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2008年5月12日，四川省汶川县发生MS8.0地震.我们利用美国阿拉斯加区域台网的部分宽频带地震台构成广义台阵， 应用非平面波台阵技术——迁移叠加方法，获得了这次地震的高频（>0.1 Hz）能量辐射源随时间和空间变化的图像.图像表明，这次地震破裂从震中开始向北东方向扩展约300 km，震源过程至少长达90 s，平均破裂速度为3.4 km/s；整个过程可分为两大阶段，前段持续时间50 s，破裂长度约110 km，破裂传播的平均速度为2.2 km/s，后段持续时间约40 s，长度约190 km，平均破裂速度为4.8 km/s.这意味着地震过程的后期似乎发生了超S波破裂，而且后段很可能为前段动态触发所致. 相似文献
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基于一维单侧有限移动震源模式,根据地震波传播过程中的多普勒效应,分别利用P波和S波拐角频率的方位变化,反演2012年7月20日江苏高邮、宝应交界MS4.9地震的发震断层面参数。P波和S波拐角频率的反演结果一致显示:本次地震的断层面破裂方向为232°左右,破裂面呈NE-SW向;地震马赫数v/c为0.2左右,平均破裂速度小于S波速度,破裂长度较短,为0.2~0.3km左右。破裂面方位与震源机制解、宏观烈度调查和余震精定位的研究结果具有一致性,结合震区周边的地质构造背景,分析认为滁河断裂很可能是高邮、宝应交界MS4.9地震的发震构造。 相似文献
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2000年6月4日印度尼西亚苏门答腊南部 Ms 8.0地震的时空破裂过程 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用全球地震台网的长周期地震仪记录到的远震体波反演了 2 0 0 0年 6月 4日印度尼西亚苏门答腊南部MS8 0地震的时空破裂过程。从P波和S波提取的震源时间函数的方向性效应都清楚地表明 :走向为 199°的节面为断层面 ,地震是从东北向西南方向的单侧破裂。这次地震破裂持续了约 16s。破裂区长约 95km ,宽约 6 0km ,平均静态位错约 11m ,最大静态位错达2 7m。平均静态应力降约为 90MPa ,最大静态应力降达 2 2 0MPa。 相似文献
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用中国数字地震台网（CDSN）的长周期波形资料反演了1997年11月8日中国西藏玛尼地区MS7.9地震的地震矩张量,用频率域里反褶积方法从P波和S波震相中分别提取了震源时间函数,并经反演依赖于方位的震源时间函数获取了断层面上破裂随时空变化的图象．矩张量反演结果表明:玛尼地震发震应力场的P轴和T轴均接近于水平,P轴在NNE方向（方位角29,倾角7）,T轴在SEE方向(方位角122,倾角23),断层错动以走滑为主;标量地震矩为3.41020 Nm,矩震级MW=7.6．由矩张量反演得到的震源时间函数显示,这次地震是由一次较小事件和较大事件组成的,较小事件大约持续5 s,较大事件持续约10 s．由余震分布可推断出玛尼地震的发震断层是走向为250、以走滑为主的左旋-逆断层,断层面的倾角比较陡,约88．根据反演结果计算了理论格林函数,然后用反褶积方法提取了震源时间函数．从不同台站的P波和S波中分别提取的震源时间函数一致表明这次地震破裂的时间历史比较简单,可用一宽度约10 s的正弦形的函数近似表示．进一步反演从不同台站上得到的、依赖于方位的P波和S波震源时间函数,获得了断层面上滑动的时空分布图象．从破裂的记忆式快照看,破裂开始于断层的西端,然后向东向下发展,总体上具有单侧破裂的特征．破裂面由3个破裂子区构成．一个在断层西端,深度约10 km(西区);另一个距断层西端约55 km,深度约35 km(东区);第3个距断层西端约30 km,深度约40 km(中区)．３个破裂子区构成约长70 km,宽60 km的破裂面．从破裂的遗忘式快照看,这次地震的破裂过程是相当复杂的,在不同时刻断层面上发生错动的地点并不相同,显示出这次地震的破裂过程具有愈合脉冲的特征,而且在断层面上的某些部位发生了多次错动;另一特征是最先和最后破裂的部位都不是主要的破裂区．根据标量地震矩计算了断层面上静态位错的分布,位错最高的3处（西区、东区和中区）的位错值分别为956 cm,743 cm和1 060 cm．由断层面上位错的分布推知,破裂主要集中在震中以东长约70 km的断层上;从余震的分布看,震中以西余震稀疏而震中以东余震密集．这些都表明这次玛尼MS7.9地震是北东东-南西西向至近东-西向断层向东扩展的结果． 相似文献
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基于新疆区域数字地震台网震相观测报告, 采用双差定位方法对2019年新疆疏附MS5.1地震序列ML≥1.0地震进行重定位, 采用CAP波形反演方法, 获得了主震的震源机制解和震源矩心深度, 进而综合分析了本次地震可能的发震构造。 结果表明, 疏附5.1级地震震源位置为39.59°N, 75.57°E, 初始破裂深度为18 km, 震源矩心深度为18 km。 重定位后的地震序列呈两个优势方向展布, 分别为NEE向和NE向分支, NEE向为主要的余震优势分布区域, 呈长约13 km窄带状分布在喀什断裂附近。 另一条优势分布为沿NE向长度约9 km, 这可能与喀什断裂阶区有关。 深度剖面显示, 地震震源深度主要集中分布在8~20 km。 沿NEE走向深度剖面显示, 疏附5.1级地震破裂于深部, 余震沿优势分布的震源深度自SWW向NEE呈现逐渐加深的变化特征。 垂直于震中优势分布的深度剖面显示, 本次地震发震断层面倾向为N倾。 震源机制解显示本次地震断错类型为逆冲型, 结合震源深度剖面特征推断节面Ⅰ为本次地震的发震断层面。 综合地震序列空间分布特征、 震源机制以及震源区地质资料, 推测此次地震的发震构造可能为喀什断裂, 余震向浅部扩展。 相似文献
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利用远震资料、近场强震资料和合成孔径雷达干涉同震形变资料确定了2017年8月9日精河MS6.6地震的断层面参数及震源破裂细节。为得到可靠的断层几何参数,发展了一套基于InSAR数据滑动分布反演的三维格点搜索流程,对本次地震断层面的走向、倾角和震源深度进行了格点搜索。结果显示,地震断层面走向为95°,倾角为47°,震源深度为14 km。基于搜索得到的断层模型进行破裂过程联合反演的结果显示:精河MS6.6地震为一次单侧破裂事件,最大滑动量约为0.8 m,滑动区域集中在断层面上震源以西5—15 km,沿倾向15—25 km,破裂主要发生在10 km深度以下区域。断层面上的平均滑动角为106°。整个破裂过程释放的标量地震矩为3.6×1018 N·m,对应矩震级为MW6.3。破裂过程持续约9 s,期间的破裂速度约为2.1—2.6 km/s。由于地震破裂主要集中在10 km以下,未来可能需要关注该区域0—10 km发生潜在地震的可能性。 相似文献
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从全球数字地震台网的长周期记录中，选择了震中距小于90的27个台站的54个P波震相和44个S波震相资料．首先，用波形反演方法确定了2001年1月26日印度古杰拉特(Gujarat)ＭS7.8地震的地震矩张量、震源机制、震源时间函数和时空破裂过程等震源参数．通过矩张量反演，并根据Kutch Mainland断层的走向、地震烈度的空间分布、余震震源的空间分布和震害的空间分布，确认2001年1月26日印度古杰拉特ＭS7.8地震的发震断层的走向为92、倾角为58、滑动角为62，即一走向近东-西向、断层面向南倾斜、以逆冲为主的左旋-逆断层．这次地震所释放的地震矩为3.51020 Nm，矩震级ＭW＝7.6．然后，借助合成地震图，采用频率域求谱商的方法，得到了依赖于台站方位的27个P波震源时间函数、22个S波震源时间函数以及平均的P波震源时间函数和S波震源时间函数．对震源时间函数的分析表明，这次地震是一次连续的破裂事件，开始比较急遽，但结束比较迟缓，总持续时间约19 s．最后，以所提取的P波和S波震源时间函数为资料，采用时间域的反演技术得到了断层面上滑动的时空分布．滑动量在断层面上的静态分布表明，断层面上的最大滑动量约为7 m．断层面上的最大应力降约为30 MPa，平均应力降约为7 MPa．滑动量大于0.5 m的区域在走向方向长85 km，在断层面倾斜方向宽约60 km(相应地，在深度方向约51 km)．破裂向东扩展约50 km，向西扩展约35 km．滑动量大于0.5 m的区域的主要部分呈椭圆形，其长轴取向与断层滑动方向一致．表明此区域破裂扩展的方向即是断层错动的方向．这种现象对于走滑断层情形是多见的，但对逆冲断层情形却少见．断层面上初始破裂点以东、以上部分面积大于初始破裂点以西、以下部分的面积，这是破裂非对称性的表现，表明破裂具有自西向东、自下向上单侧破裂的特征．从滑动率随时空变化的快照可以看出，滑动率在第4 s达到最大值，此时滑动率约为0.2 m/s，滑动基本上发生在破裂起始点及其周围．从第6 s开始，起始点的破裂基本结束，破裂开始向外围扩展．破裂向西的扩展速度明显小于向东的扩展速度．在第15 s，这种环形的扩展基本结束．自16 s以后，主要是一些零星的破裂点分布在破裂区的外围．从滑动量随时空变化的快照看，破裂自起始点开始后，逐渐向四周扩展．主要的破裂(滑动量大于5 m的区域)在6～10 s，具有明显的自西向东、向上的单侧破裂特征．在第11～13 s，破裂的西端向西、向下有所扩展．整个破裂过程持续约19 s．在整个破裂过程中的平均破裂速度约为3.3 km/s． 相似文献
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S．Lambotte L．Rivera J．Hinderer 《世界地震译丛》2007,(4):7-12
亚齐-苏门答腊2004年地震很强地激发了地球自由振荡。完全分裂的振幅提供了地震震源的有用信息。特别是分裂的单峰相位约束了持续时间、破裂长度和平均破裂速度。为约束震源的时空有限性,我们分析了地球的某些极慢自由振荡(0S2,0S3,0S0和1S0)的初始相位。我们使用了几个世界范围的地球物理台网的宽频带地震仪垂直记录和超导重力仪数据。估计的该地震的破裂长度约为1220km,震源持续时间约为500s,平均破裂速度为2·4km/s。 相似文献
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结合已有的地质、余震分布及地震宏观考察资料,使用全球数字地震台网(GDSN)宽频带P波数据,利用波形拟合和有限断层的全局混合反演方法研究了1996年3月19日新疆阿图什地震的震源破裂时空过程.结果表明,这次地震是发生在柯坪断裂带的哈帕雷克断层上的一次具有逆倾和较小走滑分量的由西向东单侧破裂事件.断层面的走向为252°,倾角30°,震源深度为13km,震源持续时间为15s.破裂面上的滑动分布主要由两部分构成:初始破裂0.3m对应较小上升时间0.8s;最大滑动尺度1.0m则位于沿破裂方向离初始点约25km处,相应的上升时间为3.5s.由于微观震中是指震源开始破裂的地方,而宏观震中则代表地面破坏最严重的区域,我们的反演结果解释了其他研究者得出的微观震中与宏观震中相距约30km的结论. 相似文献
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《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2014,(12)
正SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences,an academic journal cosponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China,and published by Science China Press and Springer,is committed to publishing high-quality,original results in both basic and applied research. 相似文献
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《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2014,(9)
正SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences,an academic journal cosponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China,and published by Science China Press and Springer,is committed to publishing high-quality,original results in 相似文献
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In natural waters arsenic concentrations up to a few milligrams per litre were measured. The natural content of arsenic found in soils varies between 0.01 mg/kg and a few hundred milligrams per kilogram. Anthropogenic sources of arsenic in the environment are the smelting of ores, the burning of coal, and the use of arsenic compounds in many products and production processes in the past. A lot of arsenic compounds are toxic and cause acute and chronic poisoning. In aqueous environment the inorganic arsenic species arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)) are the most abundant species. The mobility of these species is influenced by the pH value, the redox potential, and the presence of adsorbents such as oxides and hydroxides of Fe(III), Al(III), Mn(III/IV), humic substances, and clay minerals. 相似文献
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Due to deleterious effects on non-target organisms, the use of organotin compounds on boat hulls of small vessels (<25 m) has been widely prohibited. The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) resolved that the complete prohibition on organotin compounds acting as biocides in antifouling systems should commence in 2008. As a result of restrictions on the use of organotin based paints, other antifouling formulations containing organic biocides have been utilised. This survey was conducted to assess the contamination of replacement biocides in the marine environment following the ban of TBT-based paints. Surface sediments samples were collected in the major ports and marinas along the France Mediterranean coastline (Cote d’Azur) and analysed for organotin compounds, Irgarol 1051, Sea-nine 211TM, Chlorothalonil, Dichlofluanid and Folpet. Every port and marina exhibited high levels of organotin compounds, with concentrations in sediments ranging from 37 ng Sn g−1dry wt in Menton Garavan to over 4000 ng Sn g−1dry wt close to the ship chandler within the port of Villefranche-sur-Mer. TBT degradation indexes suggested that fresh inputs are still made. Among the other antifoulants monitored, only Irgarol 1051 exhibited measurable concentrations in almost every port, with concentrations ranging from 40 ng g−1dry wt (Cannes) to almost 700 ng g−1dry wt (Villefranche-sur-Mer, ship chandler). 相似文献
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Ian R. Falconer 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2005,33(1):64-71
Microcystins are cyclic heptapeptide toxins produced by a range of cyanobacterial genera. These cyanobacteria occur naturally in drinking water reservoirs subject to eutrophication, and in rivers and natural lakes. Because of the diversity of organisms, the toxins occur, from oligo‐mesotrophic lakes in North Temperate latitudes, to hypertrophic tropical ponds. The toxins are responsible for numerous cases of injury and death of domestic animals, and human poisoning from drinking water. The initial poisoning includes hepatic cell death. This leads to secondary effects from liver deficiency, including jaundice and photosensitisation. The toxic effects are largely due to inhibition of phosphatase enzymes, acting to regulate protein phosphorylation. The consequences include structural damage, apoptosis and, at lower concentrations, cell cycle effects and tumour promotion. As there is no clear evidence for direct carcinogenesis by microcystins, they are classed as non‐carcinogenic toxins in drinking water. Guideline Values for safe drinking water are derived from data for subchronic rodent toxicity, using the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (the highest dose giving no toxicity). To this dose are applied uncertainty factors, to calculate a Tolerable Daily Intake. On the basis of a standard bodyweight and water consumption the Guideline Value is determined for drinking water. For microcystin‐LR the WHO have set a provisional Guideline Value of 1 μg/L for drinking water. 相似文献
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The geomagnetic field and secular variation exhibit asymmetrical spatial features which are possibly originating from an heterogeneous thermal control of the Earth's lower mantle on the core. The identification of this control in magnetic data is subject to several difficulties, some of which can be alleviated by the use of core surface flow models. Using numerical dynamos driven by heterogeneous boundary heat flux, we confirm that within the parameter space accessible to simulations, time average surface flows obey a simple thermal wind equilibrium between the Coriolis and buoyancy forces, the Lorentz, inertial and viscous forces playing only a secondary role, even for Elsasser numbers significantly larger than 1. Furthermore, we average the models over the duration of three vortex turnovers, and correlate them with a longer time average which fully reveals the signature of boundary heterogeneity. This allows us to quantify the possibility of observing mantle control in core surface flows averaged over a short time period. A scaling analysis is performed in order to apply the results to the Earth's core. We find that three vortex turnovers could represent between 100 and 360 years of Earth time, and that the heat flux heterogeneity at the core-mantle boundary could be large enough to yield an observable signature of thermal mantle control in a time average core surface flow within reach of the available geomagnetic data. 相似文献
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Richard McCreary John McGaughey Yves Potvin Dave Ecobichon Marty Hudyma Harald Kanduth Alain Coulombe 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1992,139(3-4):349-373
Located in northern Québec, the Lac Shortt Mine was a small gold mine consisting of a thin subvertical orebody which was mined in three main phases. High stress and rockbursting conditions were experienced when ore was extracted in the upper zone between the surface and a depth of 500 metres during the first two phases of mining. Severe rockbursts were experienced in late 1989 near the shaft and in the footwall development following a deepening of the mine shaft to a depth of 830 m and partial development of footwall drift access for the third phase of mining (the mining of the lower zone starting at a depth of 830 m moving upward toward a depth of 500 m). A 16-channel Electrolab MP250 microseismic system, with a Queen's University Full-Waveform piggy-back system, was installed underground at the site due to these problems.It was expected that the thinning sill would be subjected to an ever-increasing load as the thickness of the 500 m sill pillar decreased in the face of the mining excavation from below. A monitoring program consisting of the microseismic monitoring system, a range of conventional geomechanics monitoring tools as well as the undertaking of periodic seismic tomography surveys to assess the ongoing state of stress and rock mass condition within the sill was therefore warranted.The anomalously high-magnitude stress field and the brittle rockmass created a situation in which rockmass failure was common and violent. In the creation and thinning of the sill pillar, the location of banded microseismic activity was crucial in tracing rockmass failure and the associated ground control problems. Reliable source-location determination enabled the identification of areas of stress increase. The movement of the rockmass failure front could be followed, and was responsible for stope dilution, footwall and orebody development deterioration, and caving.Source-mechanism analyses gave accurate double-couple solutions for approximately forty percent of these events having at least ten recognizable polarities. Results suggested movement along vertical north-south striking or vertical east-west striking features. Underground observation of damaged access points showed that vertical north-south striking joints were experiencing failure.The microseismic activity, which was consistently concentrated close to the southwest and northeast corners of current production stopes, could be explained by a stress field oriented obliquely to the strike of the orebody, as measured prior to shrinkage of the sill pillar byin situ stress measurements and observed borehole overbreaks. The orientations of theP andT axes for the microseismic activity further confirmed that the stress field oriented obliquely to strike.While an increase in compressional-wave velocity of 2.3 percent, corresponding to a measured stress increase of approximately 10 MPa could be measured by repeated tomographic surveys, it was relatively small and only a factor of two or so above the velocity measured uncertainty. The relative insensitivity of thein situ rock mass modulus to the applied stress is believed to be largely due to the rockmass discontinuities being relatively closed prior to stress increase, as substantiated by the small deformations seen by the extensometer and borehole camera. This situation existed because of the very high pre-mining stress level.The experimental demonstration that the rock could not absorb substantially increased load through the mechanism of discontinuity closure or tightening (which would be reflected in the modulus) may be evidence in itself of potentially burst-prone ground, such as encountered at Lac Shortt. 相似文献
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《水文科学杂志》2013,58(4):704-712
Abstract The upper Niger and Volta rivers exhibit a great and highly contrasting variability of inter-annual runoff. The Bani River, the largest tributary to the Niger River in Mali, shows a dramatic decrease in runoff after the 1970s, with the result that many boreholes in the region have dried up since the drought began. In contrast, the Nakambe River (Upper Volta basin, in Burkina Faso) shows an increase in runoff for the same period, leading to unexpected flood peaks that damaged infrastructures. The contribution that the groundwater and its variability make to surface runoff variability is assessed in this study by comparing the data of the national groundwater monitoring networks of Mali and Burkina Faso to surface runoff. Several variables are compared at the basin scale: the date of the maximum level of the water table, the annual rainfall, discharge, low flows and depletion coefficients. Variability in the low flows of the Bani River is well correlated to a decrease in the water table. Since 1970, the greater decrease in runoff in comparison to the rainfall decrease is due to a reduction in the baseflow, related to the cumulated rainfall deficit. Concerning the Nakambe River, the runoff increase is not supported by a water table increase, but is due to the increase in runoff coefficient related to land degradation. 相似文献
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The inability to detect the presence of viable Helicobacter pylori bacteria in environmental waters has hindered the public health community in assessing the role water may play in the transmission of this pathogen. This work describes a cultural enrichment method coupled with an H. pylori‐specific PCR to identify these bacteria in water. While far from perfected at the present time, this represents an exciting new approach to studying the significance of water as a transmission mechanism for H. pylori. Evidence is presented that indicates culturable H. pylori bacteria were found using this enrichment/PCR method in a local groundwater source. 相似文献