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1.
 There exist many sites with contaminated groundwater because of inappropriate handling or disposal of hazardous materials or wastes. Health risk assessment is an important tool to evaluate the potential environmental and health impacts of these contaminated sites. It is also becoming an important basis for determining whether risk reduction is needed and what actions should be initiated. However, in research related to groundwater risk assessment and management, consideration of multimedia risk assessment and the separation of the uncertainty due to lack of knowledge and the variability due to natural heterogeneity are rare. This study presents a multimedia risk assessment framework with the integration of multimedia transfer and multi-pathway exposure of groundwater contaminants, and investigates whether multimedia risk assessment and the separation of uncertainty and variability can provide a better basis for risk management decisions. The results of the case study show that a decision based on multimedia risk assessment may differ from one based on risk resulting from groundwater only. In particular, the transfer from groundwater to air imposes a health threat to some degree. By using a methodology that combines Monte Carlo simulation, a rank correlation coefficient, and an explicit decision criterion to identify information important to the decision, the results obtained when uncertainty and variability are separate differ from the ones without such separation. In particular, when higher percentiles of uncertainty and variability distributions are considered, the method separating uncertainty and variability identifies TCE concentration as the single most important input parameter, while the method that does not distinguish the two identifies four input parameters as the important information that would influence a decision on risk reduction.  相似文献   

2.
张文 《地震工程学报》2018,40(6):1372-1377
震后建筑火灾涉及因素多,传统评估模型忽略了建筑截面温度变化与建筑形变程度的影响,导致评估准确度较低。为解决此问题,通过模糊数学方法建立震后建筑火灾危险性评估模型。在建立判断矩阵的基础上,获取评估模型权重,确定隶属度矩阵;通过确定震后建筑火灾后截面温度变化评估的因素集与评语集,进行单因素评判,为评估因素集中的因素赋予权重,实现一级模糊评估;再将一级评估结果作为二级评估的单因素评估,结合模糊数学分析完成对震后建筑火灾危险性的评估。实验中以建筑横梁截面温度变化与形变程度为指标,对震后建筑火灾危险性进行评估。实验结果表明,采用所提模型进行危险性评估,震后在发生火灾时建筑结构受到火灾影响,横梁截面温度越高,导致形变程度越大,危险性更高,模拟实验结果与实际情况更加接近,所提模型评估精度高。  相似文献   

3.
Probabilistic-fuzzy health risk modeling   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1  
Health risk analysis of multi-pathway exposure to contaminated water involves the use of mechanistic models that include many uncertain and highly variable parameters. Currently, the uncertainties in these models are treated using statistical approaches. However, not all uncertainties in data or model parameters are due to randomness. Other sources of imprecision that may lead to uncertainty include scarce or incomplete data, measurement error, data obtained from expert judgment, or subjective interpretation of available information. These kinds of uncertainties and also the non-random uncertainty cannot be treated solely by statistical methods. In this paper we propose the use of fuzzy set theory together with probability theory to incorporate uncertainties into the health risk analysis. We identify this approach as probabilistic-fuzzy risk assessment (PFRA). Based on the form of available information, fuzzy set theory, probability theory, or a combination of both can be used to incorporate parameter uncertainty and variability into mechanistic risk assessment models. In this study, tap water concentration is used as the source of contamination in the human exposure model. Ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact are considered as multiple exposure pathways. The tap water concentration of the contaminant and cancer potency factors for ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact are treated as fuzzy variables while the remaining model parameters are treated using probability density functions. Combined utilization of fuzzy and random variables produces membership functions of risk to individuals at different fractiles of risk as well as probability distributions of risk for various alpha-cut levels of the membership function. The proposed method provides a robust approach in evaluating human health risk to exposure when there is both uncertainty and variability in model parameters. PFRA allows utilization of certain types of information which have not been used directly in existing risk assessment methods.  相似文献   

4.
房屋建筑结构数据是了解房屋抗震设防能力的基础,获取房屋建筑结构信息具有重要的现实意义。本文在简单介绍无人机遥感系统、房屋建筑信息无人机遥感调查技术流程的基础上,以全国多地多架次飞行任务为应用实例,对无人机照片进行筛选、姿态匹配、照片拼接、纹理映射等处理,获取了房屋建筑密集区的正射镶嵌图和三维场景模型,然后对房屋建筑结构类型进行目视判读,并与地面调查的真实结果比对分析,计算得到目视判读的准确率为91.17%,Kappa系数为0.80。结果表明,轻小型无人机轻便灵活,获取的三维场景模型能有效、直观、准确地进行房屋建筑结构类型判定,可弥补传统实地调查的不足,为评估大范围建筑物的抗震能力提供重要的参考依据。  相似文献   

5.
高分辨率卫星影像已经在一些国家的民用领域得到应用。利用高分辨率卫星影像来收集地震损失评价所需要的各类城市信息不仅高效和有较好的时间分辨率,而且它可以减少以往所必需的大量的代价高昂且费力的城市调查。基于在印度城市台拉登所做的研究,讨论了如何利用高分辨率卫星影像进行城市特征识别的一些问题,同时也简单论述了利用GIS/RS软件综合所得的数据以便用于地震损失评价的方法。  相似文献   

6.
为了弥补现有地铁火灾风险评估方法的不足,并为地铁的消防设计与管理提供量化指标,建立了以层次分析法(AHP)、专家调查法为基础,以可拓法为核心的地铁火灾风险的多级可拓评估方法,并给出了评估流程。对一地铁算例进行了评估,并根据评估结果得到地铁火灾风险的薄弱环节及管理重点。通过对比分析可知,本文方法与模糊评估方法所得的评估结果一致,从而表明:将可拓原理应用到地铁火灾风险性的评估中是合理可行的,很好地解决了地铁火灾风险评估的实际问题,本文方法可应用到相关的风险评估领域中。最后,对地铁火灾安全提出了一些建议。  相似文献   

7.
Principal and subsidiary building structure characteristics and their distribution have been inventoried in Icod, Tenerife (Canary Islands) and used to evaluate the vulnerability of individual buildings to three volcanic hazards: tephra fallout, volcanogenic earthquakes and pyroclastic flows. The procedures described in this paper represent a methodological framework for a comprehensive survey of all the buildings at risk in the area around the Teide volcano in Tenerife. Such a methodology would need to be implemented for the completion of a comprehensive risk assessment for the populations under threat of explosive eruptions in this area. The information presented in the paper is a sample of the necessary data required for the impact estimation and risk assessment exercises that would need to be carried out by emergency managers, local authorities and those responsible for recovery and repair in the event of a volcanic eruption. The data shows there are micro variations in building stock characteristics that would influence the likely impact of an eruption in the area. As an example of the use of this methodology for vulnerability assessment, we have applied a deterministic simulation model of a volcanic eruption from Teide volcano and its associated ash fallout which, when combined with the vulnerability data collected, allows us to obtain the vulnerability map of the studied area. This map is obtained by performing spatial analysis with a Geographical Information System (GIS). This vulnerability analysis is included in the framework of an automatic information system specifically developed for hazard assessment and risk management on Tenerife, but which can be also applied to other volcanic areas. The work presented is part of the EU-funded EXPLORIS project (Explosive Eruption Risk and Decision Support for EU Populations Threatened by Volcanoes, EVR1-2001-00047).  相似文献   

8.
地震灾害风险分析及管理初探   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
和飞  缪升 《地震研究》2002,25(4):374-378
简要介绍了地震灾害风险分析的原理,并在稳态Poisson分布模型上,对动态的地震灾害风险评估模型作了初步的探讨。同时,结合美国和法国的地震灾害风险管理体系,就完善我国的地震灾害风险管理提出了一些看法。  相似文献   

9.
本文从地震灾害、建筑物、人口、经济、抗震救灾等多方面出发,将自然属性与社会属性进行有效结合,对地震危险性、建筑物抗震性能等影响因素进行详细分析,构建城镇地震灾害风险评价指标体系,以张家口地区16个县区为例,采用专家-层次分析法,建立精细化地震灾害风险评估模型。研究结果表明,城镇建筑物抗震性能普遍较差,怀来县地震灾害风险最大,桥东区、蔚县、涿鹿县、桥西区次之,沽源县、康保县地震灾害风险最小,并对各县区地震灾害风险主要影响因素进行讨论,发现地震风险指数与地形结构、建筑物抗震性能具有相关性,评估结果可为城镇制定防震减灾规划提供依据。  相似文献   

10.
城市震害高危害小区的研究和GIS的实现技术   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:3  
帅向华  成小平  袁一凡 《地震》2002,22(3):113-119
论述了在城市地震灾害中如何考虑诸方面因素来评价城市的灾害轻重分布情况。中建立坑危害小区分析模型,设想将城市划分等面积网格,给每个单元网格赋予灾害指数,以确定城市中受灾较为严重的区域,为求灾指挥提供决策信息。同时,将高危害小区的模型研究结果转化为计算机技术可以实现的GIS模型。该研究结果已应用于泰安市防震减灾示范研究项目中。  相似文献   

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