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1.
湖泊年纹层以其精确到年乃至季节尺度的高分辨率优势, 成为研究古气候环境变化的重要载体. X射线荧光(XRF)岩芯扫描由于其有分辨率高、分析快速等特点, 在湖泊年纹层研究中发挥了重要的作用. 本文以青藏高原东南缘新路海年纹层为研究对象, 采用X射线荧光(XRF)岩芯扫描, 对新路海湖泊纹层计年、纹层形成机理及古气候重建进行了研究. 结果表明: 利用X射线图像明暗层、Rad峰值、Zr和Fe元素峰值标记法获得的年代序列基本一致, 并且与独立的放射性测年(210Pb/137Cs)结果吻合, 证实了上述各种纹层计年方法的可行性和可靠性. 新路海年纹层层偶是由粗颗粒碎屑层和细颗粒碎屑层交互组成的, 较厚且Zr和Si元素高的粗颗粒层形成于春、夏季, 而较薄且Fe元素含量高的细颗粒层形成于秋、冬季. 纹层的厚度能够指示西南季风降水量的大小, 近100年以来新路海纹层厚度反映的西南季风演化, 与利用昆明地区历史文献重建的湿度记录(干旱/洪水指数)、树轮δ18O重建的尼泊尔喜马拉雅地区的季风降水基本一致. 近100年来新路海的纹层厚度具有7~8、4~5和2年的周期, 表明新路海纹层厚度记录的近100年的西南季风演化可能与厄尔尼诺—南方涛动、太平洋年代际振荡、印度洋偶极子和准两年周期震荡有关.  相似文献   

2.
内陆干旱区柴达木盆地苏干湖年纹层的发现及其意义   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
柴达木盆地北缘苏干湖若干钻孔岩芯发现, 水深大于3.0 m的沉积物均具有裸眼可分辩的由深色层和浅色层组成的纹层层理. 以湖泊中心SG03I孔上部5.5 m具有纹层结构的沉积岩芯为研究对象. 基于沉积物收集装置的现代过程研究发现, 苏干湖夏秋季以浅色的单水方解石为主, 冬半年以深色有机质为主, 现代湖泊能够形成冬半年深色层和夏半年浅色层的纹层沉积. 岩芯中有四种类型的纹层沉积: 单水方解石-有机质纹层、白云石-有机质纹层、碎屑-硅藻(碎屑)纹层与文石-有机质纹层, 均具有季节特征, 属可靠的年纹层, 且顶部纹层计年与210Pb测年结果一致. 根据纹层计年, 年纹层沉积形成于距今2670 a以来. 苏干湖纹层沉积是中国西部干旱区发现的第一个能够确认为是年纹层的湖泊沉积, 4种不同类型的年纹层指示了不同气候类型及其季节差异, 具有重建高分辨率气候变化的重要意义.  相似文献   

3.
137Cs湖泊沉积年代学方法应用的局限——以Crawford湖为例   总被引:12,自引:5,他引:12  
项亮 《湖泊科学》1995,7(4):307-313
^137Cs湖泊沉积年代学方法是测定现代湖泊沉积物沉积年代和沉积速率的重要同位素年代学方法之一。对加拿大Crawford湖采集的沉积孔柱内^137Cs垂直分布的研究发现,该方法给出时的标有明显偏差。比较^210Pb和纹层等年代方法的结果,其1963年时标蓄积峰值所在位置明显移向表层,而作为1954年时标的该核素出现蓄积的层位则远早于该年沉积物蓄积层位。研究还表明,孔柱中较高的间隙水含量、缺少足以吸  相似文献   

4.
陈钰  刘兴起 《湖泊科学》2016,28(5):1123-1133
湖泊是风成沉积的理想载体,利用扫描电镜分析石英砂的表面微结构特征,可以用于判断石英颗粒被风或水流搬运的相对距离和湖泊的水动力条件,从而判断其沉积环境与演化历史.库赛湖位于青藏高原北部可可西里地区,是青海省沙尘天气频发的地区之一,为进一步证实库赛湖年纹层粗颗粒层的风成成因,以库赛湖沉积年纹层为研究对象,结合青藏高原北部典型沙丘沉积、库赛湖冰面风成沉积、典型河流沉积和库赛湖湖滨相水成粗颗粒沉积样品,利用扫描电镜对上述沉积物石英颗粒表面特征进行观察研究,并统计35种特征的出现频率.结果表明:库赛湖地区典型风成物石英颗粒表面具有圆形轮廓、中低浮雕、翻板、新月型撞击坑、球根状边缘、直形阶梯、弓形阶梯、碟形坑等微形貌特征;典型水成物石英颗粒表面具有V型撞击坑、小型和中型贝壳状断口、少量溶蚀坑等微形貌特征;库赛湖年纹层粗颗粒层石英颗粒表面具有圆形轮廓、低浮雕、翻板、新月形撞击坑、球根状边缘、碟形坑等明显风成特征,与研究区风成物的石英颗粒表面特征相似,而与研究区典型水成物的石英颗粒表面特征差别很大.因此,库赛湖年纹层中的粗颗粒层是由风成作用形成的.  相似文献   

5.
砾石钙膜显微纹层的扫描图像分析及其测年意义   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
郑文俊  郭华  刘百篪 《地震地质》2003,25(1):123-132,F004
砾石钙膜作为一种反映环境变化的沉积物标志 ,记录了比较完整的环境和气候信息 ,其实物的直接表现形式就是沉积了明暗相间的纹层 ,而形成明暗纹层的主要原因是受沉积时碳酸盐的纯度和结晶物的粒度以及杂质等的影响。作者用普通的扫描仪获取钙膜纹层明暗度图像 ,通过计算机自动识别获取明暗度变化的特征曲线 ,并将其与深海氧同位素曲线、黄土 -古土壤序列、黄土粒度曲线、磁化率曲线等进行对比分析 ,从而达到确定砾石钙膜所代表的地貌面年龄的目的 ,同时分析其气候效应。初步研究表明 ,这种方法是可行的 ,它不仅提高了定年的精度和时间跨度 ,同时也拓宽了沉积物年代学方法在古环境及古气候研究中的应用  相似文献   

6.
在长江中游湖北省东部网湖湖心的采取柱状沉积物,用210Pb+137Cs方法测定表层的沉积速率.制作连续切片,选取深度7烈-88lmm的层型沉积较完整的一段样品,用显微镜量测浅色层和暗色层的厚度,采用电子探针确定层的地球化学成份,并由此计算了纹层的主要矿物组成.认为纹层主要是由于在洪水季节长江带来的浅色泥沙与在枯水季节富水河带来的含暗色矿物泥沙交替沉积形成的.泥沙主要来源于夏季长江倒灌入湖的洪水,部分来自长江支流富水河;冬季枯水季节,泥沙基本来源于长江支流富水河.  相似文献   

7.
叠瓦构造是一种常见的沉积构造.但至今对其研究还主要局限在砾石中,其实在砂级沉积中同样可以发育叠瓦构造.山东青岛灵山岛造船厂-千层崖一带主要发育一套细粒沉积岩(细砂岩、粉砂岩和泥岩),其中发育多纹层控制的砂级颗粒支撑叠瓦构造.发育砂级颗粒支撑叠瓦构造的纹层最多可达200~300层,纹层厚度大部分在0.3~0.4 mm,最薄不足0.1 mm.叠瓦构造倾角0°~90°,平均40°~50°,远大于河床砾石叠瓦构造的倾角(约34°);不同特点和成因的纹层控制的砂级颗粒支撑叠瓦构造倾角统计分析参数明显不同,与颗粒的板片性、颗粒的分选及形成介质的动力条件有关.灵山岛多处剖面发育多尺度软沉积变形构造;槽模、重荷模和沟模等也常见;碳屑非常发育,常常与细碎屑构成厚数毫米、长数厘米到十余厘米的细脉;镜煤透镜体常见,在灯塔剖面约有15~20层黑色含煤细脉泥岩薄层.通过对灵山岛纹层控制的砂级颗粒支撑叠瓦构造的研究,发现叠瓦构造远非只能用于古流分析,它分布的广泛性及提供的流体性质、运动特点和沉积环境等信息是其他任何沉积构造难以项背的.三角洲间湾和前缘较深水自生底流(bottom flows)或冬季河流冷水(密度大于深部湖水)注入三角洲间湾或前缘形成的"贴地"底流也是形成纹层控制的颗粒支撑叠瓦构造的重要介质和营力.结合沉积构造和岩性、岩相组合研究,认为灵山岛的沉积岩是在内陆较浅水三角洲环境中形成的,而不是深水环境,更不是海底斜坡,与板块碰撞无关.  相似文献   

8.
王苏民 《湖泊科学》2001,13(4):C3-C3
凯尔茨 (KernyKelts)教授是世界著名湖泊沉积学家 ,美国明尼苏达大学湖泊研究中心主任 ,国际湖泊地质学学会前主席 ,因病医治无效 ,于 2 0 0 1年 2月 8日去世 ,英年早逝 .湖泊沉积与全球变化研究领域失去了一位优秀科学家 ,中国地学界失去了一位好老师、老朋友。凯尔茨 196 7年毕业于美国California Riverside大学地球物理专业 ,1978年在瑞士联邦苏黎世理工大学地质系获得博士学位 ,他的博士论文“瑞士苏黎世湖和朱格湖的地质沉积演化”是对湖泊非冰川沉积年层形成机理的最早研究成果 ,同时对淡水湖泊碳酸盐进…  相似文献   

9.
泥河湾层内易溶盐沉积及其环境意义   总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14  
通过泥河湾古湖盆区4个地层剖面中易溶盐类沉积物的观察与实验分析,对泥河湾古湖的性质、演化阶段及其在地层划分和古环境复原上的意义有了新认识.泥河湾古湖至少是微咸水-半咸水湖,属于半干旱区的内陆湖泊.湖相层下段夹石膏层和石膏微薄层,易溶盐以 SO_2~(2-)和Ca~(2+)离子为主,代表古湖向硫酸盐湖阶段演化的趋向;上段易溶盐中Cl~-和K~+,Na~+离子占优势,证明古湖已向氯化物湖方向发展,虽未出现盐岩沉积,却代表本地区向更干旱的方向发展.  相似文献   

10.
我国典型湖泊及其入湖河流氮磷水质协同控制探讨   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
入湖河流是外源氮磷输入湖泊的主要途径,是湖泊外源输入控制的关键中间环节.本文主要开展我国一些典型湖泊及其主要入湖河流总氮、总磷浓度对比研究,结合入湖河流氮磷输入对湖体营养水平和富营养化程度的影响分析,初步探讨我国入湖河流与湖体氮磷水质协同控制的必要性和途径.结果表明,目前入湖河流氮磷水平仍然是我国一些典型湖泊水体氮磷水平和富营养化程度的重要影响因素之一;单纯依靠入湖河流氮磷协同控制已经无法较好地实现我国一些湖泊氮磷水平达到Ⅲ类及以下水平和中营养化水平及以下,建议结合内源控制、生态修复等综合治理;除了入湖河流氮磷水质,水量也是湖泊水体氮磷水平和富营养化程度的重要因素之一.进一步结合国际上入湖河流和湖泊氮磷协同控制,以及《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)和相关配套政策、措施等,最终提出我国入湖河流与湖体氮磷协同控制政策建议,以期为富营养化湖泊外源氮磷输入控制,湖泊内源治理和生态修复有效开展等提供支撑和依据.  相似文献   

11.
Varved lake sediments are one of the most important natural archives that allow annual resolution paleoclimate reconstructions. Conventional varve counting techniques use thin sections to manually identify lamina. However, this technique is destructive, labour intensive and limited to a 2D representation of complex 3D features which may lead to misidentification of varve boundaries. This study presents the use of microcomputed tomography (μCT) scans in constructing varve chronologies, utilizing scanning resolutions of ∼50 μm (binned to ∼200 μm) for core sections up to 150 cm long. To evaluate this method, we cored and analysed Lake Sagtjernet in Eastern Norway — revealing a 593 cm-long sediment record of the past 10274 (+220/-329) years, with continuous laminations from 84 to 533 cm depth (75% of the sediments). Through limnological monitoring and microfacies analyses we demonstrate that the laminations are rare ferrogenic varves, with an annual deposition pattern comprised of seasonal changes in biogenic production superimposed on seasonal precipitates of iron and manganese hydroxides. The floating μCT-counted varve chronology presented here is the first non-glacial varve chronology in Norway and covers 4023 +113/-185 years. We find that μCT scans allow for a very fast and non-destructive way of counting varves with sufficient detail of varve boundaries. In the few sections where varve boundaries are too vague to resolve, we recommend using complimentary techniques such as thin sections in parallel. The varve chronology is in good agreement with the 95% confidence interval of the independent radiocarbon chronology based on 16 14C dates, and 210Pb and 137Cs activity peaks, indicating that the varve chronology can be equated to calendar age.  相似文献   

12.
We use statistical correlation of palaeomagnetic secular variation (PSV) curves from a varved Holocene lake sediment sequence in west central Sweden (Lake Kälksjön) against those of a Fennoscandian master stack (FENNOSTACK) to correct for an apparent error in the varve chronology. Additional correlation between a lead pollution-derived chronology for the last 2000 years corroborates the PSV results. Use of the FENNOSTACK palaeomagnetic master curve reveals no significant difference in duration between large-scale features from ~2500 to ~8000 cal. yrs BP. Statistical correlation, however, implies that 270 years are missing from the younger part (<1000 cal. yrs BP) of the varve chronology, and that there is an overestimation by approximately 230 years in the number of varves counted in the early Holocene (>8000 cal. yrs BP). A similar comparison between the PSV-determined ages and calibrated bulk radiocarbon ages suggests that the sediments of mid-Holocene age contain substantial amounts of old carbon, probably of soil origin, which causes bulk sediment-calibrated mean 14C ages to be up to 850 years older than the corrected varve chronology, which extends to 9193 ± 186 cal. yrs BP. This study highlights both the use of statistical correlation as a technique for detecting errors between chronologies, and the importance of validating incremental chronologies with more than one independent method.  相似文献   

13.
Detailed examination of sedimentary cores retrieved from Sugan Lake in the northern Qaidam Basin of northwest China’s Tibetan Plateau reveal that fine laminated beddings form in the sediments where water depth exceeds 3 m. Seasonal surface sediments trapped at the bottom of the lake suggest that sediments deposited during summer and autumn are mainly light colored monohydrocalcites, while those deposited in winter are dark organic matter, indicating that varve layers form under modern limnological conditions. Continuous varve sediments comprising four types have accumulated in the upper 5.5 m of Core SG03I from the center of the lake. All types exhibit clear seasonality indicative of annual deposition. Varve counts correspondence with 210Pb dates on recent sediments in the upper core suggest the continuous varves of the upper 5.5 m of the core formed in the late Holocene (2670 a BP). The Sugan Lake varve sequence is the first demonstration of annually laminated sediments re-ported in arid western China.  相似文献   

14.
This introduction to a series of high-resolution varve studies in Baldeggersee provides both an overview of the different subprojects as well as background information on relevant limnological trends. The project was based on a new method of in-situ freezing of unconsolidated surficial sediments in deep lakes. With this freeze-core technique a detailed, high-resolution stratigraphy of the varved sediments at the deepest point of Baldeggersee has been established for the period of 1885–1993. Annual and seasonal sediment samples were analyzed. Concentrations of redox active metals in sediments were calibrated as proxy indicators for the reconstruction of hypolimnetic oxygen conditions. Particle size analysis and varve measurements were used to discriminate between the influence of nutrients and climate on sediment formation and accumulation. Baldeggersee is an ideal system for calibrating indicators of deep-water oxygen concentrations because it underwent dramatic changes in nutrient loading and redox conditions during this century. The hypolimnion has been seasonally anoxic for the last 100 years and phosphorus content decreased by a factor of five in the last 20 years. Meromixis was observed between 1960 and 1980. Since 1983 the deep water has been artificially oxygenated. This well documented change in deep-water oxygen concentration represents a unique whole-lake experiment that can be used to analyze the geochemical response of the sediments.  相似文献   

15.
On two short sediment cores from Lake Łazduny (northeastern Poland) different methods for age estimation were applied including varve counting, 210Pb, 137Cs and OSL dating. The investigated sediment consists of finely laminated, organic-rich calcareous gyttja interrupted by a sand layer. For 210Pb we tested the CFCS, CIC, CRS and SIT models and compared the results with the established varve chronology and the 137Cs distribution. The total 210Pb activity distribution is consistent between cores and shows a regular decrease with depth. However, the total inventory of unsupported 210Pb was significantly different and indicates varying rates of sediment focusing. Our results show that all 210Pb dating models used in this study produced different results, while the SIT model performed best in comparison with varve counts and 137Cs peaks. The CFCS model produced a realistic age-depth trend but obtained ages were too old compared to the varve time scale. The age estimates provided by the CRS model were too old as well with an increasing offset downcore and the CIC model failed completely by producing an unrealistic chronology with age inversions. This confirms that only systematic testing of different 210Pb dating models and routine validation using independent time markers produces reliable 210Pb chronologies. OSL dating of two samples from the sand layer provided much too old results which indicate incomplete bleaching during deposition of the analyzed quartz grains. This multiple dating approach demonstrates the considerable potential but also potential pitfalls of dating such young sediments.  相似文献   

16.
1860年以来博斯腾湖碳沉积过程演变   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
选取博斯腾湖3个不同点位岩芯,在210Pb和137Cs年代序列基础上,利用沉积物中的各理化指标,分析了该湖碳沉积的时空变化特征,结合各指标的相关性、沉积速率、C/N、同位素特征等,探讨了该湖1860年以来碳沉积环境的变化过程,为干旱区湖泊碳埋藏研究提供了依据.结果表明:1860-1910年,沉积速率相对较小,受人类活动影响较小,磁化率、中值粒径、总无机碳(TIC)较为稳定,总有机碳(TOC)含量相对较低,此时该湖有较多陆源有机质的输入;1910-1950年,湖泊西部浅水域沉积速率明显高于东部深水区,西北湖区水域有大量外源物质的输入,而湖泊初级生产力较低,内源贡献相对较小;1950-1980年,全湖TOC、TIC含量均呈现升高的趋势,尤其是西北近黄水沟水域升高最快,湖泊内源贡献在增加,陆源组分的输入相对前一阶段要少;1980-2002年,沉积速率快速升高,尤其湖泊东部水域最为明显,TOC含量均呈现升高的趋势,湖泊西部水域初级生产力要高于东部深水区,湖面蒸发较强,气候比较温暖;2002年以来,全湖沉积速率相对较高,外源有机质贡献较小.过去150年博斯腾湖沉积物碳累积速率整体上呈现出升高的趋势,尤其是近50年来快速升高,东部湖区碳累积速率比西部湖区高.  相似文献   

17.
The genesis, varve, and paleomagnetic informativeness of glaciolacustrine sediments are considered based on paleomagnetic and lithological studies. The magnetic properties of varved clays from periglacial basins have been considered using the sedimentological model of formation of varved clays as products of glacial turbidity currents, which explains the differences in the magnetic characteristics and degree of paleomagnetic informativeness of these clays. The distal zone sediments (formed due to precipitation from glacial turbidity currents, suspension, and sometimes along the periphery of the proximal zone) are most successfully used to study secular variations. The possible errors of the secular variation records in varved clays and such errors in estimating annual bedding of these clays have been analyzed. It has been indicated that information about the composition, concentration, and magnetic fraction size should be completed with detailed lithological studies, which make it possible to reconstruct the character of clastic material income into a basin and to decipher a paleomagnetic record. An analysis of the magnetic susceptibility anisotropy parameters and the magnetization formation in a sediment makes it possible to take into account disturbances caused by the sedimentation process and, thereby, to detect a pure geomagnetic signal  相似文献   

18.
Lake level fluctuations of closed lakes in monsoonal regions are direct indicators of regional moisture variability related to the intensity of monsoon activities. In the current study, quartz OSL dating was applied to construct the chronology of two sedimentary sequences from the east and west shores of Huangqihai Lake in the East Asian monsoon area, and the history of lake level fluctuations during the late Quaternary was established. In the current study, we present field investigation findings of highstands of >87 m above the modern lake in enclosed Huangqihai Lake in northern China, and also use luminescence dating to establish the timing for the highstands. We conclude that: (1) Lake highstands occurred during both MIS 5 (>87 m above the modern lake) and early Holocene (∼9–8 ka, >54 m above the modern lake), (2) No highstands were observed for MIS 3 and MIS 2 during which loess has accumulated indicative of much drier climate; (3) The evolution of lakes in East Asian monsoon marginal area (e.g. Huangqihai Lake) is linked with the monsoon variation.  相似文献   

19.
长江中下游浅水湖泊富营养化发生机制与控制途径初探   总被引:191,自引:22,他引:169  
秦伯强 《湖泊科学》2002,14(3):193-202
长江中下游地区是我国淡水湖泊比较集中的地区。该地区绝大多数湖泊为浅水湖泊,所有的城郊湖泊都已经富营养化,其他湖泊的营养状况均为中营养-富营养,处于富营养化的发展中,这些湖泊富营养化的原因同流域上的人类活动有很大的关系。一方面,工业,农业和城市生活污水正源源不断地向湖泊中排放。另一方面,人类通过湖泊围垦、湖岸忖砌,水产养殖等破坏自然生态环境,减少营养盐输出途径。国际上对于浅水湖泊富营养化治理的经验表明,即使流域上的外源污染排放降到历史最低点,湖泊富营养化问题依然突出,其原因与浅水湖泊底泥所造成的内源污染有关。动力作用导致底泥悬浮,,影响底泥中营养盐的释放,也影响水下光照和初级生产力。控制浅水湖泊富营养化,除了进行外源性营养盐控制之外,还必须进行湖内内源营养盐的治理。治理内源营养盐的有效途径是恢复水生植被,控制底泥动力悬浮与营养盐释放。而要进行水生植被恢复,必须进行湖泊生态系统退化机制及生态修复的实验研究。  相似文献   

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