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1.
M. J. Selby 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1982,7(5):449-467
In identifying controls on rock slope form a distinction is made between: (1) rock slopes with joints which dip steeply out of a cliff and hence are subject to mass failure of the rock mass above a critical joint; and (2) rock slopes with inclinations which are either in equilibrium with the mass strength of their rocks, or have profiles which will develop towards strength equilibrium as cross joints open. In the first class of slope, stability results not just from the basic frictional resistance of the rock but also from the frictional roughness along the critical joint and from the normal stress acting across that joint. Stability may be reduced by weathering and loss of strength of the joint wall rock. As a result of normal stress variations with depth, induced by overburdens, high cliffs which are not undercut have a concave profile. The second group of slopes includes those with inclinations controlled at the scale of individual joint blocks, buttressed slopes and those on unjointed rock masses. Buttressed and unjointed rock masses develop towards a condition of mass strength equilibrium as cross joints open. Strength equilibrium slopes may be recognized by application of a rock mass strength classification proposed for geomorphic purposes. Eleven propositions are formulated which identify controls on rock slope development and some consequences of these controls. 相似文献
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岩体构造层次及其力学行为 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究了岩体的构造层次与其力学行为之间的关系。从分析可以看出，岩体的强度与岩体的构造层次之间有紧密的关系。岩体的构造层次越小．在本层次上强度越高。因此岩体的最小工作层次与外力所能达到的水平之间有直接的联系。表现在破坏块体的尺寸上，最小的破坏尺寸与所能达到的强度有直接的关系。在此基础上得到了破坏块体的尺寸与应变率，塑性变形及应力状态之间的关系。 相似文献
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地震滑坡危险性评估可为震后应急响应等提供科学的决策依据。纽马克位移法可不依赖同震滑坡编目快速评估同震滑坡危险性。工程岩体物理力学参数是该方法的核心参数之一,但其赋值过于单一,难以反映复杂地质背景下岩体强度的空间差异性。针对上述问题,本文在分析地震滑坡影响因子的基础上,选择距断层距离、高程和距水系距离作为影响岩体强度的评价指标并建立岩体强度评价模型,获得区域岩体强度修正系数,进而修正传统方法的临界加速度。结合震后的即时地震动峰值加速度,采用简化纽马克位移法计算边坡累积位移,开展地震滑坡危险性快速评估,并以汶川MW7.9地震的地震滑坡危险性评估为例验证本文方法。结果表明,相对于传统方法,本文方法划分的地震滑坡危险区与同震滑坡分布更加一致。 相似文献
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陈华北 《CT理论与应用研究》2018,27(5):627-633
声波电视是利用声波走时和振幅参数进行钻孔壁成像的一种地球物理测井系统。由于采用数字技术和配置功能完善的软件,系统具有图像分辨率高、测井速度快、可在混浊的井液中工作、数据处理和分析过程相对简单的特性,是研究岩层结构面的有效手段。在刚果（金）某铜钴矿岩体稳定性评价中,采用声波测井方法,获取岩体的优势结构面,为确定采坑边坡角、岩体抗剪强度指标提供了可靠数据。本文介绍RG声波电视测井的原理及方法,以DK02孔为例,对所揭露岩层结构面、裂隙发育信息进行分析。工程实践说明,声波井下电视在进行深部岩体的原位勘察方面具有明显优势。 相似文献
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弹性波层析成像技术简称“弹性波CT扫描”,是在不损坏物体的前提下,利用弹性波射线穿透地层时,其走时及振幅与地层内部的某些物理参数存在线性积分关系的这一关键特征,反演地层内部三维速度结构或衰减特性的方法。本文基于弹性波CT技术,通过孔间岩体慢度反演,综合钻孔编录及工程现场情况,对承德市半壁山危岩体中破裂发育情况进行综合解译,测定岩体破裂发育的位置和规模。实践证明,采用弹性波CT方法探测得到的破裂位置与钻孔揭露的情况吻合,为危岩体的整治提供了依据。 相似文献
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R. J. Watters D. R. Zimbelman S. D. Bowman J. K. Crowley 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2000,157(6-8):957-976
—Catastrophic edifice and sector failure occur commonly on stratovolcanoes worldwide and in some cases leave telltale horseshoe-shaped calderas. Many of these failures are now recognised as having resulted from large-scale landsliding. These slides often transform into debris avalanches and lahars that can devastate populations downstream of the volcano. Research on these phenomena has been directed mainly at understanding avalanche mechanics and travel distances and related socioeconomic impacts. Few investigations have examined volcanic avalanche source characteristics. The focus of this paper is to 1) describe a methodology for obtaining rock strengths that control initial failure and 2) report results of rock mass strength testing from Mount Rainier and Mount Hood. Rock mass and shear strength for fresh and hydrothermally altered rocks were obtained by 1) utilizing rock strength and structural information obtained from field studies and 2) applying rock mechanics techniques common in mining and civil engineering to the edifice region. Rock mass and intact rock strength differences greatly in excess of one order of magnitude were obtained when comparing strength behavior of fresh and completely altered volcanic rock. The recognition and determination of marked strength differences existing on the volcano edifice and flank, when combined with detailed geologic mapping, can be used to quantify volcano stability assessment and improve hazard mitigation efforts. 相似文献
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Paul C. Augustinus 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1992,17(1):39-51
The erosional morphology in the vicinity of the Main Divide of the Southern Alps, and Fiordland, New Zealand, appears to be a product of the interaction between Alpine Fault-induced tectonic processes, rock mass strength of the uplifted and eroded bedrock, and the processes acting to denude the developing mountain landscape. The magnitude of the effects of glacial erosion on the landscape is directly controlled by the size and physical properties of the glaciers, whilst the form of the trough is a direct consequence of the rock mass strength (RMS) properties of the slope rock. Realistic models of development of the cross-profile shape of glacial valleys must take into consideration the RMS properties of the eroded substrate. 相似文献
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Jeffrey R. Moore Johnny W. Sanders William E. Dietrich Steven D. Glaser 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2009,34(10):1339-1352
Collapse of cliff faces by rockfall is a primary mode of bedrock erosion in alpine environments and exerts a first‐order control on the morphologic development of these landscapes. In this work we investigate the influence of rock mass strength on the retreat rate of alpine cliffs. To quantify rockwall competence we employed the Slope Mass Rating (SMR) geomechanical strength index, a metric that combines numerous factors contributing to the strength of a rock mass. The magnitude of cliff retreat was calculated by estimating the volume of talus at the toe of each rockwall and projecting that material back on to the cliff face, while accounting for the loss of production area as talus buries the base of the wall. Selecting sites within basins swept clean by advancing Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) glaciers allowed us to estimate the time period over which talus accumulation occurred (i.e. the production time). Dividing the magnitude of normal cliff retreat by the production time, we calculated recession rates for each site. Our study area included a portion of the Sierra Nevada between Yosemite National Park and Lake Tahoe. Rockwall recession rates determined for 40 alpine cliffs in this region range from 0·02 to 1·22 mm/year, with an average value of 0·28 mm/year. We found good correlation between rockwall recession rate and SMR which is best characterized by an exponential decrease in erosion rate with increasing rock mass strength. Analysis of the individual components of the SMR reveals that joint orientation (with respect to the cliff face) is the most important parameter affecting the rockwall erosion rate. The complete SMR score, however, best synthesizes the lithologic variables that contribute to the strength and erodibility of these rock slopes. Our data reveal no strong independent correlations between rockwall retreat rate and topographic attributes such as elevation, aspect, or slope angle. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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受结构和赋存环境的制约,岩体力学性质及其力学参数具有显著的时间和空间变异性.岩体力学参数和岩体质量从不同的侧面反映了岩体力学性质,两者具有必然的关联性,故可用相对简单的岩体质量评价来选取岩体力学参数:按地质条件将岩体空间离散为若干连续微元体单元;采用Q、RMR和BQ等方法逐一对各单元开展岩体质量评价,并利用岩体质量与岩体力学参数间的关系(如Hoek-Brown经验准则)计算其力学参数;综合各单元的计算结果确定反映连续岩体空间内空间变异特征的力学参数.以某水电站地下洞室群为例,实现了工程区围岩力学参数的不连续取值. 相似文献
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Strength equilibrium slopes are rock slopes whose gradient θ and rock mass strength (RMS) are in adjustment. The identification of such slopes depends on the accurate specification of the strength equilibrium envelope. Previous attempts to delimit the envelope are reviewed and modifications are proposed that permit its more rigorous statistical definition. Because θ can be measured much more reliably than RMS, the structural relation between these variables is estimated by regressing RMS on θ, and the strength equilibrium envelope is defined by the 95 per cent confidence limits. The analysis is performed on a data set of 268 rock slopes, representing all the data on RMS and θ hitherto employed in published studies of strength equilibrium slopes. 相似文献
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Correlating P-wave Velocity with the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Different Rocks 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Manoj Khandelwal 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2013,170(4):507-514
In mining and civil engineering projects, physico-mechanical properties of the rock affect both the project design and the construction operation. Determination of various physico-mechanical properties of rocks is expensive and time consuming, and sometimes it is very difficult to get cores to perform direct tests to evaluate the rock mass. The purpose of this work is to investigate the relationships between the different physico-mechanical properties of the various rock types with the P-wave velocity. Measurement of P-wave velocity is relatively cheap, non-destructive and easy to carry out. In this study, representative rock mass samples of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks were collected from the different locations of India to obtain an empirical relation between P-wave velocity and uniaxial compressive strength, tensile strength, punch shear, density, slake durability index, Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, impact strength index and Schmidt hammer rebound number. A very strong correlation was found between the P-wave velocity and different physico-mechanical properties of various rock types with very high coefficients of determination. To check the sensitivity of the empirical equations, Students t test was also performed, which confirmed the validity of the proposed correlations. 相似文献
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Robert J. Allison 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1990,15(6):571-577
Material strength is an important variable for any study of the relationships between rock mass geomechanical characteristics and landform development. Standard field and laboratory tests for measuring strength present a variety of problems to the geomorphologist. Recent studies (Allison, 1988) have described a laboratory based non-destructive method for indirectly determining material strength, by measuring Dynamic Young's Modulus. Data presented here suggest that the same apparatus can be used as a field technique. Tests have been conducted on the Devonian limestone of the Napier Range, Western Australia. Laboratory results obtained using the non-destructive ultrasonic apparatus have a high correlation with triaxial Hoek Cell tests. Results from on-site tests have much greater accuracy than data collected using the Schmidt hammer, which is currently the most widely used geomorphological field technique for determining rock strength. 相似文献
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M. J. Selby 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1982,7(5):489-497
A rock mass strength classification, involving eight parameters, has been applied to selected inselbergs in the Namib Desert. The inselbergs are formed of schists, gneiss, granite and marble. Their slope inclinations are in a strength equilibrium with their rocks. The study suggests that the strength classification is consistent and has a general validity, and that rock slopes, undergoing uniform weathering, retreat to form slopes which are adjusted to their rock mass strength: this is a more general statement than the common hypothesis of parallel retreat. The favoured hypothesis of slope evolution in the Namib is one of retreat rather than downwearing. 相似文献
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Paul C. Augustinus 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1991,16(6):563-569
Rock resistance to erosion is an often described factor in geomorphic studies, and is generally considered to strongly influence the shape of erosional landforms. However, the property of the rock mass that enables it to resist erosion is rarely considered, and its measurement is rarely justified and assessed adequately. Allison (1988, 1990) examined the intact strength properties of several types of carbonate rocks and considered that dynamic Young's modulus is a good indicator of rock material strength for geomorphic purposes, and cast doubts on the reliability of Schmidt hammer tests for this purpose. Alternative approaches to rock characterization from the view point of evaluating rock intact strength are considered. 相似文献
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Kevin Hall 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1987,12(2):137-149
As part of a study on freeze-thaw weathering in the maritime Antarctic an investigation was made of the physical properties of the local rock. Tests were made of point-load compressive strength, Schmidt hammer in situ rock strength, moisture content, indentor resistance and the size range of weathering products. The resulting data were used to consider the form of freeze-thaw weathering operative in the field and its relationship to laboratory simulations. A distinct difference between ‘massive rock’ and ‘intact rock’ is observed in the field. It is suggested that future studies should generate a greater database pertaining to rock properties as it is an invaluable aid in the study of mechanical weathering. 相似文献
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岩石塑性变形条件下的Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
传统的Mohr-Coulomb强度准则仅描述了峰值强度状态下正应力和剪应力之间的关系,作为岩石破坏的判据.本文拓展概念,提出Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则表述岩石发生塑性变形后不同应力状态下屈服面的应力应变关系.在总结实验研究的基础上建立了使用三轴压缩试验数据确定塑性参数c和φ随内变量κ变化的实验技术方法,给出了评价各向同性模型精度的参量表达以及某些测试结果.采用具有各向同性强(软)化规律的Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则,利用岩石的初始屈服、峰值屈服和残余屈服三组参数可以将全过程应力应变曲线简化表征为四直线模型,它比三线性模型有更广泛的适用性.本文的结果为工程地质数值模拟提供了理论和实验基础,具有指导意义. 相似文献
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据岩体正交异性弹性理论,横跨与平行龙门山断裂带,安宁河断裂带、红河断裂带和鲜水河断裂带四个测区,用X射线法布设26条测线,测得了岩体宏观残余应变能密度水平分布等值线图,研究了其与区内大震时空分布的关系。 相似文献
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2002年在浙江温州的珊溪水库发生了一系列水库诱发地震，其拐角频率明显小于同震级的构造地震。本从二相介质理论出发，讨论了水库岩体在扩容、流体渗入饱和和强度弱化过程中波速和波速比的变化以及对拐角频率的影响。根据实验结果，当孔隙度为0．15，岩体弹性模量减小23％时，拐角频率可以减小约29％。由此解释了水库诱发地震拐角频率偏小主要是由裂隙发育和库水渗透扩散使地壳浅部岩体强度弱化引起的。因此拐角频率可以作为区别两的一个依据。 相似文献