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1.
云南杞麓湖沉积物记录的近现代生态环境变化及影响因子识别 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
随着云南社会经济的持续发展与极端气候事件的频发,高原大中型湖泊面临着水质恶化、生态与环境功能退化的长期胁迫.为识别亚热带大型湖泊面临的主要环境压力,以杞麓湖为研究对象,在对沉积物钻孔进行物理(粒度、烧失量)、生物(色素、硅藻)等指标分析的基础上,结合现代监测和湖泊调查数据,重建了近两百年来湖泊水文条件、富营养化和环境变化的历史,并对硅藻群落结构的演化进行了驱动过程识别.沉积物粒度在1958年之前变化总体较为稳定且有较高的黏土含量;随着围湖造田等流域开发的增强,沉积物粒度组成自1960s开始频繁波动且粗颗粒组分快速增加.1981—2000年期间,随着落水洞泄水工程的修建杞麓湖的水位控制与水文调控得到加强,沉积物砂质含量降低且粒度组成变化较小;2000—2013年期间,湖泊疏浚工程的开展和区域降水的持续减少都导致了沉积物粒度组成波动较大、粗颗粒组成较高.沉积物色素记录了湖泊初级生产力的缓慢上升出现于19世纪中后期,并自1960s开始总叶绿素与蓝藻色素含量总体出现了较大幅度的增加趋势并持续至今.而在2000—2005年期间,湖泊浅水区的疏浚清淤导致了内源营养盐输入量的降低与藻类生物量的明显下降;沉积物蓝藻色素含量在1998、2008和2012—2013年左右出现明显的峰值,指示杞麓湖可能出现了较大范围的蓝藻暴发事件.统计分析结果显示,湖泊硅藻群落结构出现了多次明显转变且呈现底栖硅藻百分比长期降低的特征,水体富营养化的持续是驱动硅藻群落结构演替的主要因子,而水生植物退化、水文条件与气候变化也对硅藻群落的构建产生了重要的叠加影响.本文的沉积物分析结果表明,亚热带大型湖泊的生态治理与环境保护需要重点围绕营养盐负荷控制、水文调控优化与底栖生境恢复,并需应对全球变暖与极端气候事件产生的叠加影响. 相似文献
2.
近百年来新疆博斯腾湖初级生产力的变化 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
本研究选择新疆博斯腾湖不同区域进行沉积岩芯采集.在210Pb、137Cs定年的基础上,利用漫反射光谱分析了湖泊沉积物中叶绿素a的含量,结合沉积速率、烧失量以及开都河的径流量记录等,探讨近百年来湖泊初级生产力的变化.结果表明:开都河的径流量变化对博斯腾湖沉积速率与生产力演化有一定影响,而人类活动干扰则是影响湖泊初级生产力演化的主要原因.1950s开始的新疆第一次大规模开垦活动导致了湖泊的沉积速率及初级生产力开始上升.沉积物的沉积速率以及叶绿素a的沉积通量在1970年左右出现最高值后下降,这与新疆的第二次大规模垦荒有关,同时,周边地区盐碱地除盐方式的改变对湖泊的生态环境变化也有很大影响.从1980s至今,由于流域内人类活动干扰增强,沉积物中的叶绿素a浓度逐渐增加,湖泊初级生产力呈上升的趋势. 相似文献
3.
富营养化湖泊沉积物有机质矿化过程中碳、氮、磷的迁移特征 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
采用室内培养的方法,以富营养化湖泊太湖为例,研究了沉积物有机质矿化过程中碳、氮、磷的迁移特征.结果表明,在沉积物中的有机质矿化过程中,碳以溶解性无机碳释放至水中,同时以CH4和CO2形式释放至大气中,培养结束时,CH4和CO2累积排放含量分别为1492.21和498.96 mg/g(dw),其中CH4占气态碳的89.16%(以C质量计);此外,大量的氮、磷营养盐释放至上覆水体,水中总氮、总磷和铵态氮的最高浓度分别是初始浓度的62.16、28.16和139.45倍,而硝态氮浓度在整个培养过程中逐渐下降,培养末期浓度是初期的0.21倍;厌氧条件下,沉积物有机质的矿化,不仅可以生成大量的CH4、CO2气体,还能够促使沉积物中铵态氮和磷的释放;而沉积物有机质矿化释放的碳、氮、磷营养元素又能加剧湖泊富营养化程度,促进湖泊水体的初级生产力,从而增加湖泊沉积物有机质输入.这样的循环方式可能是湖泊富营养化自维持的重要机制之一. 相似文献
4.
太湖梅梁湾富营养化过程的同位素地球化学证据 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
以浅水湖泊太湖为研究对象,通过湖泊水体、水生生物同位素以及相应湖泊水体营养指标的比较分析,并根据梅梁湾钻孔沉积物TN,TP,TOC,C/N,δ15N,δ13C等多项指标记录,恢复了湖泊富营养化过程.研究结果表明,不同湖区植物碳、氮同位素值和水体NH4+的δ15N值变化反映了植物组成和营养水平的差异.梅梁湾水体NH4+的δ15N和水环境参数不同月份的变化反映了外部营养载荷的输入对湖泊环境有明显的影响.1950～1990年湖泊沉积物有机质碳、氮同位素同步变化的趋势说明湖泊初级生产力的增长和湖泊逐渐富营养化的过程,而1990年之后二者之间反相关关系的出现表明在富营养条件下,大量浮游植物生长对富15N的无机氮的吸收及表层沉积物有机质分解和反硝化作用,代表湖泊富营养化加剧.以同位素示踪,并结合元素地球化学指标变化,将太湖梅梁湾富营养化过程分为三阶段,以20世纪50年代和20世纪90年代为营养状态的转换时段,揭示了人类活动不断加强的影响,与近50年来的湖泊环境监测结果一致. 相似文献
5.
位于青藏高原中部的兹格塘错是中国为数不多的典型半混合型湖泊之一,其稳定的分层特征使水生生态系统中出现若干相对独立的微生物群落.兹格塘错表层沉积物中发现的细菌脱镁叶绿素a(bacteriophaeophytin a,Bph-a)证实了厌氧光合细菌(anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria,APB)群落的存在.研究指出,该细菌群落主要集中分布在永滞层顶部至化跃层底部的狭窄范围内,形成APB薄层,是细菌叶绿素a(bacteriochlorophyll a,Bchl-a)的主要生产区域.厌氧光合细菌死亡后在湖底经变质作用,Bchl-a脱镁(Mg~(2+))形成Bph-a.APB总生产力高低主要受光照度控制,因此,沉积物中Bph-a高值对应化跃层变浅的暖期,低值对应冷期,而零值则表示湖泊半混合状态消失,水体完全混合,对应极端寒冷的气候或湖泊水位大幅降低的时期.利用沉积物中Bph-a含量变化,可以重建兹格塘错湖泊分层及区域气候变化历史.在湖泊现代过程、重建气温-湖泊分层-APB生产量-沉积物Bph-a含量变化四者关系充分研究的基础上,具有定量重建古气温的潜力. 相似文献
6.
《中国科学:地球科学》2016,(4)
沉积色素已经成为反映浮游植物生物量和群落结构的有效指标,被广泛应用到研究过去湖泊和海洋生态系统初级生产力变化及其对气候变化与人类活动的响应中.但是由于色素的特殊化学属性,不同的提取和分析方法对不同介质中的色素具有明显的选择性.因此,在不同区域,为获得浮游植物生物量和群落结构等信息,需要选择合适的色素提取和分析方法.本文利用L_9(3~4)正交实验方案,对青藏高原中部典型半对流型湖泊(达则错)和双季对流型湖泊(江错)表层沉积物进行对比研究,选择适用于青藏高原湖泊沉积色素的提取和分析方法.对比发现提取试剂的类型及含量、色谱柱和流动相分别是影响湖泊沉积色素提取与分析过程中的关键因素.利用丙酮:甲醇:水混合试剂(80:15:5,体积比),冰浴超声30s并低温静置6h对于青藏高原湖泊沉积色素提取具有最佳提取效率.在进行色素分析时,反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)系统中采用Eclipse Plus C_8色谱柱(150mm×4.6mm,粒径为3.5mm),流动相A为甲醇:乙腈:0.25m吡啶(50:25:25,体积比);流动相B为甲醇:乙腈:丙酮(20:60:20,体积比),流动相A的pH利用醋酸调节为6,柱温保持40℃时,色素分离效果最好.本研究为进一步利用青藏高原湖泊沉积色素研究湖泊初级生产力变化和湖泊生态系统对气候变化和人类活动的响应提供了实验基础. 相似文献
7.
对位于大兴安岭中北段四方山天池全新世以来湖泊沉积物中正构烷烃的分布特征及其单体碳同位素组成进行了讨论分析.结果表明,正构烷烃碳数分布范围为nC_(17)~nC_(33),绝大多数样品具有单峰型的分布特征,少数样品呈现双峰型分布特征,单峰型以nC_(27)为主峰,双峰型分布中前峰群以nC_(21)为主峰、后峰群以nC_(27)为主峰;短链正构烷烃(nC_(21))奇偶优势不明显,中链(n C23~n C25)和长链正构烷烃(nC_(27))具有明显的奇碳优势;正构烷烃的分布特征揭示四方山天池湖泊沉积物中的有机质来源于陆生植物和水生植物的共同输入,并以陆生植物贡献为主.全新世以来,四方山天池湖泊沉积物中长链正构烷烃单体碳同位素值(δ~(13)C_(27~31))逐渐偏负,与太阳辐射的变化表现出明显的一致性,表明在轨道尺度上该区域的有效湿度的逐渐增加主要受太阳辐射的控制,湖泊水位的变化则既受到西太平洋副热带高压和鄂霍次克海高压相对位置的影响,又受到东南季风和东北季风势力强弱的制约.根据多种气候代用指标的变化,全新世以来四方山天池湖泊环境及其区域气候演化可以划分为5个阶段:(1)11.2-8.0 ka BP:区域有效湿度较低,陆生C_3植物中木本植物比例略有增加,湖泊水位频繁波动,湖泊初级生产力下降,湖泊营养状态发生贫化;(2)8.0-6.4 ka BP:区域有效湿度增加,陆生C_3植物中草本植物比例略有增大,湖泊水面收缩、水位下降,湖泊初级生产力变化不大,湖泊营养状态较为稳定;(3)6.4-3.4 ka BP:区域有效湿度比上一阶段更高,陆生C_3植物中木本植物扩张,草本植物比例相对收缩,湖泊水位上升、水面扩大,湖泊初级生产力增加,湖泊营养状态发生好转;(4)3.4-2.4 ka BP:区域有效降水量继续增加,陆生C_3植物中草本植物比例升高,湖泊水位下降、水面收缩,湖泊初级生产力下降,湖泊营养状态发生贫化;(5)2.4-0.9 ka BP:区域有效湿度较高,陆生C_3植物中木本植物逐渐增加,湖泊水位上升、水面扩张,湖泊初级生产力增加,湖泊营养状态有所好转.四方山天池湖泊沉积物所记录的全新世以来区域气候环境演化历史,既与中国东北地区其他高分辨率气候记录有较好的一致性,也存在着差异性,表现出独有的区域气候特征. 相似文献
8.
南四湖沉积剖面中色素与有机碳同位素特征的古环境意义 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
湖泊沉积物中的色素含量与种类是研究湖泊初始生产力和湖泊环境的有效手段之一．而有机碳同位素比值反映了沉积有机物来源信息．本文在对南四湖沉积剖面中总有机碳含量分析的基础上,测定了有机碳的同位素比值,同时通过剖面中色素指标的分析,揭示该湖泊环境演化历史．研究表明,南四湖成湖时代为2．45kaB．P,成期水体主要来自黄河泛滥;其次,南四湖东西沉积环境差异较大,西部（微山湖）主要受黄河泛滥影响,东部（独山湖）则为山麓碎屑沉积;近代南四湖中蓝藻大量繁盛,湖泊具有逐步向富营养化发展的趋势． 相似文献
9.
区域增温和大气氮沉降作用已成为高山湖泊面临的重要环境胁迫,已有高山湖泊生物群落响应的长期模式研究主要集中于藻类而缺乏更高营养级生物(如浮游动物)的系统调查。本研究选择滇西北地区深水型的高山湖泊沃迪错开展沉积物调查,通过多指标分析(总氮、总磷、叶绿素a、氮稳定同位素等)并结合区域气候重建记录,识别近两百年来该湖泊及流域环境的变化历史,进一步利用枝角类群落指标(物种组成、生物量等)定量评价了湖泊生物群落的响应模式与驱动因子。结果表明,湖泊营养水平(如总氮浓度)和初级生产力(叶绿素a浓度等)在过去近两百年总体呈上升趋势。相关分析显示,大气氮沉降和流域外源输入是影响总氮上升的主要因素,同时区域增温和营养盐富集促进了湖泊初级生产力的不断上升。自1960s以来区域升温明显,湖泊营养水平和叶绿素a浓度呈现加速上升的趋势。钻孔中枝角类群落以浮游属种(Daphnia longispina等)为优势种,在1900AD以前D.longispina相对丰度较为稳定(40.83%±8.02%),之后出现下降趋势且在1948—1965年间明显下降,之后再次明显上升并成为主要优势种。排序分析显示,气温、叶绿素a和总... 相似文献
10.
湖泊沉积物氮同位素(δ15N)在古环境、古气候变化方面有着指示气候干湿变化的重要作用,但目前学界对于δ15N记录作为气候代用指标所指示的气候干湿变化特征仍缺乏深入探索。本文以贵州省梵净山九龙池湖泊沉积物为研究对象,分析并探讨δ15N所记录的梵净山地区气候干湿变化过程与特征,并结合总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)和碳氮比值(C/N)数据进行对比研究,结果表明:(1)由于九龙池湖泊沉积物有机质受流域输入影响,气候湿润时,陆生植物增多,土壤湿度增大,外源输入对湖泊沉积物有机质影响增大,沉积物δ15N值偏负;气候干旱时,陆生植物减少,土壤湿度降低,外源输入对湖泊沉积物有机质影响减小,沉积物δ15N值偏正;(2)九龙池湖泊沉积物δ15N记录很好地揭示了梵净山地区全新世的气候干湿变化过程,即早期(11.5—9.2 ka B.P.)亚洲夏季风增强,气候从干旱期向湿润期转变,中期(9.2—3.0 ka B.P.)亚洲夏季风强盛,气候整体处于湿润期,晚期(3.0—2.2 k... 相似文献
11.
D. M. Pechersky A. A. Lyubushin Z. V. Sharonova 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2010,46(7):613-623
The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The
times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized
by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and
the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between
the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic
world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by
the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle
of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes
in the organic world. 相似文献
12.
The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth. 相似文献
13.
综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后，可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流，则其中心点应位于3台之间。 相似文献
14.
The depth to the top of magnetic dykes can be estimated from total field aeromagnetic data using the relation between the depth to magnetic sources and the autocorrelation function of magnetic data. By using synthetic anomalies we show that in the ideal case, depth can be determined to an accuracy of 10% or better, when the anomaly sources are two-dimensional dykes. However, the estimated depths depend on the width of the dykes. The estimated depth is about 0.6 times the actual depth to the top of thin dykes, and around the true depth for thick dykes having width-to-depth ratio around 3. The depth is considerably overestimated for very thick dykes (e.g., contacts, which is a special case of the thick dyke). Thus, the autocorrelation method requires that the width-to-depth ratio of the dyke is estimated independently to correctly estimate the depths. Alternatively, it must be assumed that the width-to-depth ratio for the two-dimensional source body is between 1.5 and 4. 相似文献
15.
As is known, the secular deceleration of the Earth's diurnal rotation is explained mainly by the tidal friction in the ocean. Below we consider this mechanism in some detail, taking into account also elastic deformations of the mantle under the action of ocean loading and the interaction between the tide-generating body, ocean tidal wave, liquid outer core, and solid inner core. It is shown that elastic displacements of the core-mantle boundary under the action of ocean loading are of about the same amplitude and phase as the elastic loading displacements of the Earth's outer surface. As a result, side by side with the mechanism of secular deceleration of diurnal rotation of the mantle, there are also (1) the opposite mechanism of secular acceleration of diurnal rotation of the outer liquid core and of the solid inner core and (2) the mechanism of excitation of differential rotation in the liquid core. Taking these effects into account, we compare theoretical and modern observed data on the eastward drift of the solid inner core. It is shown that the best agreement may be obtained if the turbulent viscosity of the liquid core is about 2 × 10
3
Poise 相似文献
16.
17.
On data of bottom sampling, carried out by means of grab, trawl and underwater photography in August–September of 1993 in the area of the Pechora Sea, quantitative regularities of macrobenthos distribution are described for the ecological monitoring purposes. Maps of -biodiversity and biomass indices, bottom communities and trophic zones, singled out by dominant method, are presented. Assessment of structure changes of the investigated area bottom communities during the last 60–70 years is fulfilled. It is shown that the described communities on the whole are of natural undisturbed character and that the revealed changes are within the natural fluctuations in the abundance of benthic populations or may be interpreted in terms of methodical differences in the data analysis and generalization by different authors. 相似文献
18.
地震激励下处于深水中的桥墩和周围水体的相互作用将对桥梁结构的动力响应产生较大影响。首先对地震作用下水-桥墩的相互作用理论做了概括,给出了动水压力对桥墩的作用效应及各自的适用范围;对主要的三种考虑流固耦合效应的分析方法做了对比,探讨了地震作用下影响水-结构相互作用的主要因素,并对今后的研究提出了建议。 相似文献
19.
Prof. Dr. W. A. Heiskanen 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1958,41(1):1-18
Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out. 相似文献