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1.
太湖流域浙江片区受工业和城市废水以及农田地表径流等人为因素的影响,污染问题日益严重,根据2013年的水文巡测以及水质监测资料,分析了太湖流域浙江片区出入境水量和高锰酸盐指数(COD_(Mn))、氨氮(NH3-N)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)等水质指标的出入境通量及其时空分布.结果表明,2013年太湖流域浙江片区出入境水量以出境为主,出入境断面的首要污染物是TN,其平均浓度在各出入境断面均处于Ⅴ～劣Ⅴ类水平,COD_(Mn)、NH_3-N和TP的平均浓度总体上达到Ⅱ～Ⅲ类标准.4种污染物的出入境通量均以出境为主,研究区域北部是污染物的主要入境断面,东部是污染物的主要出境断面.净出境水量是影响污染物净出境通量的关键因子,出入境断面水质是净出境通量的主要影响因子.源头控制农业面源污染、将工业废水和城镇生活污水处理达标后排放是减轻太湖流域浙江片区水体污染的关键,是太湖流域水体污染控制和治理的主要措施. 相似文献
2.
旁路多级人工湿地对巢湖流域南淝河水的净化效果 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为了削减南淝河输入巢湖的污染物,建成南淝河旁路多级人工湿地水质净化示范工程,包括预处理系统、垂直潜流湿地系统和水平潜流湿地系统3个工艺单元.2014年3月至2015年2月对人工湿地各净化单元出水进行周年监测,分析各净化单元对污染物的去除效果,并探讨季节变化对去除效果的影响.结果显示,旁路多级人工湿地体现较高的去除效果.对高锰酸盐指数(COD_(Mn))、总氮(TN)、铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)和总磷(TP)的总去除率分别为70.9%、43.7%、43.5%和76.6%.COD_(Mn)和TP的平均出水浓度均优于《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)中的Ⅳ类水标准,而NH_4~+-N的平均出水浓度优于《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级A类标准.各净化单元对污染物的去除差异显著,COD_(Mn)的去除主要发生在预处理单元,其对COD_(Mn)削减的净化率为65.1%;TN、NH_4~+-N和TP的去除主要发生在垂直潜流湿地单元,其对TN、NH_4~+-N和TP削减的净化率分别为23.2%、27.1%和51.1%.不同季节,旁路多级人工湿地对污染物去除具有一定差异,对COD_(Mn)和TP的去除率均表现为夏季秋季春季冬季,对TN的去除率表现为秋季春季夏季冬季,对NH_4~+-N的去除率表现为秋季夏季春季冬季.最后,建议通过增加碳源和增大水力停留时间来进一步优化该工艺,以有效提高脱氮效果. 相似文献
3.
大型通江湖泊水位不断变化,引起湖泊水域与洲滩湿地之间相互转化,造成湿地植物周期性淹没分解,影响水体营养物质循环和能量流动.本文以鄱阳湖典型湿地植物灰化薹草(Carex cinerascens)、蒌蒿(Artemisia 和虉草(Phalaris arundinacea)为研究对象,通过为期69d的室外模拟实验,探究3种植物腐烂分解对水环境因子和浮游植物生物量(以叶绿素a(Chl.a)浓度表征)的影响.结果表明:(1)3种湿地植物的分解过程均为前期分解较快、后期缓慢,且蒌蒿分解率显著大于灰化薹草和虉草.(2)腐烂分解过程中,水体理化因子均发生了显著变化,如水体pH呈先降低后升高的趋势,且空白组pH显著高于其他实验组.浊度、营养盐浓度和高锰酸盐指数(COD_(Mn))浓度均呈先升高后降低并逐渐稳定的变化趋势,且显著高于空白组,蒌蒿腐烂分解对水体pH、浊度、营养盐浓度和COD_(Mn)的影响最大.(3)灰化薹草组和虉草组Chl.a浓度均呈前期波浪式上升、后期逐渐稳定的变化趋势;蒌蒿组Chl.a浓度整体呈逐渐上升的趋势.水体浊度和营养盐浓度是影响浮游植物生长的主要因素. 相似文献
4.
对滇池流域大清河生物稳定塘系统中的水质净化效果进行了分析,同时对各塘中的浮游藻类种类组成、细胞密度和多样性进行了调查。结果表明,当污水流经预处理塘、好氧塘、水生植物塘、养殖塘的过程中,pH、DO、叶绿素a浓度呈逐渐上升趋势,TN、TP、NH_4~+-N、BOD_5和COD浓度呈逐渐下降趋势,生物稳定塘系统对TN、TP、NH_4~+-N、BOD_5和COD的去除率分别达29.29%,48.68%,33.68%,68.14%和71.25%。叶绿素a浓度和pH(r=0.955,P0.05)、DO(r=0.992,P0.01)显著正相关,而和TN(r=-0.936,P0.05)、TP(r=-0.925,P0.05)以及NH_4~+-N(r=-0.927,P0.05)等显著负相关。在塘系统中,共出现浮游藻类53种,藻类种类数和生物多样性呈增加趋势,总细胞密度呈下降趋势;塘系统中共出现6种藻类优势种,其中绿色微囊藻和惠氏微囊藻细胞密度呈现出逐渐下降的趋势,梅尼小环藻、啮蚀隐藻、美丽网球藻和球囊藻细胞密度呈现出逐渐上升的趋势。 相似文献
5.
基于洱海水生态特征的流域最大日负荷总量控制 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
基于洱海水生态历史数据及现状资料,采用概率密度分布曲线法及水生生物基准相结合的方式计算洱海总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、高锰酸盐指数(COD_(Mn))和氨氮(NH_3-N)的控制目标,目标值分别为0.36、0.026、4和0.28 mg/L.再根据该水质目标,得到洱海的最大日负荷(TMDL)总量.TMDL总量采用线性规划法计算,其中污染物响应系数矩阵通过MIKE 21二维水质模型计算所得.安全容余(MOS)则通过一阶误差分析法确定.经过一系列的计算,最终确定洱海的TMDL总量控制计划.计算结果表明,洱海TN、TP、COD_(Mn)和NH_3-N的TMDL总量分别为2005.989、149.671、19258.844和1348.119 kg/d,其MOS所占比例分别为6.152%、5.570%、4.380%和5.021%,表明洱海农业面源污染为该流域主要的污染形式,其允许最大排放量约占全部允许排放量的90%左右. 相似文献
6.
梁子湖水质时空格局分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
基于大样本监测数据,从点位、湖区、全局3个层次,对梁子湖水质的季节变化和空间差异进行综合分析,发现梁子湖水质存在显著的季节差异和较大的空间差异:(1)季节上,夏、秋、冬季污染相对较重,春季污染相对较轻;夏、秋季主要污染指标为高锰酸盐指数(COD_(Mn)),冬季为总氮(TN);(2)空间上,东梁子湖和牛山湖污染相对较重,西梁子湖污染相对较轻;东梁子湖主要污染指标为COD_(Mn)、总磷(TP)和TN,牛山湖为COD_(Mn)、TN和氨氮,西梁子湖为COD_(Mn)和TN.研究结果有助于更好地了解梁子湖水质的时空变化特点,进而制定有针对性的保护措施和管理对策. 相似文献
7.
滇池表层沉积物铵态氮吸附特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为研究滇池内源污染特征,2013年利用GIS软件针对滇池全湖布设36个采样点,采集表层沉积物,研究滇池表层沉积物铵态氮(NH_4+-N)吸附特征,同时分析沉积物的理化性质对NH_4+-N吸附特性的影响.结果表明:滇池表层沉积物对NH_4+-N的吸附量在前2 h之内呈增长趋势,吸附速率较大,之后沉积物对NH_4+-N的吸附量不随时间变化而变化,基本达到平衡,最大吸附速率均发生在0~5 min内;不同区域表层沉积物NH_4+-N最大吸附速率平均值表现为:外海南部湖心区外海北部草海,最大吸附量平均值表现为:湖心区外海南部外海北部草海,吸附效率平均值表现为:外海北部草海湖心区外海南部;沉积物对NH4+-N的吸附量与NH_4+-N的初始浓度大致呈线性关系,并且低浓度下表现出很好的吸附/解吸特征;滇池表层沉积物NH_4+-N的吸附解吸平衡浓度(ENC0)高于上覆水中NH_4+-N浓度,表明沉积物中NH_4+-N有向上覆水中释放的风险,沉积物在很长一段时间内起到水体污染"源"的作用;ENC0与沉积物中总氮、NH_4+-N含量呈显著正相关,本底吸附量和有机质总量呈显著负相关,沉积物吸附NH_4+-N主要受有机质的影响. 相似文献
8.
每年汛期与蓄水期三峡水库近坝段水域会有大量漂浮物聚集,为探索三峡水库近坝段水域(坝前及以上约12.7km长的河段)水面漂浮物对水质的影响,2018年开展了漂浮物覆盖水体水质跟踪监测和漂浮物浸泡试验,并以20142018年的漂浮物产量和近坝段水域水质监测数据为基础进行了相关分析与回归分析.结果表明:漂浮物会提高坝前覆盖水体的氮类营养盐水平和有机污染物浓度,引起河湾漂浮物覆盖水域氨氮(NH3-N)浓度升高,致使氮类营养盐组成的变化和由于高锰酸盐指数/总有机碳比值(COD_(Mn)/TOC)的差异变化对水体产生有机污染.除NH_3-N外,坝前水域受漂浮物影响程度大于河湾区域,漂浮物对河湾水质的影响在蓄水期更为明显,漂浮物覆盖水体垂直方向上2 m内水质因子无明显分层现象;相比综合类漂浮物,植物类漂浮物对水质的影响更迅速和明显;漂浮物仅在其覆盖的水体小范围内对氮类营养盐指标造成影响,漂浮物产量的增加会增大近坝段水域水体悬浮物、有机污染物和还原性无机物质(COD_(Mn))浓度,形成一定的影响规律.因此,合理布置清漂作业点,高效及时地开展漂浮物清理工作,短期内优先打捞植物类漂浮物,合理实施水库调度以减少漂浮物聚集量与缩短滞留时长,加强漂浮物影响水体的水质监测对近坝区河段水环境保护意义重大. 相似文献
9.
通过采用水生蔬菜水芹和豆瓣菜作为生态浮床栽培材料,对其净化富营养化水体的效果及其处理后的品质等方面进行研究.结果表明,水生蔬菜不仅能在富营养化水体中正常生长,还对富营养化水体有较强净化能力,且净化能力随着处理时间的延长而提高.处理20d,水芹对富营养化水体中的TN、NH_4~+-N、TP、COD_(Mn)、Chl.a的去除率分别达到76.86%、69.39%、90.45%、95.03%和89.81%;豆瓣菜对富营养化水体中的TN、NH_4~+-N、TP、COD_(Mn)、Chl.a的去除率分别达到78.27%、67.95%、89.98%、95.38%和91.28%.水芹和豆瓣菜不仅能显著改善富营养化水体的水质,且没有产生硝酸盐及重金属富集,符合食用标准;还能产生一定的经济效益. 相似文献
10.
采用营养液水培的方法,研究不同镍(Ni)添加浓度(0、0.05、0.10、0.15、0.20 mmol/L)对水鳖(Hydrocharis dubia)叶片中Ni元素积累、营养元素(Ca、Mg、K、Fe和Mn)含量、氧化胁迫和抗氧化系统的影响.结果显示:(1)叶片中Ni含量以浓度依赖的方式增加;(2)叶片中营养元素含量(Ca、Mg、K、Fe、Mn)也受影响,其中Ca、Mg含量随Ni浓度增加而显著上升;K含量随Ni浓度增加有所升高,但不显著;Mn含量虽在较大Ni浓度时有所下降,但处理组始终高于对照组;而Fe含量则随Ni浓度增加而下降;(3)Ni胁迫诱导了明显的氧化胁迫,主要表现为:O·-2产生速率以及过氧化氢和丙二醛含量显著升高,可溶性蛋白以及光合色素含量明显下降;(4)随着Ni浓度的升高,过氧化物酶活性逐渐升高,过氧化氢酶活性呈下降趋势,超氧化物歧化酶活性在Ni添加浓度为0.05 mmol/L时出现短暂升高随后下降;维生素E和黄酮含量随Ni浓度增加呈缓慢上升趋势;还原型谷胱甘肽未发生明显变化,非蛋白巯基和植物络合素含量均表现为先升后降的趋势;总抗氧化能力随Ni浓度升高先增强后减弱.由此可见,Ni添加引起水鳖叶片中Ni元素的累积和营养元素含量变化,同时产生明显的氧化胁迫,打破了抗氧化系统的平衡. 相似文献
11.
云南省鹤庆盆地2.78Ma以来的环境演化 总被引：11，自引：3，他引：11
通过构建于新沂河河漫滩上的表面流人工温地系统处理污染河水的现场中试研究表明,在CODMn和NH4 -N进水浓度分别为11．69-60．00 mg／L和1．37-20．18 mg／L时,种植千屈菜、美人蕉、香蒲、水葱4种不同植物的表面流人工湿地系统,对CODMn的平均去除效率分别为26．44％、40．12％、46．71％、28．23％,对NH4 -N的平均去除效率分别为64．27％、70．49％、66．78％、58．52％,其中香蒲和美人蕉的净化能力较强．4种植物中水葱的耐淹能力最强,在完全淹水达22 d以上时,水葱依然生长良好;千屈菜的耐淹能力最弱,在完全淹水7 d后就开始枯萎,淹水17 d后地上、地下部分全部死亡． 相似文献
12.
Natural attenuation of septic system nitrogen by anammox 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Robertson WD Moore TA Spoelstra J Li L Elgood RJ Clark ID Schiff SL Aravena R Neufeld JD 《Ground water》2012,50(4):541-553
On-site disposal of sewage in septic systems can lead to groundwater plumes with NO(3)(-)-N concentrations exceeding the common drinking water limit of 10 mg/L. Currently, denitrification is considered as the principal natural attenuation process. However, at a large seasonal-use septic system in Ontario (256 campsites), a suboxic zone exists where nitrogen removal of up to 80% occurs including removal of NH(4)(+)-N. This zone has both NO(3)(-)-N and NH(4)(+)-N at >5 mg/L each. In the distal NH(4)(+)-rich zone, NH(4)(+)-N concentrations (8.1 ± 8.0 mg/L) are lower than in the proximal zone (48 ± 36 mg/L) and NH(4)(+)-N is isotopically enriched (concentration-weighted mean δ(15)N of +15.7‰) compared to the proximal zone (+7.8‰). Furthermore, δ(15)N-NH(4)(+) isotopic enrichment increases with depth in the distal zone, which is opposite to what would result if nitrification along the water table zone was the mechanism causing NH(4)(+) depletion. Bacterial community composition was assessed with molecular (DNA-based) analysis and demonstrated that groundwater bacterial populations were predominantly composed of bacteria from two Candidatus genera of the Planctomycetales (Brocadia and Jettenia). Together, these data provide strong evidence that anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) plays an important role in nitrogen attenuation at this site. 相似文献
13.
本文提出微曝气垂直流湿地的概念,并通过柱状模型实验模拟研究了其对云南滇池流域城郊低浓度生活污水的处理效果.测定了模型的氧利用效率,最高为14.04%.在高水力负荷15.29m3/(m2·d)、气水比1:2的条件下,BOD5和NI4-N去除率分别为74.4%和63.5%,出水平均含量分别为4.96mg/L和272mg/L.结果说明,微曝气垂直流湿地工艺能满足低浓度生活污水高水力负荷的处理要求,微曝气耗能折价O.04-0.05元/m3. 相似文献
14.
The changes of NH3-N, NO3-N, NO2-N and TN/TP were studied during growth and non-growth season in 33 subtropical shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. There were significant positive correlations among all nutrient concentrations, and the correlations were better in growth season than in non-growth season. When TP>0.1 mgL-1, NH3-N increased sharply in non-growth season with increasing TP, and NO3-N increased in growth season but decreased in non-growth season with TP. These might be attributed to lower dissolved oxygen and low temperature in non-growth season of the hypereutrophic lakes, since nitrification is more sensitive to dissolved oxygen and temperature than antinitrification. When 0.1 mgL-1>TP>0.035 mgL-1, TN and all kinds of inorganic nitrogen were lower in growth season than in non-growth season, and phytoplank-ton might be the vital regulating factor. When TP<0.035 mgL-1, inorganic nitrogen concentrations were relatively low and NH3-N, NO2-N had significant correlations with phytoplankton, indicating that NH3-N and NO2-N might be limiting factors to phytoplankton. In addition, TN/TP went down with decline in TP concentration, and TN and inorganic nitrogen concentrations were obviously lower in growth season than in non-growth season, suggesting that decreasing nitrogen (especially NH3-N and NO3-N) was an important reason for the decreasing TN/TP in growth season. The ranges of TN/TP were closely related to trophic level in both growth and non-growth seasons, and it is apparent that in the eutrophic and hypertrophic state the TN/TP ratio was obviously lower in growth season than in non-growth season. The changes of the TN/TP ratio were closely correlated with trophic levels, and both declines of TN in the water column and TP release from the sediment were important factors for the decline of the TN/TP ratio in growth season. 相似文献
15.
Chemometrics data analysis of marine water quality and source identification in Southern Hong Kong 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Various chemometric methods were used to analyze data sets of marine water quality for 19 parameters measured at 16 different sites of southern Hong Kong from 2000 to 2004 (18,240 observations), to determine temporal and spatial variations in marine water quality and identify pollution sources. Hierarchical cluster analysis (CA) grouped the 12 months into three periods (January-April, May-August and September-December) and the 16 sampling sites into two groups (A and B) based on similarities in marine water-quality characteristics. Discriminant analysis (DA) was important in data reduction because it used only eight parameters (TEMP, TURB, Si, NO(3)(-)-N, NH(4)(+)-N, NO(2)(-)-N, DO, and Chl-a) to correctly assign about 86% of the cases, and five parameters (SD, NH(4)(+)-N, TP, NO(2)(-)-N, and BOD(5)) to correctly assign >81.15% of the cases. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) identified four latent pollution sources for groups A and B: organic/eutrophication pollution, natural pollution, mineral pollution, and nutrient/fecal pollution. Furthermore, during the second and third periods, all sites received more organic/eutrophication pollution and natural pollution than in the first period. SM5, SM6, SM17, SM10, SM11, SM12, and SM13 (second period) were affected by organic and eutrophication pollution, whereas SM3 (third period) and SM9 (second period) were influenced by natural pollution. However, differences between mineral pollution and nutrient/fecal pollution were not significant among the three periods. SM17 and SM10 were affected by mineral pollution, whereas SM4 and SM9 were highly polluted by nitrogenous nutrient/fecal pollution. 相似文献
16.
Antonio Castagna Felice Sarro Grazia Cantone Fulvia Sinatra Franco Muccilli 《Marine pollution bulletin》1979,10(10):304-307
The results are given of sea water sampling at 49 different stations around the Gulf of Catania. The main physico-chemical parameters are reported (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, BOD) as well as the concentrations of some nutritive salts (nitrite, nitrate, phosphate). 相似文献
17.
滇池水质时空特征及与流域人类活动的关系 总被引：8，自引：4，他引：4
湖泊水质与人类活动有着密切的关系,人类活动是湖泊水质恶化的驱动因素.本文在分析1999-2009年滇池水质时空变化特征的基础上,以受人类干扰的土地比例、城镇与湖岸的距离、人口密度、单位土地GDP作为陆地人类活动压力的表征指标,通过对比分析研究滇池水质与人类活动的关系.结果表明:滇池的草海部分和外海部分水质差异显著,草海水质整体较差且呈逐年下降趋势,外海NH3-N、TN、TP浓度明显低于草海,且随时间的变化较小,外海CODMn略低于草海,年际变化与草海相似.城镇用地比例、人口密度、单位土地GDP是草海与外海水质相差悬殊的主导因子;草海汇水区城镇扩张、人口和GDP产值的飞速增长导致草海污染物浓度大幅增加,而河流截污工程、农业农村面源污染的有效控制使外海NH3-N、TN、TP上升不明显甚至有下降趋势. 相似文献
18.
The characteristics of nutrients and eutrophication in the Pearl River estuary,South China 总被引：24，自引：0，他引：24
In the spring of 1998, 24-h time series and synchronization of vertical profiles of NO(3)-N, NO(2)-N, NH(3)-N, PO(4)-P, chlorophyll a, suspended substance, salinity, temperature and other chemical parameters were taken at 10 stations in the Pearl River estuary in order to analyze the status and characteristics of nutrients and eutrophication. The results indicated that dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) mainly came from the four river channels in the main estuary, and NO(3)-N was the main form of DIN in most area. The concentration of DIN was general above 0.30 mg l(-1) in the estuary, and more than 0.50 mgl(-1) in most part. Phosphate from four river channels was not the main sources, but land-based sources from the area near Shenzhen Bay or along the estuary were obvious, and other land-based sources outside the estuary brought by coastal current and flood tide current were also the main contributions. The concentration of phosphate was generally about 0.015 mg l(-1) except the area near Shenzhen Bay. The ratio of N:P was generally high, and it was higher in the north than in the south. The highest ratio was higher than 300, and the lowest one was over 30. The concentration of chlorophyll a was about 0.8-7.8 mg m(-3), and turbidity and phosphate may be the main two limiting factors for algal bloom in the estuary. The concentration of nutrients decreased slightly in the past decade, but still stayed at a high level. The nutrients mainly came from domestic sewage, industrial wastewater, agriculture fertilizer and marine culture in the Pearl River estuary. 相似文献
19.
在滇池福保湾不同区域应用Peeper(渗析膜式)技术,分析了底泥间隙水NH4 -N、Po43--p的垂向分布特征和近表层10cm内底泥的微生物活性(FDA)、碱性磷酸酶活性(APA),并对它们之间的相互关系进行了统计分析.结果表明,NH4 -N和Po43--p浓度自上覆水向下层间隙水呈先升后降趋势,反映它们有自间隙水向上覆水扩散的潜在危害;底泥有机质(Loss-on-Ignion,LOI)、APA和FDA活性也有从表层底泥向下层逐步降低的趋势.在空问分布上,Po43--p浓度变化为河口区>湾心区>西部沿岸区>东部沿岸区,与沉积物中LOI、APA和FDA活性的大小顺序基本相同.间隙水NH4 6-N浓度与表层10cm内底泥的APA和FDA活性具有显著正相关性(α＝0.01).Po43--p浓度与底泥APA和FDA活性具有负相关性.但相关系数很低. 相似文献