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1.
大斜度井、水平井的固井质量评价需求,推动了基于随钻测井仪器的固井质量评价技术的发展.本文基于弹性波传播理论,建立柱状分层介质的套管井随钻测井模型,模拟了不同水泥胶结情况的随钻声场响应,特别是其波形特征.结果表明,套管井中随钻与电缆波形特征最大的区别在于随钻波列中存在隔声衰减后的钻铤波.特别是当水泥胶结较好时,钻铤波与套管波幅度大小相近,甚至钻铤波幅度更大,而时间域上两者波形重叠,该特点使得常规电缆声波(声幅/变密度)固井质量评价方法不适用于随钻测井环境.本文考察了不同水泥胶结程度下随钻波列中套管波幅度和衰减与胶结指数的关系,形成一种同时利用幅度和衰减的随钻声波胶结指数计算方法,为随钻声波固井质量评价提供理论指导. 相似文献
2.
本文对偶极横波远探测技术在随钻测井中的应用进行了探讨.对于随钻远探测而言,井中声源向井外地层中的辐射性能是它的主控因素.本文从井孔内外声场出发,考察了随钻和电缆测井中偶极声源的辐射效率,即声源产生的辐射波能流与沿井传播的导波能流之比;分析了声源的远场辐射指向性;基于声源辐射与接收之间的互易性,快速模拟和处理了随钻测井下SH和SV横波远探测波形.研究结果表明,随钻条件下SH和SV横波的最大辐射效率受钻铤的影响较电缆的情况降低了70%左右,且横波最大辐射效率对应的优势激发频率也从电缆的3.5kHz降为2.5kHz左右;虽然随钻偶极的横波辐射效率明显降低,但由理论模拟的随钻远探测数据的成像结果可知,声源辐射到地层中的横波能量仍足以探测井外反射体,表明随钻偶极远探测技术在理论上是可行的,本文结果为随钻偶极远探测测井提供了理论依据. 相似文献
3.
在随钻测井条件下,由于钻铤占据了井孔内的大部分空间,充液井孔中沿着井轴方向传播的模式波的特性与电缆测井非常不同.本文建立了随钻正交偶极子测井声学模型,采用三维有限差分方法模拟了偶极子声源在随钻条件下各向异性地层井孔内激发的声场,研究了地层的声学各向异性在随钻正交偶极子声波测井中的响应特征.数值模拟结果表明,在随钻测井条件下,对于井轴同TI地层对称轴垂直的情况,弯曲波分裂现象仍然存在,通过正交偶极子测量方式和合适的反演算法能够准确有效地确定地层的快横波方位角,可以考虑采用同正演理论相结合的反演算法来获得地层的快、慢横波速度及声学各向异性信息;对于井轴同介质对称轴呈一定夹角的TI地层井孔,情况变得非常复杂,不同井斜倾角下弯曲波的速度的变化趋势并非同对应的地层横波速度的变化趋势完全一致,不过在一定的频段内,地层横波速度仍然是弯曲波的最主要控制因素.对于本文研究的模型,当井轴同介质对称轴的夹角大于大于60°时,此时获得的弯曲波的各向异性值基本能够反映对应角度下地层横波速度的各向异性信息. 相似文献
4.
针对孔隙渗透地层的随钻声波测井问题,用Biot-Rosenbaum孔隙弹性波测井理论推导了孔隙地层的随钻井孔声场表达式.据此考察了随钻条件下井中斯通利波的波形、相速度频散、衰减以及相速度对渗透率的灵敏度,并与电缆测井中的情况进行了对比.数值模拟结果表明,随钻条件下斯通利波对地层渗透率的灵敏度相对于电缆测井有明显增加,更有利于用来反演地层渗透率.为快捷有效地处理现场测井数据和反演计算,采用简化Biot-Rosenbaum理论和钻铤的等效模型,对随钻斯通利波的频移和时滞进行联合反演.结果表明,随钻斯通利波反演的渗透率与核磁渗透率和岩心覆压测试渗透率符合较好,并且与常规测井曲线所反映的储层性质具有较好的一致性,证明了利用随钻斯通利波评价地层渗透率的有效性. 相似文献
5.
针对横向各向同性地层随钻声波测井模型,通过模式分析的方法,考察了快速地层和慢速地层井孔内随钻单极子、偶极子和四极子声源激发的斯通利波、弯曲波和螺旋波的相速度频散和激发强度特征,计算了这些模式波对于地层弹性常数的灵敏度,并与电缆测井中的情况进行了比较.结果表明:随钻斯通利波在低频时对地层弹性常数中c66的灵敏度较电缆测井中有了很大提高,可用于反演地层水平向横波速度;随钻偶极子最低阶弯曲波在低频时不能用于直接获取地层横波信息,但在慢速地层中频率较高(例如6 kHz)时却可以间接得到地层垂直向横波速度;随钻四极子螺旋波的特征与电缆测井中的类似,可用于获取地层垂直向横波速度. 相似文献
6.
随钻单极源声波测井中,由于钻铤模式波的干扰而使地层纵波速度的测量变得困难.孔隙地层的声电转换物理效应给我们提供了通过测量转换电信号实现声学参数测量的可能性.针对随钻声电测井,采用Pride声电耦合方程组描述井外孔隙地层的声电耦合波场,考虑随钻环境条件下的边界条件,采用实轴积分法计算出了随钻声电测井瞬态响应的波场.计算结果表明,声电转换比与电缆声电测井量级相同,也说明随钻环境下声电效应是可应用的.但是,从得到的电场波形图中可以观察到,钻铤模式波成分虽有压制,但仍然存在.为了削弱钻铤模式波,鉴于钻铤的声波速度已知,我们尝试利用双发射源测井方法,通过控制源间距及合适的发射延迟时间对钻铤模式波进行进一步压制.结果表明,采用双源后的井内转换声场和电场波形中,钻铤模式波被有效地抑制,残余钻铤波的相对振幅明显减小,压制效果在电场波形中尤为明显,地层波的信噪比显著增强,有利于地层纵波速度的提取. 相似文献
7.
本文针对随钻声波测井中钻铤波干扰地层声波测量的问题,设计了小尺寸随钻声波测井探头,在实验室内开展了多极源(单极源、偶极源和四极源)随钻声波测井实验研究.先在水池中对裸露的探头进行了随钻测量,记录到了沿钻铤传播的直达钻铤波,并获得了不同声源激发的钻铤波速度.之后在砂岩和有机玻璃模型中进行了随钻声波测井实验,观测到多极源随钻测井的全波波形,并通过与水池中实验结果的对比,分析了井中钻铤波的传播特性.特别地,在偶极随钻测井实验中不仅记录到了偶极一阶钻铤波,还观测到对弯曲波干扰较大的偶极二阶钻铤波,进而研究了不同声源频率下该波群的响应特性及其对弯曲波测量的影响.此外,基于单极源和偶极源随钻声波测井实验数据,本文发现:随着声源频率的增加,单极和偶极钻铤波的传播特性不同,但它们在测井全波中的相对幅度均降低,进而可从测井全波中较好地提取地层的声波速度.本文实验结果对随钻声波测井仪器设计及测井数据解释具有重要意义. 相似文献
8.
基于孔隙介质动电效应的测量方法在油气勘探领域有着巨大的潜在应用价值.本文针对理论预测的随钻动电测井可削弱钻铤波对地层声波干扰的问题,设计了室内随钻动电测井实验装置和测量系统,并在小尺寸砂岩模型井中开展了随钻动电测井实验研究.为了突出随钻动电测井技术的特点,本文先在砂岩模型井中进行了电缆声波测井和电缆动电测井实验测量,获得了地层声波的传播速度.然后又在同一模型井中进行了随钻声波测井和随钻动电测井实验,记录了这两种情况下的测井全波波形,比较了电缆声波/动电测井和随钻声波/动电测井的差异性,并进一步分析了钻铤波和井中动电转换信号的传播特性.本文还通过随钻动电测井的时域波形提取到被测地层的纵横波速度,从实验角度验证了随钻动电测井技术测量地层波速的可行性.此外,本文实验结果对随钻动电测井的仪器设计及现场测量也有参考意义. 相似文献
9.
《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2008,(Z2)
The borehole acoustic reflection imaging logging is a newly developed acoustic logging method that has attracted many interests. These converted and reflected waves for imaging are usually mixed up with borehole guided waves and therefore difficult to be clearly identified. To improve the downhole tool design and develop more sophisticate data processing and interpretation algorithms,studies on precisely numerical modeling of the wave fields in the acoustic reflection imaging logging are neces-sary and critical. This paper developed a parallelized scheme of 3D finite difference (3DFD) with non-uniform staggered grid and PML absorbing boundary to simulate the acoustic wave fields in isotropic and anisotropic formations. Applications of this scheme to the typical cases of isotropic and anisot-ropic formations and comparison with the results from published analytical solutions have demon-strated the validation and efficiency of the scheme. Higher accuracy and lower computation cost (3.5 times faster than the conventional schemes) have been achieved with this scheme for modeling such a complex wave fields of 60 dB dynamic range with higher frequency (10 kHz). This simulating program provides a quantitative analytical means for studying acoustic reflection imaging tool and development of the data processing and interpretation methods. 相似文献
10.
In acoustic logging-while-drilling （ALWD） finite difference in time domain （FDTD） simulations, large drill collar occupies, most of the fluid-filled borehole and divides the borehole fluid into two thin fluid columns （radius -27 mm）. Fine grids and large computational models are required to model the thin fluid region between the tool and the formation. As a result, small time step and more iterations are needed, which increases the cumulative numerical error. Furthermore, due to high impedance contrast between the drill collar and fluid in the borehole （the difference is 〉30 times）, the stability and efficiency of the perfectly matched layer （PML） scheme is critical to simulate complicated wave modes accurately. In this paper, we compared four different PML implementations in a staggered grid finite difference in time domain （FDTD） in the ALWD simulation, including field-splitting PML （SPML）, multiaxial PML（M- PML）, non-splitting PML （NPML）, and complex frequency-shifted PML （CFS-PML）. The comparison indicated that NPML and CFS-PML can absorb the guided wave reflection from the computational boundaries more efficiently than SPML and M-PML. For large simulation time, SPML, M-PML, and NPML are numerically unstable. However, the stability of M-PML can be improved further to some extent. Based on the analysis, we proposed that the CFS-PML method is used in FDTD to eliminate the numerical instability and to improve the efficiency of absorption in the PML layers for LWD modeling. The optimal values of CFS-PML parameters in the LWD simulation were investigated based on thousands of 3D simulations. For typical LWD cases, the best maximum value of the quadratic damping profile was obtained using one do. The optimal parameter space for the maximum value of the linear frequency-shifted factor （a0） and the scaling factor （β0） depended on the thickness of the PML layer. For typical formations, if the PML thickness is 10 grid points, the global error can be reduced to 〈1% using the optimal PML parameters, and the error will decrease as the PML thickness increases. 相似文献
11.
在电缆测井中,可以利用偶极声场中的弯曲波反演软地层的横波速度.然而,在随钻声波测井(LWD)中,钢制钻铤的存在使得井孔结构变得复杂,同时改变了井孔声场,弯曲波也变得难以测定.此外,弯曲波与钻铤波耦合在一起,使得地层横波速度的反演变得困难.本文计算分析了随钻声场的频散曲线和激发曲线,注意到了偶极舒尔特波在较宽频带内速度频散很弱,特别是在本文研究的软地层情况下,偶极舒尔特波速度在3至25kHz的频率范围内几乎为一个常值,并且该值与地层横波速度存在一一对应关系.舒尔特波速度远小于其他模式波速度,与其他模式波在时域上易分离.相对于其他地层参数,舒尔特波对地层横波速度十分敏感.因此,它可以用来反演软地层的横波速度. 相似文献
12.
探索基于孔隙介质动电效应的随钻测井新方法是当前测井勘探领域的热点研究之一.本文针对随钻测井情况下的动(声)-电转换机理,在砂岩模型井中进行了多极源(单/偶/四极源)随钻动电测井实验研究,记录了井中声波激发动电转换波场的时域波形,给出了各分波的时间-速度图,并与多极源随钻声波测井数据进行对比,结果表明:钻铤波诱导的动电转换信号在随钻动电测井全波中的相对幅度显著降低,从而可准确提取到地层声波的传播速度,实现了利用随钻动电测井方法测量地层波速的目的,验证了随钻动电测井技术可有效抑制钻铤波的思想.本文还进一步分析了钻铤波的动电耦合特性,并结合有机玻璃模型井中随钻动电测井和无井孔模型下的随钻声波测量,研究了伴随钻铤波电场信号的传播特性和衰减规律,深入探讨了随钻动电测井全波中钻铤波被削弱的原因,并给出了定量的实验数据分析,为随钻动电测井理论模拟的解释提供有效实验数据支撑. 相似文献
13.
声波测井仪器的等效理论及其应用(英文) 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
在处理实际声波测井模式波数据或用模式波的反演地层参数时,必须考虑测井仪器对频散模式波传播的影响。本文介绍了一种用具有等效弹性模量的圆柱体来模拟声波测井仪器的等效理论,并将该理论推广应用到电缆、随钻多极子声波测井。在波长大于仪器半径的前提下,将井中的多极子声场与该等效仪器模型进行声导纳/阻抗匹配,便可导出这一理论。通过数值模拟和现场资料对该理论的有效性和实用性进行了验证,验证结果证明该理论既简单又足够精确。利用该理论模型处理实际资料时,通过调整仪器等效弹性模量和半径在给定频段标定仪器的影响,而不必考虑仪器的具体材料和结构。本文以电缆偶极子声波测井现场资料的频散校正为例,进一步证明了该等效理论处理现场资料的准确性和高效性。 相似文献
14.
常规完全匹配吸收边界(PML)对以近掠射角入射到界面上的波以及低频波、损耗波都会产生虚假边界反射.基于递归积分的不分裂复频移PML算法,利用复频移拉伸函数,极大地改善了PML边界条件的性能,我们进一步推导出基于递归积分的不分裂复频移PML弹性波方程交错网格高阶差分法,对长条形介质模型进行数值模拟,与常规PML算法进行比较说明该算法对以掠射角入射到PML界面的波以及PML层内损耗波的吸收效果. 相似文献
15.
数值计算了四极子声源在含钻铤竖直向横向各向同性(VTI)地层井孔中产生的各种模式波的频散曲线、激发幅度以及对各地层、钻铤参数的灵敏度,合成了四极子阵列波形,研究了快、慢速地层井孔中地层各向异性的存在对四极子波场的影响.数值计算结果表明,地层各向异性对钻铤波的影响很小,对于地层波的影响较大,且影响因素非常复杂.仅在一些特殊的频率点处,地层模式波的控制因素相对较为简单,如螺旋波的截止频率处.在慢速地层井孔中,最低阶的地层四极子波对距离井壁约2个井孔半径内的地层有明显的响应,可以对该范围内的地层横波进行层析成像.在快速地层井孔条件下,可以考虑采用与横波到时相同的波包来评价地层横波信息.该波包包含了井孔折射横波、F1和F2模式与井孔折射横波速度相接近的部分;利用该波包获得的地层横波速度基本不受地层各向异性的影响.在慢速地层情况下,螺旋波受地层各向异性的影响较大,建议在实际数据处理时,考虑采用基于数据的处理方法进行频散校正. 相似文献
16.
《Journal of Applied Geophysics》2000,43(1):91-100
In well log interpretation, it is frequently necessary to correct logs for invasion. Invasion occurs in permeable formations when there is a radial differential pressure (RDP) between the borehole and formation. Other factors on which invasion depend include saturation, mobility, pressure (RDP) and capillary pressure, permeability and viscosity of fluids, and temperature transient effects associated with the mud filtrate injected into the formation. Thus, simulation of realistic invasion is not an easy task. This work reviews the famous Buckley–Leverett mathematical model in cylindrical coordinates appropriate for borehole geometries. The model predicts multiphase invasion in porous media when gravity, capillary pressure, and mud cake can be neglected. One application is to correct logging while drilling (LWD) and wireline resistivity logs for time-dependent invasion and formation temperature effects. This is important, for example, when there are possible large differences in formation and mud temperature. Modeling studies show these effects can be large enough to noticeably influence resistivity logs. However, after correction, difference in LWD and wireline logs arising from the time-dependent heat process are explained. Thus, the method, when coupled to a time-dependent heat flow model, and a response function formulation of resistivity, yields new insight into the influence of thermal and electrical transients in log interpretation. 相似文献
17.
Recent studies have revealed the great potential of acoustic reflection logging in detecting near borehole fractures and vugs. The new design of acoustic reflection imaging tool with a closest spacing of 10.6m and a certain degree of phase steering makes it easier to extract the reflection signals from the borehole mode waves. For field applications of the tool, we had developed the corresponding processing software: Acoustic Reflection Imaging. In this paper, we have further developed an effective data processing flow by employing multi‐scale slowness‐time‐coherence for reflection wave extraction and incorporating reverse time migration for imaging complicated subtle structures with the strong effects of borehole environment. Applications of the processing flow to synthetic data of acoustic reflection logging in a fractured formation model and interface model with fluid filled borehole generated by 2D finite difference method, and to the physical modelling data from a laboratory water tank, as well as to the field data from two wells in a western Chinese oil field, demonstrate the validity and capability of our multi‐scale slowness‐time‐coherence and reverse time migration algorithms. 相似文献
18.
幅度大的钻铤波掩盖地层信号是困扰随钻声波测井技术的难题,认识钻铤波特性对于消除或有效降低钻铤波至关重要.记录岩石动电效应引起电磁场的随钻动电测井,被认为有望彻底解决钻铤波干扰问题.本文采用有限差分法,模拟不同钻铤、不同井孔结构的随钻声场,对比分析了单极源钻铤波的传播特性,阐明存在伴随钻铤波动电信号的原因.结果表明:钻铤声波在沿钻铤传播时向外部介质辐射能量,透过井壁进入地层的具有视钻铤波速度的声波,与地层纵横波一样可发生动电转化,因而可导致随钻动电测井时产生钻铤波速度的电磁信号.计算还表明,高频情况下,随钻声波测井钻铤波呈现两阶模式:具有低频截止频率的高阶钻铤波幅度较小,其速度略低于钻铤纵波速度;无截止频率的低阶钻铤波幅度较大,其波速在高频时甚至低于钻铤横波速度.这种频散特性和多阶模式特性,是径向多分层开波导结构的导波属性. 相似文献
19.
采用有限差分方法对基于圆弧片状声源和接收器的三维随钻反射声波成像测井进行模拟,研究了反射信号的幅度、相位等参数随方位和源距的变化规律,着重分析了利用该方法在水平井中对地层界面进行探测的可行性.研究结果表明,钻铤的存在使得圆弧片状声源能够向固定方位辐射声场,其主瓣三分贝角宽窄,旁瓣级低,向目的方位辐射的纵波场的幅度约为传统环状声源的0.6倍,适用于三维随钻反射声波成像测井;对于本文计算的井孔模型,反射波信号约为井孔导波信号的1/100;随着源距的增加,反射纵波幅度逐渐减小,转换波(P-SV、SV-P)的幅度先增加后减小,反射SV波的幅度增加,建议在实际应用中,选择合适源距的波形进行处理,并对其他非目的波动进行压制,以期获得更好的成像效果.本文模拟了在水平井中对地层上下界面进行探测的例子,结果显示,反射波纵波信号有较好的方位分辨率,能够准确获得井外波阻抗不连续界面的方位,而且对上、下界面的成像互不影响. 相似文献
20.
THE APPLICATION OF PML BOUNDARY CODITIONS IN THE SIMULATION OF SEISMIC WAVE BY THE HIGH-ORDER STAGGERED-GRID FINITE DIFFERENCES AT THE TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC MEDIA 
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下载免费PDF全文 In the realm of the numerical simulation, finite difference method and finite element method are more intuitive and effective than other simulation methods. In the process of simulating seismic wave propagation, the finite differences method is widely used because of its high computational efficiency and the advantage of the algorithm is more efficient. With the demand of precision, more and more researchers have proposed more effective methods of finite differences, such as the high-order staggered-grid finite differences method, which can restore the actual process of wave propagation on the premise of ensuring accuracy and improving the efficiency of operation. In the past numerical simulation of seismic wave field, different models of isotropic medium are mostly used, but it is difficult to reflect the true layer situation. With the research demand of natural seismology and seismic exploration, the research on anisotropic media is more and more extensive. Transversely isotropic(TI)media can well simulate the seismic wave propagation in the formation medium, such as gas-bearing sandstone, mudstone, shale et al., the character of TI media is reflected by introducing the Thomsen parameters to reflect its weak anisotropy of vertical direction by using Thomson parameter. Therefore, studying the process of seismic wave propagation in TI media can restore the true information of the formation to the greatest extent, and provide a more reliable simulation basis for the numerical simulation of seismic wave propagation. In the geodynamic simulation and the numerical simulation of the seismic wave field, under the limited influence of the calculation area, if no boundary conditions are added, a strong artificial boundary reflection will be generated, which greatly reduces the validity of the simulation. In order to minimize the influence of model boundaries on the reflection of seismic waves, it is often necessary to introduce absorbing boundary conditions. At present, there are three types of absorption boundary conditions: one-way wave absorption boundary, attenuation absorption boundary, and perfectly matched layer(PML)absorption boundary. In terms of numerical simulation of seismic waves, the boundary absorption effect of PML is stronger than the first two, which is currently the most commonly used method, and it also represents the cutting-edge development direction of absorption boundary technology. The perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary is effectively applied to eliminating the reflective waves from model boundaries, but for transversely isotropic medium, the effect of the absorbing is not very well. For this reason, the elastic dynamic wave equations in transversely isotropic media are derived, and we describe a second-order accurate time, tenth-order accurate space, formulation of the Madariaga-Virieux staggered-grid finite difference methods with the perfectly matched layer(PML)are given. In addition, we have established vertical transversely isotropic(VTI)media and arbitrary inclined tilted transversely isotropic(TTI)media models, using a uniform half-space velocity model and a two-layer velocity model, respectively. By combining the actual geoscience background, we set the corresponding parameters and simulation conditions in order to make our model more research-oriented. When setting model parameters, different PML thickness, incident angle, source frequency and velocity layer models were transformed to verify the inhibition of boundary reflection effect by PML absorption boundary layer. The implementations of this simulation show that the formula is correct and for the transversely isotropic(TI)media of any angular symmetry axis, when the thickness of the PML layer reaches a certain value, the seismic wave reflection effect generated by the artificial boundary can be well suppressed, and the absorption effect of PML is not subject to changes in incident angle and wave frequency. Therefore, the results of our study indicate that our research method can be used to simulate the propagation process of seismic waves in the transversely isotropic(TI)media without being affected by the reflected waves at the model boundary to restore the actual formation information and more valuable geological research. 相似文献