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在苏联应用數学与力学雜誌上刊登了巴伦卜拉脫浮沙運動的一般理論以後,引起了很多爭論,似乎巴氏的理論和过去的理論中间有着不可調和的矛盾。但实際上,巴氏的理論不單和过去的舊重力理論及擴散理論不相矛盾,相反的它們之間有着十分緊密的联系。我們現在把巴氏的結果寫在下面。為了簡單起見,我們把巴氏原來的關係式 相似文献
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確立地震烈度的標準問題,迄今尚未能够很好地解決,許多不同的情况尚待研究,模型試驗還須要做,然而我們不能等待,國家大規模的建設,正在進行,馬上就需要地震資料,來確定必要的抗震措施,使建立在地震區域內的人民事業得到適當的安全。這個安全係數不能偏於保守,亦不能偏於冒險,在尚沒有很好的科學標 相似文献
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本文所謂架空結構是指搁置在較高的支墩上的連續梁結構,例如高架橋梁或水電站的架空輸水管道等。這類結構在承受震動荷載（例如地震）時,常會引起較大的變形和应力。如支墩較粗矮,則在計算較低的頻率時,其作用可近似的以一彈簧支座代替之,而忽略支墩本身的結構震動影響。這是一個常用的假定,可以使計算工作充分簡化。本文首先對這一情况作了詳盡討論,給出较完整的解答,包括起始條件影響在内,並提出用“載常數”及“形常數”的觀念來進行計算。然后本文給出考虑支墩的震動影響時的精確解答,分別就縱横方向的震動進行討論,並指出近似計算公式和精確公式间的關係,近似公式只能在支墩較剛固和計算较低階的頻率時才適用。文中列出了結構作横向諧和震動時的特別解答,可見其計算工作量將比近似法增加不少。 相似文献
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本文詳細地介紹了武汉采用的交点相关法和十点相关法的理論基础和具体計算方法,并与Philtips和spcncer的相关法（PS法）及Yerg的六点相关法进行了比較。正如理論上所預期到的,武汉的实驗表明:交点法提供的参量最多,也最精确可靠,但計算量与PS法的差不多;十点法提供的参量与交点法的一样多,精确性不此PS法的低,然而計算量比PS法的少得多,与六点法的差不多。文中还討論了利用时移图上曲直线,以进一步提高十点法的精确性,以及在相关分析中采用結构函数和后效函数,以进一步簡化計算的可能性。本文还初步討論了各种相关分析法的誤差間題;并提出了相关函数值在时空上的預报方法,以及根据相关函数的預报值与实測值的对此等,判别在記录分析中有无反常現象,和甄別所求出的参量值是否可疑的方法。最后还特別指出了电离层混乱运动变化速度出現虛数值的可能性,并介紹了消除这种虛数值的方法。 相似文献
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整理大地电流观測資料的总和法,是匈牙利的康达士教授提出来的。这种方法的理論前提是正确的,但是,它的具体步驟却存在着缺陷。原总和法在理論上的缺陷表現在:求新的全变化分量的坐标变換公式,在当前場合下,是不成立的;其整理步驟也太繁杂。本文对总和法提出了一种改进,其要点是:求出椭圓与外切长方形各边相切的切点坐标,井通过切点坐标用图解法画出椭圓,或用計算方法求出椭圓面积。在改进方案中,原有的理論上的缺陷沒有了,整理的步驟簡化了。 相似文献
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本文根据高速稀薄气体动力学討論了流星在高空稀薄大气中运行时的加热和制动过程。研究指出,在不同高度上大气分子与流星表面的碰撞机制是不同的。例如对直径为0.05厘米,速度为40公里/秒的流星而言,在100公里以上自由大气的分子可与流星表面直接碰撞,在75公里以下,流星前面形成阻塞层,自由大气分子完全不能与流星表面直接碰撞。本文討論了在三种情况下,高层大气对流星的加热和制动过程,并計算了流星的有效加热系数和阻力系数,这些結果也可用来說明人造卫星的加热和制动过程。最后根据美国火箭探测的密度資料,对有效加热系数做了估計,結果与理論值相符。 相似文献
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本文探討了Gotz逆轉效应中,单色天頂散射光强I3112（?）的有效散射高度hE的上升过程。首先从理論上証明:hE并非沿高度連續的上升,而是跳跃上升的。然后用实际观測数据的計算,証实了理論結果。由此并指出,由于hE的跳跃,那么在应用逆轉效应,建立測定大气臭氧垂直分布方法时,如果将大气分层較多,那么可能在臭氧层中下部所得的結果,是不唯一的。基于上述結果,进一步研究了方法B,发現目前国际上通用的,由Ramanathan与Davo所給出的逆轉方法B的解是不唯的。这些解之間有着亘大的差异。因此以該方法計算出的各层臭氧含量,并不能肯定大气臭氧的垂直分布情况。 相似文献
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一、引言由研究日食时臭氧层的变化可以获得引起臭氧层生成及破坏的各种过程进行速度的資料.但在黄昏时研究这些过程則不甚适合. 遺憾的是过去使用光譜学方法研究日食时臭氧层情况的工作并不多. 如在1936年6月19日日食时,J.Kawabata在R.Sekiguti領导下曾用石英光譜仪得到了在第二次接触（食既）时臭氧的明显增加,可是很明显,有云的天气使他們不能够研究进一步的变化.B.斯文生（Svensson）在1954年6月30日日食时借助道勃生（Dobson）光譜光度計亦得到了在3100及3300埃两波长处光強比的改变,这与一般在食甚时臭氧层增加的理論相符. 相似文献
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Basin landscapes possess an identifiable spatial structure, fashioned by climate, geology and land use, that affects their hydrologic response. This structure defines a basin's hydrogeological signature and corresponding patterns of runoff and stream chemistry. Interpreting this signature expresses a fundamental understanding of basin hydrology in terms of the dominant hydrologic components: surface, interflow and groundwater runoff. Using spatial analysis techniques, spatially distributed watershed characteristics and measurements of rainfall and runoff, we present an approach for modelling basin hydrology that integrates hydrogeological interpretation and hydrologic response unit concepts, applicable to both new and existing rainfall‐runoff models. The benefits of our modelling approach are a clearly defined distribution of dominant runoff form and behaviour, which is useful for interpreting functions of runoff in the recruitment and transport of sediment and other contaminants, and limited over‐parameterization. Our methods are illustrated in a case study focused on four watersheds (24 to 50 km2) draining the southern coast of California for the period October 1988 though to September 2002. Based on our hydrogeological interpretation, we present a new rainfall‐runoff model developed to simulate both surface and subsurface runoff, where surface runoff is from either urban or rural surfaces and subsurface runoff is either interflow from steep shallow soils or groundwater from bedrock and coarse‐textured fan deposits. Our assertions and model results are supported using streamflow data from seven US Geological Survey stream gauges and measured stream silica concentrations from two Santa Barbara Channel–Long Term Ecological Research Project sampling sites. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Two‐dimensional continuous simulation of spatiotemporally varied hydrological processes using the time‐area method 
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下载免费PDF全文 Distributed, continuous hydrologic models promote better understanding of hydrology and enable integrated hydrologic analyses by providing a more detailed picture of water transport processes across the varying landscape. However, such models are not widely used in routine modelling practices, due in part to the extensive data input requirements, computational demands, and complexity of routing algorithms. We developed a two‐dimensional continuous hydrologic model, HYSTAR, using a time‐area method within a grid‐based spatial data model with the goal of providing an alternative way to simulate spatiotemporally varied watershed‐scale hydrologic processes. The model calculates the direct runoff hydrograph by coupling a time‐area routing scheme with a dynamic rainfall excess sub‐model implemented here using a modified curve number method with an hourly time step, explicitly considering downstream ‘reinfiltration’ of routed surface runoff. Soil moisture content is determined at each time interval based on a water balance equation, and overland and channel runoff is routed on time‐area maps, representing spatial variation in hydraulic characteristics for each time interval in a storm event. Simulating runoff hydrographs does not depend on unit hydrograph theory or on solution of the Saint Venant equation, yet retains the simplicity of a unit hydrograph approach and the capability of explicitly simulating two‐dimensional flow routing. The model provided acceptable performance in predicting daily and monthly runoff for a 6‐year period for a watershed in Virginia (USA) using readily available geographic information about the watershed landscape. Spatial and temporal variability in simulated effective runoff depth and time area maps dynamically show the areas of the watershed contributing to the direct runoff hydrograph at the outlet over time, consistent with the variable source area overland flow generation mechanism. The model offers a way to simulate watershed processes and runoff hydrographs using the time‐area method, providing a simple, efficient, and sound framework that explicitly represents mechanisms of spatially and temporally varied hydrologic processes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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The emergence of artificial neural network (ANN) technology has provided many promising results in the field of hydrology and water resources simulation. However, one of the major criticisms of ANN hydrologic models is that they do not consider/explain the underlying physical processes in a watershed, resulting in them being labelled as black‐box models. This paper discusses a research study conducted in order to examine whether or not the physical processes in a watershed are inherent in a trained ANN rainfall‐runoff model. The investigation is based on analysing definite statistical measures of strength of relationship between the disintegrated hidden neuron responses of an ANN model and its input variables, as well as various deterministic components of a conceptual rainfall‐runoff model. The approach is illustrated by presenting a case study for the Kentucky River watershed. The results suggest that the distributed structure of the ANN is able to capture certain physical behaviour of the rainfall‐runoff process. The results demonstrate that the hidden neurons in the ANN rainfall‐runoff model approximate various components of the hydrologic system, such as infiltration, base flow, and delayed and quick surface flow, etc., and represent the rising limb and different portions of the falling limb of a flow hydrograph. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Estimation of submarine groundwater discharge in the Il‐Gwang watershed using water budget analysis and 222Rn mass balance 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Yong‐Seok Gwak Sang‐Hyun Kim Yong‐Woo Lee Boo‐Keun Khim Se‐Yeong Hamm Sung‐Wok Kim 《水文研究》2014,28(11):3761-3775
Submarine groundwater discharges (SGD) were investigated in a marine watershed in south‐eastern Korea using water budget analysis and a 222Rn mass balance model. Multi‐layered TOPMODEL added hydrological assumption was used to estimate groundwater components in the water budget analysis. Field observations of soil moisture, rainfall, runoff and groundwater fluctuations were used for calibration and validation of the hydrologic model. Based on observed hydrological data and terrain analyses, parameters for the hydrologic model were delineated and used to describe several hydrologic responses in the watershed. SGD estimations by 222Rn mass balance method were also performed at Il‐Gwang bay in July, 2010, and May, June, July and Nov. 2011. The estimated groundwater through hydrologic modeling and water balance analysis was 1.3x106 m3/year, which rapidly increased during typhoon season due to heavy rainfall and permeable geologic structure. The estimated groundwater was approximately 3.7–27.1% of SGD as evaluated by 222Rn mass balance method ranges 3.44 and 17.45 m3m?2year?1. Even though SGD is predominantly influenced by tide fluctuation, the head gradient (difference) from hydrologic processes associated with heavy rainfalls can also have extra significant influences. Comprehensive understanding of SGD evaluation can be improved through a simultaneous application of both these approaches. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Clay‐settling areas (CSAs) are one of the most conspicuous and development‐limiting landforms remaining after phosphate mining. Many questions are asked by the mining and regulatory communities with regard to the correct modelling (predictive) methods and assumptions that should be used to yield viable hydrologic post‐reclamation landforms within CSAs. Questions as to the correct methodology to use in modelling/predicting long‐term CSA hydrologic performance have historically been difficult to answer because the data and analysis to support popular hypotheses did not exist. The goal of this paper was to substantially improve the data, analysis and predictive methodology necessary to return CSAs to viable hydrologic units, and moreover, to develop better understanding of the hydrology of CSAs and their ability to support wetlands. The study site is located at the Fort Meade Mine in Polk County, Florida. In this paper, continuous model simulation and calibration of study site were conducted for the hydrologic model, Hydrological Simulation Program – FORTRAN, which was generally selected on the basis of its popularity in predicting the hydrologic behaviour of CSAs. The objective of this study was to simulate streamflow discharges and stage to estimate runoff response from these areas on the basis of the observed rainfall within the CSA. A set of global hydrologic parameters was selected and tested during the calibration by the parameter estimation software PEST. A comparison of the simulated and observed flow data indicates that the model calibration adequately reproduces the hydrologic response of the CSAs. The estimated parameters can be used as references for future application of the model. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Numerous studies have examined the event‐specific hydrologic response of hillslopes and catchments to rainfall. Knowledge gaps, however, remain regarding the relative influence of different meteorological factors on hydrologic response, the predictability of hydrologic response from site characteristics, or even the best metrics to use to effectively capture the temporal variability of hydrologic response. This study aimed to address those knowledge gaps by focusing on 21 sites with contrasting climate, topography, geology, soil properties, and land cover. High‐frequency rainfall and discharge records were analysed, resulting in the delineation of over 1,600 rainfall–runoff events, which were described using a suite of hydrologic response metrics and meteorological factors. Univariate and multivariate statistical techniques were then applied to synthesize the information conveyed by the computed metrics and factors, notably measures of central tendency and variability, variation partitioning, partial correlations, and principal component analysis. Results showed that some response magnitude metrics generally reported in the literature (e.g., runoff ratio and area‐normalized peak discharge) did not vary significantly among sites. The temporal variability in site‐specific hydrologic response was often attributable to the joint influence of storage‐driven (e.g., total event rainfall and antecedent precipitation) and intensity‐driven (e.g., rainfall intensity and antecedent potential evapotranspiration) meteorological factors. Mean annual temperature and potential evapotranspiration at a given site appeared to be good predictors of hydrologic response timing (e.g., response lag and lag to peak). Response timing metrics, particularly those associated with response initiation, were also identified as the metrics most critical for capturing intrasite response variability. This study therefore contributes to the growing knowledge on event‐specific hydrologic response by highlighting the importance of response timing metrics and intensity‐driven meteorological factors, which are infrequently discussed in the literature. As few correlations were found between physiographic variables and response metrics, more data‐driven studies are recommended to further our understanding of landscape–hydrology interactions. 相似文献
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Siao Sun Günther Leonhardt Santiago Sandoval Jean-Luc Bertrand-Krajewski Wolfgang Rauch 《水文科学杂志》2017,62(15):2456-2468
The estimation of missing rainfall data is an important problem for data analysis and modelling studies in hydrology. This paper develops a Bayesian method to address missing rainfall estimation from runoff measurements based on a pre-calibrated conceptual rainfall–runoff model. The Bayesian method assigns posterior probability of rainfall estimates proportional to the likelihood function of measured runoff flows and prior rainfall information, which is presented by uniform distributions in the absence of rainfall data. The likelihood function of measured runoff can be determined via the test of different residual error models in the calibration phase. The application of this method to a French urban catchment indicates that the proposed Bayesian method is able to assess missing rainfall and its uncertainty based only on runoff measurements, which provides an alternative to the reverse model for missing rainfall estimates. 相似文献
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A modelling approach to assessing variations of total suspended solids (tss) mass fluxes during storm events 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Connections between the catchment hydrology and accumulation, washoff and transport of pollutants in wet weather greatly affect the management of urban drainage and its wet‐weather effluents. In recent years, the concept of the first flush has gained on prominence and was further developed for analyzing the interaction between the hydrology and transport of runoff pollutants. One of the most important definitions of the first flush can be derived from the analysis of the m(v) curves (i.e. the curves in which the normalized cumulative pollutant mass is plotted vs the normalized cumulative runoff volume). Indeed the m(v) curves, indicating the distribution of pollutant mass versus volume in wet‐weather flow (WWF) discharges, are commonly used for comparing pollutant discharges for different rainfall events and catchments. In this study, the m(v) curves were used to define the concepts of flow‐limited and mass‐limited WWF events. These two different behaviours have been analysed for rainfall/runoff events observed in the urbanized part of the Liguori catchment in Cosenza (Italy). In order to advance the understanding of the intra‐event variability of m(v) curves, the mathematical rainfall/runoff model Storm Water Management Model of the US Environmental Protection Agency (SWMM) was calibrated for eight observed rainfall/runoff events and the differences between observed and simulated m(v) curves were analysed. The results showed a good correlation between the observed and simulated m(v) curves, and this finding offers further benefits in SWMM model calibration. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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A synthetic storm generator—Dynamic Moving Storm (DMS)—is developed in this study to represent spatio‐temporal variabilities of rainfall and storm movement in synthetic storms. Using an urban watershed as the testbed, the authors investigate the hydrologic responses to the DMS parameters and their interactions. In order to reveal the complex nature of rainfall–run‐off processes, previously simplified assumptions are relaxed in this study regarding (a) temporal variability of rainfall intensity and (b) time‐invariant flow velocity in channel routing. The results of this study demonstrate the significant contribution of storm moving velocity to the variation of peak discharge based on a global sensitivity analysis. Furthermore, a pairwise sensitivity analysis is conducted to elucidate not only the patterns in individual contributions from parameters to hydrologic responses but also their interactions with storm moving velocity. The intricacies of peak discharges resulting from sensitivity analyses are then dissected into independent hydrologic metrics, that is, run‐off volume and standard deviation of run‐off timings, for deeper insights. It is confirmed that peak discharge is increased when storms travel downstream along the main channel at the speed that corresponds to a temporal superposition of run‐off. Spatial concentration of catchment rainfall is found to be a critical linkage through which characteristics of moving storms affect peak discharges. In addition, altering peak timing of rainfall intensity in conjunction with storm movement results in varied storm core locations in the channel network, which further changes the flow attenuation effects from channel routing. For future directions, the DMS generator will be embedded in a stochastic modelling framework and applied in rainfall/flow frequency analysis. 相似文献
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Uncertainty in hydrologic modelling for estimating hydrologic response due to climate change (Santiam River,Oregon) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper explores the predicted hydrologic responses associated with the compounded error of cascading global circulation model (GCM) uncertainty through hydrologic model uncertainty due to climate change. A coupled groundwater and surface water flow model (GSFLOW) was used within the differential evolution adaptive metropolis (DREAM) uncertainty approach and combined with eight GCMs to investigate uncertainties in hydrologic predictions for three subbasins of varying hydrogeology within the Santiam River basin in Oregon, USA. Predictions of future hydrology in the Santiam River include increases in runoff in the fall and winter months and decreases in runoff for the spring and summer months. One‐year peak flows were predicted to increase whereas 100‐year peak flows were predicted to slightly decrease. The predicted 10‐year 7‐day low flow decreased in two subbasins with little groundwater influences but increased in another subbasin with substantial groundwater influences. Uncertainty in GCMs represented the majority of uncertainty in the analysis, accounting for an average deviation from the median of 66%. The uncertainty associated with use of GSFLOW produced only an 8% increase in the overall uncertainty of predicted responses compared to GCM uncertainty. This analysis demonstrates the value and limitations of cascading uncertainty from GCM use through uncertainty in the hydrologic model, offers insight into the interpretation and use of uncertainty estimates in water resources analysis, and illustrates the need for a fully nonstationary approach with respect to calibrating hydrologic models and transferring parameters across basins and time for climate change analyses. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献