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1.
T2cutoff是核磁共振测井中的一个重要参数,它决定了核磁共振测井测量的有效孔隙度、渗透率、自由流体饱和度、束缚水饱和度等参数的精确程度.目前国内外普遍选取的T2cutoff为:砂泥岩储层取33ms,碳酸盐岩储层取92ms.实际研究发现T2cutoff应是变化的量而并非单一值.简单的运用单一的T2cutoff来计算各种地层参数势必会产生误差甚至得出错误的解释结论.叙述了33ms作为T2cutoff的由来及其不合理性,同时分析了目前国内外确定T2cutoff的各种方法及其适用性. 相似文献
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对比分析致密砂岩岩心在完全含水状态和束缚水状态下的核磁共振T2谱,明确了致密砂岩孔隙中流体的赋存状态和渗流规律,指出常规核磁共振方法预测渗透率的局限性并提出核磁共振双截止值的概念.基于核磁共振双截止值,将储集空间细分为完全可动、完全束缚、部分可动等三部分,分析不同孔隙组分对渗透率的影响,并应用三组分法建立了核磁共振渗透率表征新模型.研究表明：致密砂岩渗透率与完全可动流体饱和度、部分可动流体T2几何平均值、核磁孔隙度成正比,与完全束缚流体饱和度成反比.在此基础上,结合完全含水核磁共振T2谱的二阶差分得到了双截止值的自适应确定方法,可以连续地计算储层双截止值.将该研究成果应用于生产实践,渗透率计算精度有较大的提高. 相似文献
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柴达木盆地低孔低渗储层、复杂岩性储层、高泥质含气疏松砂岩等复杂储层并存,常规及一维核磁共振测井方法难以进行储层流体的有效识别,二维核磁共振能够提供T_1、T2、D等多种测量信息.本文在阐述二维核磁共振测井基本理论、仪器参数、处理软件和解释评价方法基础上,分析了其T_1谱、T_2-T_1、T_2-D二维交会技术在台南和扎哈泉地区复杂储层流体识别中的应用,结果表明:二维核磁共振测井具有较好的实际效果,但对孔隙结构十分复杂的储层仍有局限性,存在一些问题与难点有待解决. 相似文献
4.
《应用地球物理》2019,(4)
致密砂岩储层孔隙结构复杂,非均质性强,利用传统的常规测井计算孔隙度、泥质含量、J函数和流动单元指数等参数建立的储层分类方法很难有效地对致密砂岩储层进行分类。核磁共振T2分布与储层孔径分布密切相关,可用于表征储层孔隙结构特征。目前常用的方法是应用核磁共振T2分布与压汞毛管压力曲线建立线性函数或幂函数等经验公式,间接求取排驱压力、最大孔喉半径、中值孔喉半径等储层孔隙结构参数并用于储层分类,但经验公式存在地区适应性,且受限于实验样本的代表性,很难有效推广应用。对数正态分布常用来表示岩石孔径分布和粒度分布,通过计算小孔和大孔的体积、平均半径、标准差等参数定量表征储层的孔隙结构特性。本文采用双峰对数正态分布拟合核磁共振T2谱,得到表征岩石孔隙分布和非均质性的六个参数(小孔和大孔的体积、均值、标准差),结合核磁共振测井计算的总孔隙度,采用聚类分析方法进行储层分类。岩心实验测量数据及核磁共振测井数据处理结果表明,该方法可有效划分致密砂岩储层类型,具有较好的应用效果。 相似文献
5.
《地球物理学进展》2015,(4)
核磁共振(NMR)在储层孔隙结构评价和孔隙度计算方面具有明显的优势,但是在某些火成岩地层核磁共振孔隙度比实际孔隙度偏低,这就限制了核磁共振测井在该类储层的应用.针对这一问题,首先开展了核磁共振的弛豫机理研究,从理论上分析了磁化率引起的附加内部磁场梯度是核磁共振孔隙度偏小的主要原因.然后,模拟了不同磁化率、含不同流体岩石以及不同回波间隔的核磁共振横向弛豫时间(T2)分布,分析了磁化率对核磁共振孔隙度的影响.模拟结果表明,对同一流体的孔隙模型来说,磁化率越大,其引起的扩散弛豫在总弛豫中的比重越大,T2分布前移也越明显,计算的孔隙度就越小.此外,岩心实验也证明磁化率核磁共振的影响较大.此项研究剖析了火成岩核磁共振影响因素,为该类储层的核磁共振测井解释提供了依据. 相似文献
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孔隙结构评价和储层类型划分对致密储层的勘探和开发具有重要意义.本文利用核磁共振测井对沙溪庙组致密气储层孔隙结构进行评价和分类.首先根据核磁共振T2分布形态利用模糊聚类的方法将致密砂岩储层孔隙结构分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ类,随后结合压汞实验数据,利用变刻度幂函数法建立不同类型孔隙结构岩石T2分布转化毛管压力曲线的模型.根据建立的模型,我们将研究区实际核磁共振测井T2分布转化为毛管压力曲线,并计算储层孔隙结构参数,实现研究区致密气储层分类,通过岩心压汞实验数据和试油数据验证了储层分类结果的准确性.该方法可以扩展应用于其他地区致密储层的孔隙结构评价和分类. 相似文献
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在核磁共振实验中T_2截止值是获得储层各项参数的关键,对于同一地区采用单一截止值已不适用,目前常用确定可变截止值法存在一定不足,为了更准确地得到T_2截止值,本文选取7块岩心进行结合岩心油驱水实验,通过岩心完全饱和水状态和饱和油束缚水状态下的T_2谱来确定T_2截止值,并利用离心实验数据进行对比验证.结果显示,结合油驱水实验得到的T_2截止值在5.99～46.42 ms,平均值为17.27 ms,离心法得到的T_2截止值在7.74～46.42 ms,平均值为18.48 ms,该状态下确定的T_2截止值与离心状态下确定的T_2截止值具有很好的一致性,由此方法确定的束缚水饱和度准确度和实用性较高.与离心实验对比,具有驱替效果好,可控性强以及能更好地模拟储层的真实油水交替状态等优势,在油田具有较广泛的应用前景. 相似文献
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岩芯核磁共振（NMR）T2分布和毛管压力分析数据均在一定程度上反映了岩石的孔隙结构,理论分析表明,这两组数据具有相关性.应用NMR T2分布研究岩石孔径分布，关键是在分析两者的相关性的基础上，从T2分布构造出可靠的毛管压力曲线.但以前用饱和水T2分布构造的毛管压力曲线的方法与实际毛管压力曲线匹配性差.事实上，薄膜束缚水部分的存在引起T2分布反映的孔隙空间与毛管压力曲线反映的孔隙空间有差异.本文提出一种改进方法，在消除薄膜束缚水对T2分布的贡献后，用自由水T2分布构造毛管压力曲线.应用本文方法,对24块岩芯数据自由水T2分布构造的毛管力曲线及其孔喉半径分布与隔板毛管压力分析结果进行了对比.结果表明，改进方法对于毛管压力曲线的构造精度有明显改进，从而为NMR T2分布研究孔隙结构提供了可靠的理论和方法上的支持. 相似文献
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Sb, As, Cu, and Zn toxicity and contamination have become a growing concern in recent years. Phytoremediation, a plant based and cost effective technology, may be an effective approach in the cleanup of water contaminated by these metals. In this study, the aquatic macrophyte Eleocharis acicularis was used in laboratory and field experiments to assess its capability to accumulate Sb, As, Cu, and Zn, and thereby investigate its potential application in phytoremediation. The results showed that E. acicularis adapted well to water contaminated by these metals. The removal rates of Sb, As, Cu, and Zn in the laboratory experiment were 3.04, 2.75, 0.417, and 1.49 μg/L/day, respectively. The highest concentrations of these metals accumulated in E. acicularis after 10 days of the laboratory experiment were 6.29, 6.44, 20.5, and 73.5 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. Only 8% of As, 12% of Sb, 87% of Cu and 93% of Zn removed from the water were used by E. acicularis. The highest concentrations of Sb, As, Cu, and Zn accumulated in E. acicularis after 10 wk of the field experiment were 76.0, 22.4, 33.9, and 266 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. The results indicate that E. acicularis has the ability to accumulate Sb, As, Cu, and Zn from contaminated water. 相似文献
12.
Joint FAO/WHO/IOC activities to provide scientific advice on marine biotoxins (research report) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Toyofuku H 《Marine pollution bulletin》2006,52(12):1735-1745
The Joint FAO/WHO/IOC ad hoc Expert Consultation on Biotoxins in Molluscan Bivalves performed risk assessments for a number of biotoxins present in bivalve molluscs. For performing risk assessments, the Expert Consultation categorized the biotoxins into eight distinct groups based on chemical structure. The Expert Consultation established LOAELs for the azaspiracid (AZA), okadaic acid (OA), saxitoxin (STX), and domoic acid (DA) toxin groups. The derived provisional acute RfDs for the AZA, OA, STX, and DA toxin groups were 0.04 μg/kg bw, 0.33 μg/kg bw, 0.7 μg/kg bw, and 100 μg/kg bw, respectively. For the yessotoxin (YTX) group, a NOAEL was established, based on animal studies. Applying a safety factor of 100, a provisional acute RfD of 50 μg/kg bw was suggested for the YTX group. The Expert Consultation considered that the database for cyclic imines, brevetoxins, and pectenotoxins was insufficient to establish provisional acute RfDs for these three toxin groups. 相似文献
13.
Plastic pellets found stranded on beaches are hydrophobic organic materials and thus, they are a favourable medium for persistent organic pollutants to absorb to. In the present study, plastic pellets are used to determine the diffuse pollution of selected Greek beaches. Samples of pellets were taken from these beaches and were analyzed for PCBs, DDTs, HCHs, and PAHs. The observed differences among pellets from various sampling sites are related to the pollution occurring at each site. Plastic pellets collected in Saronikos Gulf beaches demonstrate much higher pollutant loading than the ones collected in a remote island or close to an agricultural area. Based on data collected in this study and the International Pellet Watch program, pollution in Saronikos Gulf, Greece, is comparable to other heavily industrialized places of the world. The present study demonstrates the potential of pellet watch to be utilized as a detailed-scale monitoring tool within a single country. 相似文献
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This paper describes the results of a preliminary study to determine the effective heating and cooling time constants of ionospheric currents in a simulated modulated HF heating, ‘beam painting’ configuration. It has been found that even and odd harmonics of the fundamental ELF wave used to amplitude modulate the HF heater are sourced from different regions of the ionosphere which support significantly different heating and cooling time constants. The fundamental frequency and its odd harmonics are sourced in a region of the ionosphere where the heating and cooling time constants are about equal. The even harmonics on the other hand are sourced from regions of the ionosphere characterised by ratios of cooling to heating time constant greater than ten. It is thought that the even harmonics are sourced in the lower ionosphere (around 65 km) where the currents are much smaller than at the higher altitudes around 78 km where the currents at the fundamental frequency and odd harmonics maximise. 相似文献
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In this study, the distribution and partition of polybrominateddiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in water from the Pearl River Estuary were investigated. A seasonal dependence for dissolved and particle phase PCB and PBDE levels was observed. A high dissolved phase level occurred in the dry season. The positive correlation between POC content in the particles and phase distribution coefficients (Kp) suggested that POC may play an important role in determining the partition of PBDEs and PCBs. A linear correlation between the observed log KOC and log KOW for PBDEs and PCBs was found with slopes less than one. The observed log KOC values were lower than the predicted log KOC values for PBDEs (except for BDE28). The log KOC values were higher than the predicted values for PCBs. A combination of sorption to colloids (10-98% for PBDEs and less than 25% for PCBs) and adsorption to BC was responsible for this observation. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT Karst aquifers and springs are important with respect to their potential for supplying drinking water in regions suffering from water scarcity in Iran. Accordingly, it is essential to determine the recharge potential of the catchment and the regions with higher obtainability potential. This study provides a road map for the Sheshpeer catchment in southern Iran. A recharge potential (RP) map was produced from which a recharge index (RI) was computed for several selected springs in the catchment. Furthermore, the unit discharge (q) – defined as the average annual discharge for a given catchment area and unit rainfall depth for each spring – was calculated. The plot of q versus RI for the springs showed a linear positive relationship between the two variables (R 2 = 0.9). Applying the trend equation of this plot to the whole Sheshpeer karstic catchment reveals that its long-term recharge coefficient is 0.74. 相似文献
17.
Projected 21st century climate change on snow conditions over Shasta Dam watershed by means of dynamical downscaling 
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下载免费PDF全文 Snow is an important component of the Earth's climate system and is particularly vulnerable to global warming. It has been suggested that warmer temperatures may cause significant declines in snow water content and snow cover duration. In this study, snowfall and snowmelt were projected by means of a regional climate model that was coupled to a physically based snow model over Shasta Dam watershed to assess changes in snow water content and snow cover duration during the 21st century. This physically based snow model requires both physical data and future climate projections. These physical data include topography, soils, vegetation, and land use/land cover, which were collected from associated organizations. The future climate projections were dynamically downscaled by means of the regional climate model under 4 emission scenarios simulated by 2 general circulation models (fifth‐generation of the ECHAM general circulation model and the third‐generation atmospheric general circulation model). The downscaled future projections were bias corrected before projecting snowfall and snowmelt processes over Shasta Dam watershed during 2010–2099. This study's results agree with those of previous studies that projected snow water equivalent is decreasing by 50–80% whereas the fraction of precipitation falling as snowfall is decreasing by 15% to 20%. The obtained projection results show that future snow water content will change in both time and space. Furthermore, the results confirm that physical data such as topography, land cover, and atmospheric–hydrologic data are instrumental in the studies on the impact of climate change on the water resources of a region. 相似文献
18.
Day-time Pc 3–4 (≃5–60 mHz) and night-time Pi 2 (≃5–20 mHz) ULF waves propagating down through the ionosphere can cause oscillations in the Doppler shift of HF radio transmissions that are correlated with the magnetic pulsations recorded on the ground. In order to examine properties of these correlated signals, we conducted a joint HF Doppler/magnetometer experiment for two six-month intervals at a location near L = 1.8. The magnetic pulsations were best correlated with ionospheric oscillations from near the F region peak. The Doppler oscillations were in phase at two different altitudes, and their amplitude increased in proportion to the radio sounding frequency. The same results were obtained for the O- and X-mode radio signals. A surprising finding was a constant phase difference between the pulsations in the ionosphere and on the ground for all frequencies below the local field line resonance frequency, independent of season or local time. These observations have been compared with theoretical predictions of the amplitude and phase of ionospheric Doppler oscillations driven by downgoing Alfvén mode waves. Our results agree with these predictions at or very near the field line resonance frequency but not at other frequencies. We conclude that the majority of the observations, which are for pulsations below the resonant frequency, are associated with downgoing fast mode waves, and models of the wave-ionosphere interaction need to be modified accordingly. 相似文献
19.
Tilt梯度及其水平导数提取重磁源边界位置 总被引：7，自引：6，他引：1
探讨了用于探测异常源边界和形状的Tilt梯度及其水平导数的方法及其性质．通过模型试算,论证了Tilt梯度及其水平导数的有效性,并从理论上给予了证明．Tilt梯度及其水平导数的方法及其性质可广泛用于区域重磁异常的构造解释之中。 相似文献
20.
Characterizing the changing behaviours of precipitation concentration in the Yangtze River Basin,China 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Weiguang Wang Wanqiu Xing Tao Yang Quanxi Shao Shizhang Peng Zhongbo Yu Bin Yong 《水文研究》2013,27(24):3375-3393
The statistical characteristics of precipitation on the daily resolution play an important role not only in the risk assessment of floods and droughts but also in the land use management. In this study, spatial and temporal patterns of the precipitation concentration in the Yangtze River Basin are investigated by using three indices, i.e. precipitation concentration index (CI), precipitation concentration degree (PCD) and precipitation concentration period (PCP). Based on meteorological data of 147 stations for the period of 1960–2008, non‐parametric trend analysis and wavelet transformation analysis are employed to detect the temporal variation of these indices. Spatial variability of precipitation concentration indices and their trends are analysed and demonstrated with the help of GIS tools. The results indicate the following: (i) The high precipitation CI values mainly distribute in the middle region of the Yangtze River Basin, whereas the lower and lowest CI values are found in the lower and upper regions, respectively. A roughly east–west gradient for PCD value and PCP value varies from 0.26 to 0.77 and from 123 to 197, respectively. (ii) The analysis results of precipitation CI trends for different periods (i.e. recent 40, 30 and 20 years) show that the middle region of the Yangtze River Basin experienced a transition from decreasing precipitation CI to increasing precipitation CI during the last two decades, although the decreasing long‐term trends in the precipitation CI are not significant in most areas during the period of 1960–2008. (iii) The upper basin, middle basin and lower basin are, respectively, dominated by the significant decreasing, increasing and no significant trends in PCD. A dominance of insignificant PCP trends is observed in the entire basin during 1960–2008 despite that a few areas in the upper region are characterized by significant decreasing trends. (iv) Interdecadal oscillations can be found for three precipitation indices, but with no constant periodicity. Furthermore, good positive correlations have been detected between precipitation CI and PCD, whereas insignificant correlation coefficients of PCP with precipitation are common in the basin. The results can provide beneficial reference to water resource and eco‐environment and mitigation to flood or drought hazards in the Yangtze River Basin for policymakers and stakeholders. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献