元素与Sr, Nd, Pb 同位素地球化学特征. 玉石沟蛇绿岩单元内枕状玄武岩属于拉斑玄武岩系列, 球粒陨石标准化稀土元素分配模式为近平坦型, (La/Yb)N介于0.98~1.27 之间; Nb, Ta, Zr和Hf 无亏损, 显示出MORB 型玄武岩的特征; 经构造环境图解判别, 样品落入了MORB 区域内, 表明其形成于洋中脊环境或者成熟弧后盆地环境. Sr, Nd和Pb同位素组成特征表明其地幔源区主要存在DMM (亏损地幔)和EMII (II型富集地幔)两类地幔组分端元. 枕状玄武岩具有印度洋MORB型同位素组成特征, 与特提斯洋域地幔的同位素组成类似; 微量元素比值也与中国境内特提斯构造域内已知蛇绿岩的N-MORB 型玄武岩的特征微量元素比值相一致. 北祁连山其他蛇绿岩单元内枕状玄武岩也表现出印度洋MORB型同位素组成特征, 从而初步表明北祁连古洋曾是特提斯构造域的一部分. 这对于研究北祁连的大地构造演化和归属有着重要的意义. 相似文献
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川滇地区地震活动统计单元的新划分 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
为了地震预测研究的需要,基于区域地震构造的新认识与新资料,在川滇地区重新划分出19个地震区(带).这些地震区(带)的实际意义是可作为地震活动性的地理统计单元.每一地震区(带)的划分除了与具体的、相对独立的活动构造单元相联系外,还考虑了历史及现今强地震的空间分布、现今弱震分布等因素.文中描述了各个地震区(带)的活动构造与历史强震活动背景,以及主要断裂的活动习性.基于这种新的地震区(带)划分方案,对其中两个区(带)在2001年青海昆仑山和1970年云南通海两次大地震前的地震活动进行统计分析,结果表明:依据这种与相对独立活动构造单元紧密关联的地震区(带)的划分方案可获得良好的地震活动前兆信息. 相似文献
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新疆艾比湖干涸湖底不同景观单元蒸发盐分布与变化特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
盐尘暴是由干旱、半干旱区尾闾湖干涸湖底及其附近盐质荒漠风蚀所导致的一种灾害性极强的天气现象.盐尘主要来自风蚀过程中干涸湖底盐分的释放.由于干涸湖底不同的植被覆盖状况,导致风蚀过程中盐分损失不同.为了解风蚀过程中不同景观单元下盐分分布与变化特征,选择艾比湖干涸湖底自然状态下典型的6种景观单元(胡杨林带(Landscape 1,简写为L1)、乔本结合带(L2)、草本结合带(L3)、芦苇荒漠带(L4)、梭梭荒漠带(L5)、无植被覆盖(L6)),于2011年6月初和10月初2次采集沉积物样品,运用方差分析方法,研究各个景观单元下盐分的分布与季节变化特征.结果表明:1)2次采样不同景观单元0~30 cm和30~60 cm处阳离子Na+、K+、Mg2+含量均存在显著差异,其中Na+含量存在极显著差异且含量最高,而不同景观单元0~30 cm和30~60 cm处阴离子Cl-、SO42-含量均存在显著差异,CO32-、HCO3-含量甚微;2)干涸湖底沉积物的主要盐分类型是NaCl,其次是CaSO4,其它盐分含量较小,且不同景观单元相同深度沉积物盐分含量存在显著差异.无论是盐分离子组成还是含量,L5均最高,其次是L6,而L2均最低.随着深度的增加,不同景观单元沉积物中的盐分含量均呈现降低的趋势.随着时间变化,景观单元L2、L3、L4、L5、L6盐分含量有不同程度的增加,而L1盐分含量减少;3)在小尺度范围内,局地气候条件相对均一,地下水矿化度、地下水埋深及沉积物性质差别不大,不同景观类型是影响盐分表聚的主要因素. 相似文献
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Bubble coalescence in basalt flows: comparison of a numerical model with natural examples 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Gas accumulation in magma may be aided by coalescence of bubbles because large coalesced bubbles rise faster than small bubbles. The observed size distribution of gas bubbles (vesicles) in lava flows supports the concept of post-eruptive coalescence. A numerical model predicts the effects of rise and coalescence consistent with observed features. The model uses given values for flow thickness, viscosity, volume percentage of gas bubbles, and an initial size distribution of bubbles together with a gravitational collection kernel to numerically integrate the stochastic collection equation and thereby compute a new size spectrum of bubbles after each time increment of conductive cooling of the flow. Bubbles rise and coalesce within a fluid interior sandwiched between fronts of solidification that advance inward with time from top and bottom. Bubbles that are overtaken by the solidification fronts cease to migrate. The model predicts the formation of upper and lower vesicle-rich zones separated by a vesicle-poor interior. The upper zone is broader, more vesicular, and has larger bubbles than the lower zone. Basaltic lava flows in northern California exhibit the predicted zonation of vesicularity and size distribution of vesicles as determined by an impregnation technique. In particular, the size distribution at the tops and bottoms of flows is essentially the same as the initial distribution, reflecting the rapid initial solidification at the bases and tops of the flows. Many large vesicles are present in the upper vesicular zones, consistent with expected formation as a result of bubble coalescence during solidification of the lava flows. Both the rocks and model show a bimodal or trimodal size distribution for the upper vesicular zone. This polymodality is explained by preferential coalescence of larger bubbles with subequal sizes. Vesicularity and vesicle size distribution are sensitive to atmospheric pressure because bubbles expand as they decompress during rise through the flow. The ratio of vesicularity in the upper to that in the lower part of a flow therefore depends not only on bubble rise and coalescence, but also on flow thickness and atmospheric pressure. Application of simple theory to the natural basalts suggests solidification of the basalts at 1.0±0.2 atm, consistent with the present atmospheric pressure. Paleobathymetry and paleoaltimetry are possible in view of the sensitivity of vesicle size distributions to atmospheric pressure. Thus, vesicular lava flows can be used to crudely estimate ancient elevations and/or sea level air pressure. 相似文献
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Jesse C. Dann 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2001,63(7):462-481
Komatiites of the 3.5-Ga Komati Formation are ultramafic lavas (>23% MgO) erupted in a submarine, lava plain environment. Newly discovered vesicular komatiites have vesicular upper crusts disrupted by synvolcanic structures that are similar to inflation-related structures of modern lava flows. Detailed outcrop maps reveal flows with upper vesicular zones, 2-15 m thick, which were (1) rotated by differential inflation, (2) intruded by dikes from the interior of the flow, (3) extended, forming a flooded graben, and/or (4) entirely engulfed. The largest inflated structure is a tumulus with 20 m of surface relief, which was covered by a compound flow unit of spinifex flow lobes. The lava that inflated and rotated the upper vesicular crust did not vesiculate, but crystallized as a thick spinifex zone with fist-size skeletal olivine. Instead of representing rapidly cooled lava, the spinifex zone cooled slowly beneath an insulating upper crust during inflation. Overpressure of the inflating lava may have inhibited vesiculation. This work describes the oldest vesicular komatiites known, illustrates the first field evidence for inflated structures in komatiite flows, proposes a new factor in the development of spinifex zones, and concludes that the inflation model is useful for understanding the evolution of komatiite submarine flow fields. 相似文献
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《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》1999,88(1-2):15-28
The 40-m thick Birkett basalt pahoehoe flow at Sentinel Gap in the Columbia River Plateau has an unusually thick (≥15 m) upper vesicular zone. This zone includes a striking layering in which the layers have contrasted vesicle abundances and sizes. Most layers show a reverse grading of vesicle size and abundance. The layering is interpreted to have grown endogenously by the cyclic injection of vesicular lava layers under the growing top crust, accommodated by uplift of that crust. Grading of the layers resulted from vesicle growth and ascent. Each injection occurred at or near the boundary between vesicular and non-vesicular lava of the preceding layer and split that layer into an upper vesicular part and a lower non-vesicular part. Critical to this interpretation are (1) a pervasive foliation and lineation, defined by the parallelism of strongly flattened and elongate vesicles, transects the vesicle layers obliquely; and (2) the magnetic fabric (the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility) is oriented similarly to the vesicle foliation, and also defines a cryptic foliation in the non-vesicular zone having a dip opposed to that in the layered zone. These foliations are interpreted to be opposed imbrications and indicate the flow azimuth of the lava. They strongly support the concept of lava growth by successive thin sill-like insertions of fresh vesicular lava between hot but static and effectively solid floor and roof. 相似文献
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A Pleistocene subaqueous, volcanic sequence in South Iceland consists of flows of basaltic hyaloclastite and lava with interbedded sedimentary diamictite units. Emplacement occurred on a distal submarine shelf in drowned valleys along the southern coast of Iceland. The higher sea level was caused by eustatic sea-level change, probably towards the end of a glaciation. This sequence, nearly 700 m thick, rests unconformably on eroded flatlying lavas and sedimentary rocks of likely Tertiary age. A Standard Depositional Unit, describing the flows of hyaloclastite, starts with compact columnar-jointed basalt overlain by cubejointed basalt, and/or pillow lava. This in turn is overlain by thick unstructured hyaloclastite containing aligned basalt lobes, and bedded hyaloclastite at the top. A similar lithofacies succession is valid for proximal to distal locations. The flows were produced by repeated voluminous extrusions of basaltic lava from subaquatic fissures on the Eastern Rift Zone of Iceland. The fissures are assumed to lie in the same general area as the 1783 Laki fissure which produced 12 km3 of basaltic lava. Due to very high extrusion rates, the effective water/melt ratio was low, preventing optimal fragmentation of the melt. The result was a heterogeneous mass of hyaloclastite and fluid melt which moved en masse downslope with the melt at the bottom of the flow and increasingly vesicular hyaloclastite fragments above. The upper and distal parts of the flow moved as low-concentration turbulent suspensions that deposited bedded hyaloclastite. 相似文献
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《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2003,119(1-4):275-296
Burroughs Mountain, situated at the northeast foot of Mount Rainier, WA, exposes a large-volume (3.4 km3) andesitic lava flow, up to 350 m thick and extending 11 km in length. Two sampling traverses from flow base to eroded top, over vertical sections of 245 and 300 m, show that the flow consists of a felsic lower unit (100 m thick) overlain sharply by a more mafic upper unit. The mafic upper unit is chemically zoned, becoming slightly more evolved upward; the lower unit is heterogeneous and unzoned. The lower unit is also more phenocryst-rich and locally contains inclusions of quenched basaltic andesite magma that are absent from the upper unit. Widespread, vuggy, gabbronorite-to-diorite inclusions may be fragments of shallow cumulates, exhumed from the Mount Rainier magmatic system. Chemically heterogeneous block-and-ash-flow deposits that conformably underlie the lava flow were the earliest products of the eruptive episode. The felsic–mafic–felsic progression in lava composition resulted from partial evacuation of a vertically-zoned magma reservoir, in which either (1) average depth of withdrawal increased, then decreased, during eruption, perhaps due to variations in effusion rate, or (2) magmatic recharge stimulated ascent of a plume that brought less evolved magma to shallow levels at an intermediate stage of the eruption. Pre-eruptive zonation resulted from combined crystallization–differentiation and intrusion(s) of less evolved magma into the partly crystallized resident magma body. The zoned lava flow at Burroughs Mountain shows that, at times, Mount Rainier’s magmatic system has developed relatively large, shallow reservoirs that, despite complex recharge events, were capable of developing a felsic-upward compositional zonation similar to that inferred from large ash-flow sheets and other zoned lava flows. 相似文献
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Brian Robins Nils Rune Sandstå Harald Furnes Maarten de Wit 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2010,72(5):579-592
Well-preserved pillow lavas in the uppermost part of the Early Archean volcanic sequence of the Hooggenoeg Formation in the
Barberton Greenstone Belt exhibit pronounced flow banding. The banding is defined by mm to several cm thick alternations of
pale green and a dark green, conspicuously variolitic variety of aphyric metabasalt. Concentrations of relatively immobile
TiO2, Al2O3 and Cr in both varieties of lava are basaltic. Compositional differences between bands and variations in the lavas in general
have been modified by alteration, but indicate mingling of two different basalts, one richer in TiO2, Al2O3, MgO, FeOt and probably Ni and Cr than the other, as the cause of the banding. The occurrence in certain pillows of blebs of dark metabasalt
enclosed in pale green metabasalt, as well as cores of faintly banded or massive dark metabasalt, suggest that breakup into
drops and slugs in the feeder channel to the lava flow initiated mingling. The inhomogeneous mixture was subsequently stretched
and folded together during laminar shear flow through tubular pillows, while diffusion between bands led to partial homogenisation.
The most common internal pattern defined by the flow banding in pillows is concentric. In some pillows the banding defines
curious mushroom-like structures, commonly cored by dark, variolitic metabasalt, which we interpret as the result of secondary
lateral flow due to counter-rotating, transverse (Dean) vortices induced by the axial flow of lava towards the flow front
through bends, generally downward, in the tubular pillows. Other pillows exhibit weakly-banded or massive, dark, variolitic
cores that are continuous with wedge-shaped apophyses and veins that intrude the flow banded carapace. These cores represent
the flow of hotter and less viscous slugs of the dark lava type into cooled and stiffened pillows. 相似文献
17.
The 1934–1935 Showa Iwo-jima eruption started with a silicic lava extrusion onto the floor of the submarine Kikai caldera and ceased with the emergence of a lava dome. The central part of the emergent dome consists of lower microcrystalline rhyolite, grading upward into finely vesicular lava, overlain by coarsely vesicular lava with pumice breccia at the top. The lava surface is folded, and folds become tighter toward the marginal part of the dome. The dome margin is characterized by two zones: a fracture zone and a breccia zone. The fracture zone is composed of alternating layers of massive lava and welded oxidized breccia. The breccia zone is the outermost part of the dome, and consists of glassy breccia interpreted to be hyaloclastite. The lava dome contains lava with two slightly different chemical compositions; the marginal part being more dacitic and the central part more rhyolitic. The fold geometry and chemical compositions indicate that the marginal dacite had a slightly higher temperature, lower viscosity, and lower yield stress than the central rhyolite. The high-temperature dacite lava began to effuse in the earlier stage from the central crater. The front of the dome came in contact with seawater and formed hyaloclastite. During the later stage, low-temperature rhyolite lava effused subaerially. As lava was injected into the growing dome, the fracture zone was produced by successive fracturing, ramping, and brecciation of the moving dome front. In the marginal part, hyaloclastite was ramped above the sea surface by progressive increments of the new lava. The central part was folded, forming pumice breccia and wrinkles. Subaerial emplacement of lava was the dominant process during the growth of the Showa Iwo-jima dome.Editorial Responsibility J. McPhie 相似文献
18.
Andrea Borgia Scott Linneman Daniel Spencer Luis Diego Morales Jose Brenes Andre 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》1983,19(3-4)
Arenal Volcano has effused basaltic andesite lava flows nearly continuously since September, 1968. The two different kinds of material in flows, lava and lava debris, have different rheologic properties and dynamic behavior. Flow morphology depends on the relationship between the amount and distribution of the lava and the debris, and to a lesser extent the ground morphology.Two main units characterize the flows: the channel zone and the frontal zone. The channel zone consists of two different units, the levées and the channel proper. A velocity profile in the channel shows a maximum value at the plug where the rate of shear is zero, and a velocity gradient increasing outward until, at the levées, the velocity becomes zero. Cooling produces a marked temperature gradient in the flow, leading to the formation of debris by brittle fracture when a critical value of shear rate to viscosity is reached. When the lava supply ceases, much of this debris and part of the lava is left behind after the flow nucleus drains out, forming a collapsed channel.Processes at the frontal zone include levée formation, debris formation, the change in shape of the front, and the choice of the flow path. These processes are controlled primarily by the rheological properties of the lava.Frontal zone dynamics can be understood by fixing the flow front as the point of reference. The lava flows through the channel into the front where it flows out into the levées, thereby increasing the length of the channel and permitting the front to advance. The front shows a relationship of critical height to the yield strength (τ0) surface tension, and slope; its continued movement is activated by the pressure of the advancing lava in the channel behind. For an ideal flow (isothermal, homogeneous, and isotropic) the ratio of the section of channel proper to the section of levées is calculated and the distance the front will have moved at any time tx can be determined once the amount of lava available to the front is known. Assuming that the velocity function of the front {G(t)} during the collapsing stage is proportional to the entrance pressure of the lava at the channel-front boundary, an exponential decrease of velocity through time is predicted, which shows good agreement with actual frontal velocity measurements taken on two flows. Local variations in slope have a secondary effect on frontal velocities.Under conditions of constant volume the frontal zone can be considered as a machine that consumes energy brought in by the lava to perform work (front advancement). While the front will use its potential energy to run the process, the velocity at which it occurs is controlled by the activation energy that enters the system as the kinetic energy of the lava flowing into the front. A relation for the energy contribution due to frontal acceleration is also derived. Finally the entrance pressure, that permits the front to deform, is calculated. Its small value confirms that the lava behaves very much like a Bingham plastic. 相似文献
19.
Using Artificial Neural Networks to Predict the Presence of Overpressured Zones in the Anadarko Basin,Oklahoma 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Constantin Cranganu 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2007,164(10):2067-2081
Many sedimentary basins throughout the world exhibit areas with abnormal pore-fluid pressures (higher or lower than normal
or hydrostatic pressure). Predicting pore pressure and other parameters (depth, extension, magnitude, etc.) in such areas
are challenging tasks. The compressional acoustic (sonic) log (DT) is often used as a predictor because it responds to changes
in porosity or compaction produced by abnormal pore-fluid pressures. Unfortunately, the sonic log is not commonly recorded
in most oil and/or gas wells. We propose using an artificial neural network to synthesize sonic logs by identifying the mathematical
dependency between DT and the commonly available logs, such as normalized gamma ray (GR) and deep resistivity logs (REID).
The artificial neural network process can be divided into three steps: (1) Supervised training of the neural network; (2)
confirmation and validation of the model by blind-testing the results in wells that contain both the predictor (GR, REID)
and the target values (DT) used in the supervised training; and 3) applying the predictive model to all wells containing the
required predictor data and verifying the accuracy of the synthetic DT data by comparing the back-predicted synthetic predictor
curves (GRNN, REIDNN) to the recorded predictor curves used in training (GR, REID). Artificial neural networks offer significant
advantages over traditional deterministic methods. They do not require a precise mathematical model equation that describes
the dependency between the predictor values and the target values and, unlike linear regression techniques, neural network
methods do not overpredict mean values and thereby preserve original data variability. One of their most important advantages
is that their predictions can be validated and confirmed through back-prediction of the input data. This procedure was applied
to predict the presence of overpressured zones in the Anadarko Basin, Oklahoma. The results are promising and encouraging. 相似文献
20.
Surface-exposure dating (SED) methods typically rely on the measurement of a geochemical parameter that systematically changes with time. A pivotal task in the calibration of many of these techniques is to demonstrate that lava flow surfaces sampled for dating have not experienced erosion. Although criteria for identification of constructional basaltic lava flow surfaces have been published, no such criteria presently exist for the recognition of constructional silicic flows. Here we present several criteria for identifying constructional silicic lava flow features in the field. First, crease structures are fractures with easily identified, curved, striated walls that are commonly observed on recent and active silicic lava flows. Crease structures form during extrusion, and are resistant to mechanical disintegration because they expose dense material from the flow interior. Second, some crease structures break apart during formation, leaving a deposit of striated blocks on the flow surface. Crease structure blocks are striated on only one side, whereas blocks from internal columnar joints exposed through erosion are striated on two or more sides. Only the striated side of the crease structure block is definitively constructional. Finally, many silicic flow surfaces exhibit expanded or breadcrusted textures. These features consist of a dense, fractured rind, 1 –2cm thick, enclosing highly vesicular material. Breadcrust flow textures appear similar to breadcrust bombs produced during volcanic explosions, so it is imperative to demonstrate that they are part of the lava flow surface. These criteria should enable investigators to positively identify constructional silicic lava flow surfaces when calibrating an SED method. 相似文献