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单孔同位素稀释示踪法测定地下水渗流速度、流向的技术发展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
地下水渗流速度、流向不仅是地下水渗流场研究中两个重要的动态参数,而且是测定含水层渗透系数、渗流量等水文地质参数的主要参量.本文结合前人研究成果,系统梳理了应用放射性同位素测定地下水渗流速度、流向的技术方法与工作流程等,其中比较详细的分析了井孔中有垂向流和无垂向流情况下,应用放射性同位素单孔稀释法测定渗流速度的方法与适用条件,旨在为广泛开展地下水渗流场参数的野外观测与研究提供可行的技术途径.作为一种地下水渗流场参数定量研究的技术方法,单孔稀释示踪法在与渗流场研究有关的水库诱发地震机理、地下流体对构造活动的影响过程、地下流体强震异常解释、地震地下流体异常落实等方面具有广泛的应用前景. 相似文献
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洪泛湿地是位于水生系统和陆生系统之间的过渡带，在河流和陆地之间的水文生态方面起着纽带作用，受气候变化和人类活动的叠加影响，其水文过程改变很大程度上影响了湿地生态系统循环、结构和功能的稳定。本文以鄱阳湖洪泛区湿地为研究区，应用湖泊水动力和洪泛区地下水数值模型，评估鄱阳湖拟建水利枢纽工程对洪泛区地下水系统的影响。模拟结果表明，拟建水利枢纽工程将会遵循调度方案使得湖泊水位明显提高，但同时导致洪泛区地下水位的整体抬升，且东部主湖区附近的地下水位受到的影响（约1～3 m）要明显强于洪泛区其它区域（约小于1 m）。地下水位的变化同时导致不同典型时期洪泛区地下水流速的减小及地下水流向的改变，表现为枢纽建设后地下水流向的逆转和流速基本小于0.1 m/d。鄱阳湖涨水-丰水期总体为湖水补给洪泛区地下水模式，枯水-退水期主要为地下水补给湖水模式，但水利枢纽可能导致洪泛区地下水系统水均衡状态发生转变，影响了地下水系统的补给和排泄状态，最终形成了长期稳定的湖泊补给地下水的作用模式。从地下水-生态系统响应变化的角度分析，拟建水利枢纽建设引起的地下水位上升，可能会给湿地生物地球化学元素的迁移转化、植被群落的演变与退... 相似文献
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5·12汶川8.0级大地震对德阳市罗江县的水库造成了不同程度的破坏,经济损失严重,若水库出现渍坝现象,将会带来更大的损失。对罗江县19座高危以上险情水库的土坝震害进行了调查研究.发现典型的震害现象包括裂缝、渗漏、防浪墙损坏以及泄水建筑物和附属设施的损毁等。根据水库土坝的震前病害调查资料可以看出：水库土坝在地震前多是带病运行,严重影响地震时水库运行的因素主要有土料或填筑质量差、坝基问题、坝体结构设计不当、蚁害、观测设施不全等。依据震后水库土坝的破坏形态,分析了水库大坝的震前病害对大坝震害现象的影响。为今后水库土坝的抗震设计提供基础性的资料。 相似文献
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土石坝渗漏问题是制约水库大坝安全运行的重要隐患,准确查明大坝渗漏的病因以及靶区的空间展布是有的放矢实施加固的关键.针对土石坝隐患的空间位置信息多变、周围介质复杂等难点,单一探测手段在识别病灶方面存在误判、漏判等问题,考虑到电阻率对水敏感的特点,提出联合并行电法和瞬变电磁法优化诊断土石坝渗漏隐患的思路.为查明戴家坞水库渗漏的病灶,利用并行电法快速获得大坝坝体段不同高程下的二维视电阻率图像,分析比较了AMN、MNB以及AMN&MNB装置的反演结果,还采用瞬变电磁法对大坝两坝肩并行电法盲区部位进行补充探测,并依据成果进行防渗处理.试验结果表明,并行电法有效指示出大坝坝体段的渗流异常,综合多剖面异常信息能追踪到渗漏路径;AMN&MNB装置的反演结果有效吸收了AMN、MNB的局部高分辨的优势,对大坝边界以及隐患规模的细节刻画更清晰;结合二次场响应曲线和视电阻率图像,瞬变电磁法很好揭示出大坝坝肩K0-005～0+002 m段的渗漏通道,同时有效规避了硬化路面电极接触不良的难题.经对综合推断隐患区进行灌浆处理,大坝渗漏量明显降低,从而佐证了两种方法优化联合的可行性.研究成果可为水库大坝隐患的全面、精细探查提供技术支撑. 相似文献
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本文给出笔者参与的浙江温岭东浦新塘隐患探测、椒江外沙海塘渗漏探测、缙云白马水库和玉环里墩水库坝体渗漏探测等几个实例，详细说明了综合物探技术在堤坝隐患探测中的作用、优点和需要注意的问题，具体分析了堤坝隐患的不同特征和综合物探方法的特点.工作实践表明：高密度电阻率法、探地雷达法、瑞雷波法及其综合运用能有效探测坝体缺陷，查明渗漏原因.同时，由于每种方法各有应用前提及局限性，故应针对可能的隐患特征，选用合适的探测方法及其组合，并努力提高信号采集和处理解释水平. 相似文献
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光耀华同志的论文“论水库要素与水库地震的关系”(以下简称“光文”),对笔者提出的水库综合影响参数E与水库地震最大震级M的关系,用几种经验回归方程和灰色系统的关联度进行了分析。证明E与M的关系比其它表示水库要素的参数(最大库深Hmax、相应 相似文献
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水库“规模”与水库地震震级的关系 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
水库诱发地震是水利工程建设的难题之一。水库本身不仅对于诱发地震起“触发器”的作用,而且水库的“规模”对于诱发地震震级也有重要影响。不同的作者用“库深”、“库容”或“水库面积”来表征水库的“规模”。根据30个震例资料对于上述三个表征水库“规模”的参数分别与最大诱震震级M进行相关分析,发现它们的相关系数都很低.因此作者提出联系上述三个参数并代替它们的“综合影响参数E”,并证明E—M之间相关系数较高.给出的E—M统计关系式证明水库地震的可能最大震级是7级左右。 相似文献
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四川紫坪铺水库区水文地质与工程地质条件研究 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：6
分析了四川紫坪铺水库坝区和库区的水文地质和工程地质条件。由于库区内基岩山区为强烈上升区，地形切割深，高差大，各种不良工程地质现象发育，虽然不致于影响水库的正常工作，但也应引起充分注意。水库畜水后，渗漏问题对水库区和坝区影响较大，应采取相应措施解决；水库蓄水后，库水有可能下渗，应加强对该水库诱发地震的监测和研究。 相似文献
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供水管线渗漏试验研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
根据供水管线地震后的破坏特点分别进行了埋土和不埋土两类工况下供水管线渗漏试验.通过拉拔管线模拟管线在地震作用下的破坏情况,对不同管线接口位移条件下的试验现象进行了记录,并对管线渗漏流量随时间变化情况进行了测量.在此基础上,对试验数据进行了分析和总结,描述了管线接口渗漏量随时间的变化情况.分析表明:在相同的接口位移情况下... 相似文献
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Environmental isotopes (2H or D, 18O, 3H), along with geology, hydrochemistry and in situ physicochemical parameters (EC, T, DO, pH) were employed to study surface water (reservoir, lake)–groundwater (spring) relationships at (1) Nagewadi, a minor irrigation project in the State of Maharashtra, Western India; (2) Kanhirapuzha reservoir in the State of Kerala, Southern India and (3) Ghatghar Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Project in the State of Maharashtra, Western India for the purpose of understanding the seepage/leakage and its associated problems. The studies concluded that the springs found downstream of the Nagewadi project originate from the reservoir and not from the abutments or shallow aquifers. The Kanhirapuzha reservoir receives a substantial base‐flow component compared to riverine inputs. The reason for the water‐logging problem at a nearby downstream village during the non‐summer periods is due to the change in the upstream groundwater flow direction under reservoir filling conditions and is not due to reservoir leakage. Most of the springs in the approach tunnel to the underground power house of the Ghatghar Project originate from the lower reservoir and not from the upper reservoir or the overburden rock matrix. The above case studies illustrate the diversity of environmental isotope applications in surface water (reservoir, lake)–groundwater (spring) relationships related to sustainability of hydro‐projects. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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供水管网渗漏分析研究 总被引：15，自引：3，他引：15
渗漏管网的流分析是进行供水管网震后功能评价，从而实现在系统层次进行抗震设计的基础。在正常使用阶段，渗漏也是供水管网设计必须考虑的问题。本文介绍了供水管网渗漏分析的两类基本模型，在此基础上，给出了考虑渗漏模型的供水管网流分析的实施步骤。为了比较无渗漏模型和渗漏模型的差异及不同渗漏模型对计算结果的影响，对一典型供水管网进行了无渗漏管网模型的流分析和不同渗漏模型的带渗漏管网的流分析。分析结果表明，合理的渗漏模型是正确评价供水管网服务能力的基础。 相似文献
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《Advances in water resources》2005,28(5):493-506
Upscaling of multi-phase flow problems for a heterogeneous porous medium requires modification of constitutive functions at the grid-block scale. A particular type of heterogeneity that has important environmental consequences involves thin, continuous streaks of high permeability through lower-permeability background rocks. These streaks, which may correspond to features like abandoned wells in mature sedimentary basins, can become preferential flow paths for an invading fluid. Quantification of flow through these types of heterogeneities in deep, geological formations is necessary for estimates of migration and possible leakage of injected fluids such as hazardous liquid wastes, municipal liquid wastes, and, possibly, carbon dioxide. One of the important constitutive functions for proper estimation of flow through these flow paths is the relative permeability function. In the simple case of a single high-permeability streak in a uniform rock matrix, with both materials having identical (local) relative permeability functions, the upscaled relative permeability must be changed significantly to capture the proper leakage. Standard petroleum reservoir pseudo-functions for relative permeability capture the general features of the upscaled function, but they still produce errors of several hundred percent in the leakage estimation. Detailed three-dimensional numerical simulations and associated upscaled calculations demonstrate the proper form for the upscaled relative permeability, and provide a modified derivation of pseudo-functions to capture the leakage behavior in upscaled models. 相似文献
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In this study, we use a linearization procedure and a finite difference method to solve non-Darcian flow to a well in an aquifer–aquitard system. The leakage effect is considered. Flow in the aquifer is assumed to be non-Darcian and horizontal, whereas flow in the aquitard is assumed to be Darcian and vertical. The Izbash equation [Izbash SV. O filtracii V Kropnozernstom Materiale. USSR: Leningrad; 1931 [in Russian]] is employed to describe the non-Darcian flow. The wellbore storage is also considered in this study. An approximate semi-analytical solution has been obtained by the linearization procedure, and a numerical solution has been obtained by using a finite difference method. The previous solutions for Darcian flow case and non-Darcian flow case without leakage can be described as special cases of the new solutions. The error caused by the linearization procedure has also been analyzed. The relative error caused by the linearization procedure is nearly 100% at early times, and decreases to zero at late times. We have also compared the results in this study with Wen et al. [Wen Z, Huang G, Zhan H. A numerical solution for non-Darcian flow to a well in a confined aquifer using the power law function. J Hydrol, 2008d [in revision]] in which the leakage effect is not considered, and Hantush and Jacob [Hantush MS, Jacob CE. Non-steady radial flow in an infinite leaky aquifer. Trans Am Geophys Union 1955;36(1):95–100] who investigated a similar problem in Darcian flow case. The comparison of this study and Wen et al. (2008d) indicates the dimensionless drawdown in the aquifer with leakage is less than that without leakage, and the leakage has little effect at early times. The comparison between the results of this study and that of Hantush and Jacob (1955) indicates that the dimensionless drawdown in the aquifer for non-Darcian flow is larger at early times and smaller at late times, than their counterparts for Darcian flow. A larger dimensionless non-Darcian conductivity kD results in a smaller dimensionless drawdown in the aquifer at late times, and leads to a larger dimensionless drawdown in the aquifer at early times. A smaller dimensionless leakage parameter BD results in a smaller drawdown at late times, and the leakage does not affect the early-time drawdown. The analysis of the dimensionless drawdown inside the well has also been included in this study when the wellbore storage is considered. 相似文献
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Considerable water leakages from reservoirs make it difficult to attain the planned storage capacity. In some cases water leakages give rise to suffusion followed by catastrophes. Until recently methods for locating water leakages were extremely imperfect. Geophysical methods offer good prospects in this direction. For solving these problems, it is effective to use streaming potential measurements, water flow rate observations and thermometry. Laboratory experiments were carried out in connection with the fact that water leakages from reservoirs are characterized by negative anomalies of natural currents; the more filtration discharge, the higher these anomalies are. As a result, the relationship governing the intensity of streaming potential and sand granulometric composition, electrolyte concentrations and other factors were revealed. To determine the velocity of water flowing to leakage sites, a special device, based on the relationship between the temperature of a heated body and its resistance, is applied. This device simultaneously makes it possible to measure the water medium temperature. Observations at reservoir sites were effected by moving along the reservoir non-polarizable potential electrodes and water velocity devices. Recordings were carried out automatically by the recording device of the logging apparatus. Under the conditions of ice cover on water surfaces, measurements were made through separate points by digging holes in the ice cover. Practical field observations were carried out at reservoir sites located in regions where fissured massive rocks as well as loose sediments predominate. In the first case field experiments were carried out in alpine reservoirs, in Armenia. The major water leakages were found to be concentrated on the right bank of the reservoir. In this connection it was not only possible to locate water leakage sites, but also to evaluate their relative intensity. These data were used for planning antifiltration measures. In the second case water leakages from a reservoir located in Uzbekistan in the submontane part of the Pamirs were studied. Streaming potential anomalies and high benthonic flow rates made it possible to discover high filtrations in the base and walls of the dam. Further perfection of these methods should not only permit the determination of water leakage sites and their relative intensity, but also filtration discharges in absolute units. 相似文献
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The selection and the subsequent design of a subsurface CO2 storage system are subject to considerable uncertainty. It is therefore important to assess the potential risks for health, safety and environment. This study contributes to the development of methods for quantitative risk assessment of CO2 leakage from subsurface reservoirs. The amounts of leaking CO2 are estimated by evaluating the extent of CO2 plumes after numerically simulating a large number of reservoir realizations with a radially symmetric, homogeneous model. To conduct the computationally very expensive simulations, the ‘CO2 Community Grid’ was used, which allows the execution of many parallel simulations simultaneously. The individual realizations are set up by randomly choosing reservoir properties from statistical distributions. The statistical characteristics of these distributions have been calculated from a large reservoir database, holding data from over 1200 reservoirs. An analytical risk equation is given, allowing the calculation of average risk due to multiple leaky wells with varying distance in the surrounding of the injection well. The reservoir parameters most affecting risk are identified. Using these results, the placement of an injection well can be optimized with respect to risk and uncertainty of leakage. The risk and uncertainty assessment can be used to determine whether a site, compared to others, should be considered for further investigations or rejected for CO2 storage. 相似文献
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Reservoirs impose many negative impacts on riverine ecosystems. To balance human and ecosystem needs, we propose a reservoir operation method that combines reservoir operating rule curves with the regulated minimum water release policy to meet the environmental flow requirements of riverine ecosystems. Based on the relative positions of the reservoir and the water intakes, we consider three scenarios: water used for human needs (including industrial, domestic and agricultural) is directly withdrawn from (1) the reservoir; (2) both reservoirs and downstream river channels and (3) downstream river. The proposed method offers two advantages over traditional methods: First, it can be applied to finding the optimal reservoir operating rule curves with the consideration of environmental flow requirement, which is beneficial to the sustainable water uses. Second, it avoids a problem with traditional approaches, which prescribe the minimum environmental flow requirements as the regulated minimum environmental flow releases from reservoirs, implicitly giving lower priority to the riverine ecosystem. Our method instead determines the optimal regulated minimum releases of water to sustain environmental flows while more effectively balancing human and ecosystem needs. To demonstrate practical use of the model, we present a case study for operation of the Tanghe reservoir in China's Tang river basin for the three above‐mentioned scenarios. The results demonstrate that this approach will help the reservoir's managers satisfy both human and environmental requirements. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献