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1.
Diagnostic mineral assemblages, mineral compositions and zircon SHRIMP U–Pb ages are reported from an ultrahigh‐temperature (UHT) spinel–orthopyroxene–garnet granulite (UHT rock) from the South Altay orogenic belt of northwestern China. This Altay orogenic belt defines an accretionary belt between the Siberian and Kazakhstan–Junggar Plates that formed during the Paleozoic. The UHT rock examined in this study preserves both peak and retrograde metamorphic assemblages and microstructures including equilibrium spinel + quartz, and intergrowth of orthopyroxene, spinel, sillimanite, and cordierite formed during decompression. Mineral chemistry shows that the spinel coexisting with quartz has low ZnO contents, and the orthopyroxene is of high alumina type with Al2O3 contents up to 9.3 wt%. The peak temperatures of metamorphism were >950°C, consistent with UHT conditions, and the rocks were exhumed along a clockwise P–T path. The zircons in this UHT rock display a zonal structure with a relict core and metamorphic rim. The cores yield bimodal ages of 499 ± 8 Ma (7 spots), and 855 Ma (2 spots), with the rounded clastic zircons having ages with 490–500 Ma. Since the granulite was metamorphosed at temperatures >900°C, exceeding the closure temperature of U–Pb system in zircon, a possible interpretation is that the 499 ± 8 Ma age obtained from the largest population of zircons in the rock marks the timing of formation of the protolith of the rock, with the zircons sourced from a ～500 Ma magmatic provenance, in a continental margin setting. We correlate the UHT metamorphism with the northward subduction of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean and associated accretion‐collision tectonics of the Siberian and Kazakhstan–Junggar Plates followed by rapid exhumation leading to decompression.  相似文献   

2.
Ultrahigh‐temperature (UHT) granulite facies rocks from the Achankovil Shear Zone area and the southern domain of the Madurai Granulite Block in South India contain monazite useful for in situ microprobe U–Pb dating. The UHT rocks examined consist of garnet + cordierite (retrograde) + quartz + mesoperthite + biotite + plagioclase + Fe‐Ti oxides ± orthopyroxene ± sillimanite and accessory zircon and monazite. Sillimanite occurs only as inclusions in garnet. Microstructural observations suggest garnet, orthopyroxene, spinel and mesoperthite are products of peak metamorphism. Post‐peak formation of cordierite ± orthopyroxene ± quartz and cordierite + spinel + Fe‐Ti oxides assemblages is also observed. Geothermobarometry on orthopyroxene and garnet‐orthopyroxene bearing assemblages suggest peak UHT conditions of T = 940–1040°C and P = 8.5–9.5 kbar. This was followed by a retrograde stage of 3.5–4.5 kbar and 720 ± 60°C, estimated from garnet‐cordierite assemblages. A small population of rounded, probably detrital, monazites in these rocks yield ages from Meso‐ to Neoproterozoic indicating a heterogeneous source. The youngest associated spot ages are 660–600 Ma suggesting protolith deposition up to ca 600 Ma. In contrast, the vast majority of monazites that crystallized during the latest metamorphic event show late Neoproterozoic to Cambrian ages. Probability‐density plots of monazite age data show a ‘peak’ between 533 and 565 Ma, but this peak need not reflect a particular thermal event. Collating ages from homogenous metamorphic monazites associated with minerals stable at peak P‐T conditions suggests peak metamorphism in these rocks occurred at 580–600 Ma. Together with a re‐evaluation of available data from adjacent granulite blocks in southern India, these data suggest the main metamorphic event coinciding with the suturing of India with the Gondwana amalgam probably occurred 580–600 Ma. The 500–550 Ma ages commonly reported in previous studies might represent post‐peak thermal events.  相似文献   

3.
Ultrahigh‐temperature (UHT) granulites in the South Altay orogenic belt of Northwestern China provide important clues for the lower crustal components and tectonic evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt during the Paleozoic. In this paper, we studied whole‐rock geochemistry and mineral characteristics to understand the protolith and metamorphic evolution of the Altay UHT granulite. The Altay granulite shows negative discriminant function values (DF) of ?9.27 to ?3.95, indicating a sedimentary origin, probably an argillaceous rock. The peak metamorphic temperature–pressure conditions of 920–1010 °C and > 9 kbar were estimated from the geothermobarometry, together with the stability of spinel (low ZnO) + quartz and orthopyroxene (Al2O3 up to 9.2 wt.%) + sillimanite + quartz in the Altay UHT rock, indicate a UHT metamorphic condition has been achieved. Two stages of retrograde conditions are recognized in these rocks; the first is an isothermal decompression to approx. 750 °C at 5.2–5.8 kbar at the early stage, and the second is the cooling down to 520–550 °C at 4.8–5.2 kbar. Combined with previous study, the formation of the Altay UHT pelitic granulite with a clockwise retrograde P–T path is inferred to be related with collisional and accretional orogenic process between the Siberian and Kazakhstan–Junggar plates.  相似文献   

4.
A deformation path of amygdules in basic schists that underwent contact metamorphism in Itoshima area, northern Kyushu, Japan, has been revealed using shape and internal microstructure of the amygdules. The amygdules are filled mainly with plagioclase that was recrystallized during the contact metamorphism. Crystal size of the plagioclase decreases with increasing aspect ratio of the amygdules. Some amygdules with low‐aspect ratio contain plagioclase showing flat twin boundaries. This suggests that such amygdules were undeformed after peak of the contact metamorphism and preserved the strain accumulated until then, which probably includes prograde stage of the contact metamorphism and former regional Renge metamorphism. In contrast, the amygdules with high‐aspect ratio underwent superimposition of deformation taking place after peak of the contact metamorphism. The strain analysis shows the constriction types for the former amygdules while the plane‐strain types for the latter. This reveals a deformation path of the amygdules such that the constrictional strain before the peak of contact metamorphism was partially overprinted by later flattening strain, showing the apparent plane‐strain types.  相似文献   

5.
Abstract The central part of Abukuma metamorphic belt consists of two geologic units, the Gosaisho Group and the Takanuki Group. Although the deformation styles differ between the Gosaisho and the Takanuki Groups, their rock facies show a gradual transition. In both Groups early regional low-pressure (over 3 kb) metamorphism has been overprinted by contact metamorphism. Evidence for the P/T condition of the regional metamorphism is recorded in cores of armored minerals. Metamorphic zones have been defined on mineral rim assemblages of meta-mafite, meta-pelite and meta-calc-siliceous schist and on the degree of graphitization of meta-pelite. The mineral-core chemistry of plagioclase, Ca-amphibole and garnet changes with increasing metamorphic grade, and indicates that the regional metamorphism of the Gosaisho Group took place in a high pressure region of the andalusite stability field. The Takanuki metamorphic rocks are structurally overlain by the Gosaisho Group and have undergone regional metamorphism whose conditions have passed near the triple point of Al-silicates and kyanite has crystallized. The contact aureoles in both groups are developed around middle Cretaceous granitic intrusions. Rims of plagioclase, Ca-amphibole and garnet overgrew on the mineral-cores during the contact metamorphism. The regional metamorphism began after the sedimentation of Jurassic chert and was succeeded by the contact metamorphism in the middle Cretaceous.  相似文献   

6.
U-Pb isotopic analyses were made on sphene, three epidote fractions, apatite, K-feldspar and plagioclase from a 314-m.y.-old tonalite member of the Zentralgneis plutonic suite in the southeast Tauern Window. The tonalite reached temperatures in excess of 550°C during the Tertiary Alpine metamorphism.Apatite, fine-grained clinozoisite and feldspars equilibrated during the metamorphism, and the apatite yields an age of 22 m.y. which is 6 m.y. older than the Rb-Sr age of coexisting biotite.Sphene and coarse-grained iron-rich epidote did not reach equilibrium during Alpine metamorphism and the sphene data indicate crystallisation before 215 m.y. These minerals contain a large proportion of the uranium and thorium in the rock and the data thus imply that the present distribution of heat-producing elements in the tonalite was established long before the Alpine metamorphism.The very high closure temperatures for sphene and epidote implied by the data suggest they may be of value in dating metamorphism.  相似文献   

7.
The Kangmar Massif which has been attributed to the North Himalayan Belt of two-mica granites in southern Tibet (China) is shown to be an orthogneiss in the core of a dome which displays an intermediate high-pressure type metamorphism, Himalayan in age (40 to 20 Ma) and above the Main Central Sheet. This metamorphism took place during high shear strain deformation, and it is not recorded to the west where North Himalayan plutons have developed contact metamorphism.  相似文献   

8.
Toshio Nozaka 《Island Arc》1999,8(2):154-167
Blueschist tectonic blocks occur in serpentinites at Mochimaru, Hiroshima Prefecture, Southwest Japan. They contain alkali amphibole coexisting with pumpellyite and chlorite, with or without calcic amphibole. Textural and chemical analyses reveal that the blueschists, together with other mafic schists, have similar metamorphic history. After their capture by serpentinites and before the emplacement of the serpentinites into the present geological position, the tectonic blocks were subjected to high P/T metamorphism around the boundary between the blueschist and pumpellyite–actinolite facies. The amphiboles formed by this metamorphism change from tremolite through glaucophane to ferroglaucophane with increasing FeO/MgO of whole rock compositions. The P–T conditions are estimated to be within 200–350°C and 5–7 kbar. These are higher P/T conditions than those of the regional metamorphism of Southwest Japan. The difference in the P–T conditions implies differences in tectonic situation and timing of metamorphism between the blocks and regional metamorphic rocks. In addition, the high P/T metamorphism of the tectonic blocks probably occurred in more reducing environments than the regional metamorphism. Because the ferric/ferrous iron ratios of the tectonic blocks are within a narrow range, it is stressed that oxygen fugacity was externally buffered during the high P/T metamorphism by the serpentinization process of the host ultramafic rocks. The reducing effect of serpentinization is common throughout the high P/T metamorphic terranes of Southwest Japan.  相似文献   

9.
Abstract Eclogites occur in three districts of the northern and southern parts of Tien-Shan. Three eclogites collected from the Aktyuz, Makbal and Atbashy districts were analyzed; the P-T paths of three eclogites were estimated by analyzing compositional growth zoning and retrograde reaction of garnet and omphacite. Aktyuz and Makbal eclogites have not preserved the prograde path. An Aktyuz eclogite that underwent a quartz eclogite facies metamorphism (about T = 600°C, P = 12 kbar) has recorded three stages of retrograde metamorphism. Four stages of retrograde metamorphism were recognized in a Makbal eclogite; the garnet-omphacite geothermometer gave about T = 560°C at 20 kbar as the highest metamorphic condition. Garnet from a garnetchloritoid-talc schist of the Makbal district includes quartz pseudomorphs after coesite; some units evidently underwent a low-temperature part of coesite eclogite fades metamorphism. Prograde and retrograde paths were recognized in an Atbashy eclogite; five stages of metamorphic reaction were observed in the Atbashy sample. The prograde path from stage I to stage III has been recorded in garnet and omphacite in which quartz pseudomorphs after coesite are included. The peak metamorphism of stage III took place at about 660°C at 25 kbar. The stages IV and V are retrograde. UHP eclogite facies metamorphism took place twice in Kyrghyzstan. The Aktyuz and Atbashy eclogites gave Rb-Sr mineral-isochron ages of about 750 Ma and 270 Ma, respectively. The K-Ar age of paragonite from the Makbal eclogite is about 480 Ma.  相似文献   

10.
Poly-deformed and poly-metamorphosed glaucophane-eclogite mega-boudins beneath the Samail Ophiolite, Oman record an early subduction-related high-P metamorphism as well as subsequent overprinting deformation and metamorphism related to exhumation. Previously published Rb/Sr ages of 78 Ma and 40Ar/39Ar ages of 82-79 Ma record the major NE-directed shearing event that partially exhumed the eclogites to a shallower crustal level. New Sm/Nd garnet-garnet leachate-whole rock isochron data from garnet-bearing eclogite assemblages in the As Sifah subwindow in NE Oman are 110±9 Ma (DG02-87D); 5-point isochron) and 109±13 Ma (DG02-86E; 3-point isochron). On the basis of microfabric and field structural relationships these ages are interpreted to reflect the timing of prograde, peak high-P metamorphism in the rocks structurally beneath the Samail Ophiolite. This metamorphism clearly predates the age of formation of the obducted Samail oceanic lithosphere (97-94 Ma) as well as the subsequent obduction onto the margin (80-70 Ma). A U-Pb SHRIMP zircon age from small (<200 μm in length) zircons with herring-bone textured zoning from DG02-87D indicate that rapid zircon growth associated with high-Si phengites occurred at 82±1 Ma. Zircon growth is possibly related to liberation of Zr on garnet breakdown during decompression metamorphism under high-P conditions with exhumation. These data require that crustal stacking models attendant with ophiolite obduction are inappropriate to explain the Oman high-P metamorphism.  相似文献   

11.
Mutsuki Aoya 《Island Arc》2002,11(2):91-110
Abstract   Eclogite-bearing units in the Sambagawa Metamorphic Belt have long been considered tectonic blocks that have disparate tectonic and metamorphic histories that are distinct from each other and from the major non-eclogitic Sambagawa schists. However, recent studies have shown that eclogite facies metamorphism of the Seba eclogite unit is related to the subduction event that caused the metamorphism of the non-eclogitic Sambagawa schist. New structural data further show that the Seba eclogite unit, which appears to be isolated from the other eclogite units, is in fact in structural continuity with them, occupying the highest structural levels in the Sambagawa Belt. This suggests that eclogitic metamorphism of the other eclogite units is also related to the Sambagawa subduction event. It is, therefore, possible that all eclogite units in the Sambagawa Belt constitute a single coherent unit, the eclogite nappe, members of which underwent the same eclogitic metamorphism related to the Sambagawa subduction event.  相似文献   

12.
Douglas  Robinson 《Island Arc》1993,2(4):280-287
Abstract Extensional basins are formed in a variety of geotectonic settings and in some cases the infills of such basins show the effects of very low grade, burial-type metamorphism. It is proposed that extensional basins with a low grade metamorphic infill can be divided into pre- and post-orogenic types with a different causal mechanism for the metamorphism. In the pre-orogenic setting the extensional process driven by mantle upwelling provides both the mechanism for basin formation and the development of the metamorphism in response to the enhanced thermal flux in such settings. The typical mineral parageneses and facies series found in these low grade metamorphic terranes are more compatible with the counter-clockwise pressure-temperature-time loops postulated for such settings, rather than the clockwise loops associated typically with convergent settings. In the post-orogenic settings, extensional basins formed in over-thickened continental crust during orogenesis have infills in which very low grade metamorphism is also developed. It is proposed that such metamorphism is not linked to the extensional process itself. Instead, it is linked to crustal heating during the process of thickening and orogenesis and is expected to be found only in orogenic belts where widths are in excess of 500 km.  相似文献   

13.
Diancangshan metamorphic massif is one of the four metamorphic massifs developed along the Ailaoshan-Red River strike-slip fault zone, Yunnan, China. It has experienced multi-stage metamorphism and deformation, especially since the late Oligocene it widely suffered high-temperature ductile shear deformation and exhumation of the metamorphic rocks from the deep crust to the shallow surface. Based on the previous research and geological field work, this paper presents a detailed study on deformation and metamorphism, and exhumation of deep metamorphic rocks within the Diancangshan metamorphic massif, especially focusing on the low-temperature overprinted retrogression metamorphism and deformation of mylonitic rocks. With the combinated experimental techniques of optical microscope, electron backscatter diffraction attachmented on field-emission scanning electron microscopy and cathodoluminescence, our contribution reports the microstructure, lattice preferred orientations of the deformed minerals, and the changes of mineral composition phases of the superposition low-temperature retrograde mylonites. All these results indicate that: (1) Diancangshan deep metamorphic rock has experienced early high-temperature left-lateral shear deformation and late extension with rapid exhumation, the low-temperature retrogression metamorphism and deformation overprinted the high-temperature metamorphism, and the high-temperature microstructure and texture are in part or entirely altered by subsequent low-temperature shearing; (2) the superposition of low-temperature deformation-metamorphism occurs at the ductile-brittle transition; and (3) the fluid is quite active during the syn-tectonic shearing overprinted low-temperature deformation and metamorphism. The dynamic recrystallization and/or fractures to micro-fractures result in the strongly fine-grained of the main minerals, and present strain localization in micro-domians, such as micro-shear zones in the mylonites. It is often accompanied by the decrease of rock strength and finally influences the rheology of the whole rock during further deformation and exhumation of the Diancangshan massif.  相似文献   

14.
古元古代是地质演化历史中一个重要转折时期,探讨其大陆动力学特征、机制、过程及其壳内响应具有重要的科学意义．本文以辽吉地区古元古代造山带为例,结合同位素年代学资料,综合分析了该区大陆动力学过程的构造、变质、岩浆、沉积等方面壳内响应特征最后,将该区深部大陆动力学过程划分为三大历史阶段：1)造山期前伸展阶段,包括建造伸展期和改造伸展期,深部底侵发生,壳内响应出现基底裂解、盖层顺层滑脱、拉张型垂向递增变质、岩浆呈席状侵位等;2)造山期挤压收缩阶段,俯冲碰撞,岩石田地幢可能出现拆沉,壳内响应出现招皱逆冲、双侧造山、侧向递增变质、碰撞型岩浆作用发生、早期岩浆底辟再就位等;3)造山期后伸展塌陷阶段,大陆岩石田在重力均衡作用下发生微弱伸展塌陷,出现环斑花岗岩侵位,等压冷却为特征的退变质表明没有明显的伸展剥蚀,没有出现明显的山根．  相似文献   

15.
Metamorphic rocks of low-pressure/medium-temperature facies occur in West Cyprus as blocks and slivers with mafic and ultramafic screens in high-angle, serpentinite-filled fault zones. A satisfactory explanation for the origin of the metamorphic rocks has previously remained a subject of controversy. The evidence presented here, based on a study of their bulk chemistry, mineralogy and40Ar/39Ar geochronology, indicates they were produced by greenschist to amphibolite facies dynamothermal metamorphism of alkalic and tholeiitic mafic rocks and associated sediments at between 83 and 90 m.y. Their field relations show similarities with present-day oceanic fracture zones suggesting that metamorphism occurred within strike-slip faults, some of which were probably extensions of the Arakapas transform. We propose that hot crust generated at an oceanic spreading centre provided the heat for metamorphism when juxtaposed against older, cooler rocks during ridge-ridge transform movements. In addition, shear heating may have been facilitated by the strike-slip faulting and contributed to the total heat available. These interpretations are compatible with many aspects of the broader regional geology of Cyprus, provide new constraints on the early evolution of the Troodos Complex and form the basis of a model for transform fault metamorphism.  相似文献   

16.
Shunsuke Endo 《Island Arc》2010,19(2):313-335
Evidence for eclogite‐facies metamorphism is widespread in the Western Iratsu body of the oceanic subduction type Sanbagawa Belt, Southwest Japan. Previous studies in this region focused on typical mafic eclogites and have revealed the presence of an early epidote‐amphibolite facies metamorphism overprinted by a phase of eclogite facies metamorphism. Ca‐rich and titanite‐bearing eclogite, which probably originated from a mixture of basaltic and calc‐siliceous sediments, is also relatively common in the Western Iratsu body, but there has been no detailed petrological study of this lithology. Detailed petrographic observations reveal the presence of a relic early epidote‐amphibolite facies metamorphism preserved in the cores of garnet and titanite in good agreement with studies of mafic eclogite in the area. Thermobarometric calculations for the eclogitic assemblage garnet + omphacite + epidote + quartz + titanite ± rutile ± phengite give peak‐P of 18.5–20.5 kbar at 525–565°C and subsequent peak‐T conditions of about 635°C at 14–16 kbar. This eclogite metamorphism initiated at about 445°C/11–15 kbar, implying a significantly lower thermal gradient than the earlier epidote‐amphibolite facies metamorphism (～650°C/12 kbar). These results define a P–T path with early counter‐clockwise and later clockwise trajectories. The overall P–T path may be related to two distinct phases in the tectono‐thermal evolution in the Sanbagawa subduction zone. The early counter‐clockwise path may record the inception of subduction. The later clockwise path is compatible with previously reported P–T paths from the other eclogitic bodies in the Sanbagawa Belt and supports the tectonic model that these eclogitic bodies were exhumed as a large‐scale coherent unit shortly before ridge subduction.  相似文献   

17.
The type three ordinary chondrities: A review   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The ordinary chondrites are the largest group of meteorites, and the type 3 ordinary chondrites are those which experienced only very mild parent metamorphism; their study provides a unique means of studying the first solid material to from in the early solar system which is either free from the effects of mild metamorphism, or in which the effects of mild metamorphism can be distinguished from primary, nebular effects. In this paper we list all known type 3 ordinary chondrites and references to their study, their compositional data and data relating to the metamorphic history. We review current theories on their formation and the effects of metamorphism, with emphasis on quantitative considerations. Studies on the thermoluminescence properties of these meteorites, which have provided many new insights into their metamorphic history, are reviewed. Some of the least metamorphosed meteorites show evidence for aqueous alteration, which provides a link between the type 3 ordinary chondrites and objects containing water in various forms the carbonaceous chondrites, comets and planets with wet mantles.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract Characteristic features of in situ diamonds can be used to retrace diamond formation during ultrahigh pressure (UHP) metamorphism of the Kokchetav Massif, Kazakhstan. These features include the nitrogen aggregation state in diamond, dissolution features observed on diamond surfaces, and the carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of the diamonds. The minerals in which the diamonds are included provide additional information and support the view that at least some of the Kokchetav microdiamonds are the products of prograde or peak UHP metamorphism. The coexistence of diamond and graphite is evaluated within this framework.  相似文献   

19.
Yasuo  Miyagi  Akira  Takasu 《Island Arc》2005,14(3):215-235
Abstract   Prograde eclogites occur in the Tonaru epidote amphibolite mass in the Sambagawa Metamorphic Belt of central Shikoku. The Tonaru mass is considered to be a metamorphosed layered gabbro, and occurs as a large tectonic block (approximately 6.5 km × 1 km) in a high-grade portion of the Sambagawa schists. The Tonaru mass experienced high- P /low- T prograde metamorphism from the epidote-blueschist facies to the eclogite facies prior to its emplacement into the Sambagawa schists. The estimated P – T conditions are T  = 300–450°C and P  = 0.7–1.1 GPa for the epidote-blueschist facies, and the peak P – T conditions for the eclogite facies are T  = 700–730°C and P  ≥ 1.5 GPa. Following the eclogite facies metamorphism, the Tonaru mass was retrograded to the epidote amphibolite facies. It subsequently underwent additional prograde Sambagawa metamorphism, together with the surrounding Sambagawa schists, until the conditions of the oligoclase–biotite zone were reached. The high- P /low- T prograde metamorphism of the eclogite facies in the Tonaru mass and other tectonic blocks show similar steep d P /d T geothermal gradients despite their diverse peak P – T conditions, suggesting that these tectonic blocks reached different depths in the subduction zone. The individual rocks in each metamorphic zone of the Sambagawa schists also recorded steep d P /d T geothermal gradients during the early stages of the Sambagawa prograde metamorphism, and these gradients are similar to those of the eclogite-bearing tectonic blocks. Therefore, the eclogite-bearing tectonic blocks reached greater depths in the subduction zone than the Sambagawa schists. All the tectonic blocks were ultimately emplaced into the hanging wall side of the later-subducted Sambagawa high-grade schists during their exhumation.  相似文献   

20.
Petrographic observations, and mineralogical and geochemical analyses, have revealed that the Hegenshan ophiolite is of mid-ocean ridge origin and has been subjected to dynamothermal metamorphism at medium P/T conditions. The metamorphism is characterized by a prograde change in paragenesis from the greenschist to epidote-amphibolite facies, with peak temperature conditions of 570-640°C at pressures of 4-10 kbar. The amphiboles formed by this metamorphism show K-Ar ages of 110-130 Ma. The metamorphic conditions and K-Ar ages suggest that the Hegenshan ophiolite is located at the suture between the Siberian and North China continental blocks, where the continental collision in this area took place in middle Mesozoic time. Given the temporal and spatial distribution of the igneous activity around the Da Hinggan Ling Mountains, it is suggested that the extensive Yanshanian magmatism in this region resulted predominantly from a southward subduction of an oceanic plate prior to collision. Alternatively, it may possibly have resulted from the collision itself, at the final stage.  相似文献   

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