共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 989 毫秒
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The results of modeling for M2 surface and internal tides in the White Sea are discussed. These results are obtained for the case when shore-fast and drifting ice covers are present concurrently. It is assumed that the interface between ice covers is of non-tidal origin (i.e., it is pre-assigned) and that ice rheology is viscous-elastic, representative of the low temperatures typical of winter conditions. Emphasis is placed on tidal energetics and, in particular, on the averaged (over a tidal cycle) values of the density and the dissipation rate of barotropic/baroclinic tidal energy. It is shown that in the White Sea, unlike in other marginal seas, the averaged (over a tidal cycle) and depth-integrated density of baroclinic tidal energy for the combined ice cover is much less than the same defined density of barotropic tidal energy. Similarly, the averaged and integrated (over the volume of the White Sea) rate of baroclinic tidal energy dissipation is much less than the same defined rate of barotropic tidal energy dissipation. The latter, in turn, is greater than for the shore-fast ice cover, but is smaller than for the drifting ice cover. 相似文献
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J. Schneider von Deimling G. Rehder J. Greinert D.F. McGinnnis A. Boetius P. Linke 《Continental Shelf Research》2011,31(7-8):867-878
Tommeliten is a prominent methane seep area in the Central North Sea. Previous surveys revealed shallow gas-bearing sediments and methane gas ebullition into the water column. In this study, the in situ methane flux at Tommeliten is re-assessed and the potential methane transport to the atmosphere is discussed, with regards to the hydrographic setting and gas bubble modeling. We have compiled previous data, acquired new video and acoustic evidence of gas bubble release, and have measured the methane concentration, and its C-isotopic composition in the water column. Parametric subbottom sonar data reveal the three-dimensional extent of shallow gas and morphologic features relevant for gas migration. Five methane ebullition areas are identified and the main seepage area appears to be 21 times larger than previously estimated. Our video, hydroacoustic, subbottom, and chemical data suggest that ～1.5×106 mol CH4/yr (～26 tons CH4/yr) of methane gas is being released from the seepage area of Tommeliten. Methane concentration profiles in the vicinity of the gas seeps show values of up to 268 nM (～100 times background) close to the seafloor. A decrease in δ13C-CH4 values at 40 m water depth indicates an unknown additional biogenic methane source within the well oxygenated thermocline between 30 and 40 m water depth. Numerical modeling of the methane bubbles due to their migration and dissolution was performed to estimate the bubble-derived vertical methane transport, the fate of this methane in the water column, and finally the flux to the atmosphere. Modeling indicates that less than ～4% of the gas initially released at the seafloor is transported via bubbles into the mixed layer and, ultimately, to the atmosphere. However, because of the strong seasonality of mixing in the North Sea, this flux is expected to increase as mixing increases, and almost all of the methane released at the seafloor could be transferred into the atmosphere in the stormy fall and winter time. 相似文献
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In order to clarify the mechanism of carbon transport in an ice-covered ecosystem in Lake Saroma (44°N, 143°E, Hokkaido, Japan), a three-dimensional numerical calculation using a coupled ice–ocean ecosystem model was conducted. This model comprises an ocean ecosystem model, an ice ecosystem model, and equations for the coupling between ice and ocean. Comparisons of calculated results with observational data confirm that the calculation well reproduced the in situ phenomena with respect to tides, tidal currents, concentrations of POC and chlorophyll a in ice and in water, and sinking fluxes beneath the ice. The analysis of the organic carbon budget based on the calculation reveals that tide-induced transport, the enhancement of biological production in a pelagic system, and the physical release of organic matter from ice associated with ice-melting are important factors affecting the carbon transport during the ice-melting season. The carbon transport has a one-day time cycle. This is because principal driving forces are sunlight, and diurnal tides. The described mechanism of “sunlight and tidal pumping” is one of the most important features of carbon transport in a coupled ice–water ecosystem. 相似文献
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Malcolm G. McLeod 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1980,23(2):P1-P4
An essentially arbitrary function V(θ, λ) defined on the surface of a sphere can be expressed in terms of spherical harmonics where the Pnm are the seminormalized associated Legendre polynomials used in geomagnetism, normalized so that The angular brackets denote an average over the sphere. The class of functions V(θ, λ) under consideration is that normally of interest in physics and engineering. If we consider an ensemble of all possible orientations of our coordinate system relative to the sphere, then the coefficients gnm and hnm will be functions of the particular coordinate system orientation, but where for any orientation of the coordinate system (Sn is invariant under rotation of the coordinate system). The averages are over all orientations of the system relative to the sphere. It is also shown that 〈gmnglp〉 = 〈hmnhlp〉 = 0 for l ≠ m or p ≠ n and 〈gmnhlp〉 = 0 fro all n, m, p, l. 相似文献
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The resonances of tides in the coupled open ocean and shelf are modeled by a mechanical analogue consisting of a damped driven larger mass and spring (the open-ocean) connected to a damped smaller mass and spring (the shelf). When both masses are near resonance, the addition of even a very small mass can significantly affect the oscillations of the larger mass. The influence of the shelf is largest if the shelf is resonant with weak friction. In particular, an increase of friction on a near-resonant shelf can, perhaps surprisingly, lead to an increase in ocean tides. On the other hand, a shelf with large friction has little effect on ocean tides. Comparison of the model predictions with results from numerical models of tides during the ice ages, when lower sea levels led to a much reduced areal extent of shelves, suggests that the predicted larger tidal dissipation then is related to the ocean basins being close to resonance. New numerical simulations with a forward global tide model are used to test expectations from the mechanical analogue. Setting friction to unrealistically large values in Hudson Strait yields larger North Atlantic M2 amplitudes, very similar to those seen in a simulation with the Hudson Strait blocked off. Thus, as anticipated, a shelf with very large friction is nearly equivalent in its effect on the open ocean to the removal of the shelf altogether. Setting friction in shallow waters throughout the globe to unrealistically large values yields even larger open ocean tidal amplitudes, similar to those found in simulations of ice-age tides. It thus appears that larger modeled tides during the ice ages can be a consequence of enhanced friction in shallower water on the shelf in glacial times as well as a reduced shelf area then. Single oscillator and coupled oscillator models for global tides show that the maximum extractable power for human use is a fraction of the present dissipation rate, which is itself a fraction of global human power consumption. 相似文献
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The ratio of the activity coefficients of deuterated and light water (Γ) is given in chloridic saline solutions as a function of the molality of the salt components by the expression: Calculations based on the Craig-Gordon evaporation model show that in the case of evaporating brines, the salt effect on the activity coefficients of the isotopic water species results in deviation of the δ values from a constant slope “evaporation line”, when plotted on the conventional δ-diagram, of deuterium concentration versus 18O activity. Conversion of concentration data to activities eliminates these deviations to a large extent, indicating them to be an artifact of the scales employed for measuring the isotope abundance. The origin of Dead Sea waters and other natural brines is discussed in the light of these findings. 相似文献
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Lowes (1966, 1974) has introduced the function Rn defined by are the coefficients of a spherical harmonic expansion of the scalar potential of the geomagnetic field at the Earth's surface. The mean squared value of the magnetic field B = ??V on a sphere of radius r > α is given by is the Earth's radius. We refer to Rn as the spherical harmonic spatial power spectrum of the geomagnetic field.In this paper it is shown that Rn = RMn = RCn where the components RnM due to the main (or core) field and RnC due to the crustal field are given approximately by . The two components are approximately equal for n = 15.Lowes has given equations for the core and crustal field spectra. His equation for the crustal field spectrum is significantly different from the one given here. The equation given in this paper is in better agreement with data obtained on the POGO spacecraft and with data for the crustal field given by Alldredge et al. (1963).The equations for the main and crustal geomagnetic field spectra are consistent with data for the core field given by Peddie and Fabiano (1976) and data for the crustal field given by Alldredge et al. The equations are based on a statistical model that makes use of the principle of equipartition of energy and predicts the shape of both the crustal and core spectra. The model also predicts the core radius accurately. The numerical values given by the equations are not strongly dependent on the model.Equations relating average great circle power spectra of the geomagnetic field components to Rn are derived. The three field components are in the radial direction, along the great circle track, and perpendicular to the first two. These equations can, in principle, be inverted to compute the Rn for celestial bodies from average great circle power spectra of the magnetic field components. 相似文献