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1.
In homogeneous half spaces excited by small buried, spherically symmetric P-wave sources, Rayleigh waves (R-waves) could be generated. The effects of the source depth on the induced wave pattern and propagation behavior of R-waves are analyzed using the thin layer method. When a cavity is present in a homogeneous half space, R-waves could be formed in the scattered wave field. It is found that the energy of R-waves in the incident (direct) surface wave-field is related to the ratio of the source depth to the wavelength of R-waves; R-waves have relatively strong energy when the ratio is less than 1; the buried source induced R-waves approximately travel at the velocity of the planar R-waves in the range of the offset beyond about one wavelength; the energy of R-waves in the back-scattered surface wave-field depends on the ratio of the depth of cavity to the wavelength of R-waves; and for the case of the cavity presented at depths less than one wavelength, R-waves can be clearly observed in the back-scattered wave field. The results are helpful for selecting the source depth and the frequency component in seismic surveys and interpreting both the incident wave and the scattered wave patterns. 相似文献
2.
Peaks of transient strains in a layer over semi-infinite half space are amplified by interference during up- and down-propagating waves, and they depend upon the impedance ratio of the layer and of the half space, as well as the wavelength. The amplification of incident motion on the ground surface is usually described in the frequency space for the response to a steady state, periodic excitation. To understand how this amplification develops for transient responses and for applications in which the linear theory leads to satisfactory answers, this paper describes the amplification in time in a layer excited by a shear-wave pulse. It is shown that the maximum amplification is equal to 2 for a “stiff” layer on a “soft” half space, and equal to 4 for a “soft” layer on a “stiff” half space, when the layer thickness corresponds to the quarter wavelength of the wave in the layer. 相似文献
3.
本文基于对南海东北部东沙海域近期采集的多道反射地震资料进行重新处理获得新的地震海洋学数据,分析了该海域内孤立波/内孤立波包、沙丘上方和陡坎附近特殊反射结构特征,从而提供了新的海水层与海底相互作用依据.研究结果表明,除之前已发表文章中地震海洋学资料显示存在的第一模态内孤立波/波包和沙丘上方常见的反射样式-披毛状发射外,地震海洋学资料上还发现了第二模态内孤立波、陡坎上方的上抬型波动反射结构样式.在新的地震海洋学数据中,第一模态内孤立波振幅均小于50 m,宽度上都小于5 km,单个内孤立波的最大振幅约为45 m.内孤立波包的内孤立波振幅都相对较小,均小于40 m,并且与之前不同的是,彼此之间振幅相差不大,没有明显的排列规律.此次地震海洋学数据记录到的第二模态内孤立波,形态较为完整,上层和下层反射的振幅相差不大,在30 m左右;中间层大约在水深130 m位置处,垂向结构的整体大小大于200 m.沙丘上方反射结构普遍存在弱反射层,可能是湍流边界层,并且存在特殊反射样式-披毛状反射.但并不是沙丘上方都存在披毛状反射样式,本文分析它出现在地震海洋学资料上可能是受测线与沙丘走向之间夹角的影响.陡坎区域的水层反射结构则表现为上抬型波动,并常常伴随着同相轴连续性的变化.该波动的大小及反射同相轴的连续性可能取决于陡坎的高度/坡度及水层动力的强度,新数据中出现的一个上抬型波动,高度达20~30 m,它的附近水层还存在一个形态不完整的内孤立波.陡坎附近的水层反射也常常出现弱反射带和小的波动. 相似文献
4.
地震波在热弹性介质中的衰减性质及其相应Q值的计算方法 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
该文得出热弹性介质中波的基本形式有准弹性纵波、横波和具有有限传播速度的温度波,并指出横波在传播过程中同其在完全弹性介质中一样是不衰减的,而准弹性纵波和温度波是相互伴随的、衰减的。其次,给出了具有两种不同传播速度的准弹性纵波的基本形式。最后,将地震P波看作由初始位移扰动的准弹性纵波,就固定频率和固定波长两种情况分别给出了相应Qr值的计算公式和近似公式。通常人们是利用多台的地震波资料在空间域中计算Qr值,而本文得到的时间域中Qr值的近似公式,为利用单台地震P波资料计算Qr值提供了一种方法。 相似文献
5.
Introduction Head wave is one of the main phases of local seismic arrivals, and it is important in the study of the crustal structure and the physical characteristics of the transition-zone between the crust and the mantle. So far, the kinetic characteristics of head wave such as arrival time have been widely used, while the dynamic characteristics of head wave like amplitude were usually ignored al-though it includes more information of the structure. In this article, we shall investigate the… 相似文献
6.
利用合成理论地震图方法研究了存在高速层或低速层的地壳模型及壳-幔过渡带模型中首波等震相的动力学特征，指出首波的特征对于高速层的结构变化比较敏感．当高速层厚度与特征波长相比较小时，地震波的衍射现象明显，这种情况下高速层不能屏蔽在其下面一层的上界面传播的首波，且该首波震相的强度随高速层厚度或速度的增加而递减；当高速层厚度与特征波长相当时，高速层底面的反射波震相与首波震相到时接近，会因互相干涉而减弱；对于低速层，首波震相强度较弱且随低速层速度的减小而递减；在壳-幔间断处引入一定厚度和速度变化范围的过渡带，可以得到更加明显的视首波震相，强度随过渡带厚度或速度变化范围的增加而增大． 相似文献
7.
E. L. Afraimovich I. K. Edemsky S. V. Voeykov Yu. V. Yasukevich I. V. Zhivetiev 《Geomagnetism and Aeronomy》2010,50(1):79-95
The morphology of medium-scale traveling wave packets is for the first time presented based on the total electron content
(TEC), measured at the global network of GPS receivers (up to 1500 stations) during the long period (from 1998 to 2007) and
at the GPS/GEONET dense Japan network (1220 stations) in 2008—2009. In the time domain, these packets are chains of narrowband
TEC variations (trains) with a duration of about 1—2 h, a total duration of up to 6 h, and a variation period of 10—30 min.
In the winter Northern Hemisphere, traveling wave packets are observed mostly 3 h after the passage of the morning solar terminator.
In the equinox they appear after the passage of the solar terminator without a pronounced delay or advance. In summer traveling
wave packets are registered 1.5—2 h before the appearance of the evening solar terminator at the observation point when the
solar terminator passes in the magnetically conjugate region. The spatial structure of traveling wave packets is characterized
by a high degree of anisotropy and coherence at a distance larger than ten wavelengths (the wavelength is 100—300 km). A high
quality of the oscillatory system and synchronization with the appearance of the solar terminator at the observation point
and in the magnetically conjugate region indicate that the generation of traveling wave packets by the solar terminator is
of the MHD nature. Our results for the first time experimentally confirm the hypothesis that the solar terminator generates
ion sound waves, proposed by Huba et al. [2000b]. 相似文献
8.
The effect of placing barriers in the travel path of P, SV and SH seismic waves has been studied using time-domain solutions of plane-strain finite element programs for two-dimensional crustal models. The wavefields considered propagate parallel to the free surface of an elastic medium consisting of a single layer over a halfspace. Barriers take the form of open-air trenches. Effects of damping are assessed by considering representative viscoelastic conditions. Computations are presented as the ratio of spectral energy observed at a point with the barrier system in place in the model to the spectral energy observed at the same point without the barrier system in the model. These spectral ratios are dependent upon the direction of wave propagation. The calculations brought to light the marked role of surficial layering and attenuation properties of the surface rocks or soils on the effectiveness of seismic trench barriers. Barrier models without these features cannot in general reliably predict seismic wavefields at the surface. In the range of cases studied, trench depth d rather than width is the most sensitive parameter. When the ratio d/λ, the ratio of trench depth to the wavelength of shear waves, is greater than about 0·6, power spectral ratios of 0·06 and less are found for SH waves and the vertical component of SV motion for frequencies of 4–6 Hz. By contrast, for frequencies less than 3–4 Hz, power spectral ratios from unity to about two and greater are observed, indicating amplification for the horizontal component of wave motion. Spectral ratios calculated at some locations in front of the barrier system show over two-fold amplification. Spectral ratios also change significantly with the relative location of the free surface observation point. 相似文献
9.
The combination of high strain modulus from conventional light weight deflectometer (LWD) analysis and low strain modulus from LWD-induced seismic analysis would move the pavement community towards field characterization of non-linear soil stiffness for use in mechanistic-empirical pavement design. This paper explores the experimental and numerical analysis of surface seismic waves during conventional light weight deflectometer testing. Field experiments were conducted on clay, silt and gravel soils to characterize the nature of LWD-induced surface waves and to determine both low and high strain moduli. The usable high frequency limit was found to be 300 Hz for LWD-induced surface waves, enabling the low strain modulus characterization of the top 0.3–0.5-m-thick soil layer. A numerical investigation revealed that modal interference is a significant contributor to near field effects, and that a distance of one wavelength between the LWD center and receiver array center is required to minimize these effects. The LWD-induced surface wave strain levels at a 1 m offset from the LWD were found to be on the order of 10−2 to 10−3% compared to the 10−3 to 10−4% strain levels associated with conventional small hammer-induced surface waves. The measured low and high strain modulus compares well with published modulus reduction functions. 相似文献
10.
Simulation of seismic waves from a 3D point-source in a 2D medium may be performed in the frequency-wavenumber domain (called
2.5D modelling). It involves computing the Fourier-transformed Green's function for a number of frequency (ω) and strike direction
wavenumber (ky) values and doubly inverse transforming to convert to the traveltime and distance space. Such modeling produces a wavefield
with 3D features but the computation becomes pseudo 2D (i.e., in the xz-plane) rather than 3D (in the xyz-frame). The common sampling strategy for the wavenumber is inefficient for 2.5D wave modeling because it employs a large
number of wavenumbers (ky). This leads to a high cost of computer time in the linear-equation-solving processing, which detracts from the advantages
of 2.5D modeling. In this paper, we use two analytic frequency-wavenumber-domain solutions for seismic waves in a homogeneous
medium and an inhomogeneous media (two semi-infinite media in contact) to investigate the properties of the solutions and
an efficient sampling strategy for choosing the wavenumbers. We have carried out analytic and numerical experiments with these
solutions, and present adaptive Gauss–Legendre abscissae for the wavenumber sampling in terms of a modeling situation. We
show that the effective range and the number of sampling points of the wavenumber define the adaptive sampling strategy, and
they can be estimated in terms of the wavelength and the maximum source-receiver offset. We apply this sampling strategy
to the finite-element method and demonstrate that the range and number of sampling points may be adapted for obtaining significant
computational efficiency and satisfactory accuracy for every frequency component. Such 2.5D wave modeling can be readily applied
for frequency-domain full-waveform inversion for seismic surface measurements and crosshole seismic waveform tomography. 相似文献
11.
地震诱导电磁现象是国内外地学领域十分关注的前沿问题,前人对地震波和电磁场耦合波场的认识主要是基于规则模型获得的.为研究含起伏地表和地下界面的地层中震电波场激发、传播特性,本文采用有限元软件COMSOL Multiphysics模拟点震源激发的电磁场.首先给出频率域二维SHTE模式震电耦合方程组,然后利用COMSOL软件建立计算模型,并求解出点力源激发震电波场的频率域响应,最后利用FFT变换得到地震波场和电磁场的时间域波形.模拟结果表明,震电波场中存在三种类型的电磁信号,第一种是震源直接激发的电磁波;第二种是地震波在分界面处激发的电磁波(包括自由表面、地下不同介质分界面);第三种是伴随地震波的同震信号,前两种电磁波比地震波更早到达远处观测台站,对地震预警有重要意义.此外,研究还发现:当地震波传播至地表并沿着地表传播时,在地表附近空气层中同样记录到了伴随地震波传播的电磁扰动信号,该信号与相同水平源距条件下、地下观测点接收到的电磁信号相同,这与前人的一些观测结果相符.本文研究结果为今后地震电磁信号的解释提供了理论证据. 相似文献
12.
Takaji Kokusho Ryuichi Motoyama Hiroshi Motoyama 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2007,27(4):354-366
Seismic wave energy in surface layers is calculated based on vertical array records at four sites during the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nambu earthquake by assuming vertical propagation of SH waves. The upward energy generally tends to decrease as it goes up from the base layer to the ground surface particularly in soft soil sites. Theoretical study on 1D multi-layers model to investigate the basic energy flow mechanism indicates that the energy at the ground surface can be smaller on softer soils due to high soil damping during strong shaking even if resonance effect is considered. A simple calculation for a shear-vibrating structure resting on foundation ground shows that induced strain in the structure is directly related to the energy or the energy flux of surface layers. Hence, a general perception that soft soil sites tend to suffer heavier damage than stiff sites should be explained not by greater incident energy but by other reasons such as degree of resonance. Furthermore, it is recommended that not only acceleration or velocity but also S-wave velocity should be specified at a layer where a design seismic motion is given, so that the seismic wave energy can clearly be quantified in seismic design practice. 相似文献
13.
G. G. Kocharyan E. A. Vinogradov E. M. Gorbunova V. K. Markov D. V. Markov L. M. Pernik 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2011,47(12):1071-1082
The response of the water level in wells to seismic impacts from remote earthquakes and explosions are analyzed. It is shown
that in most cases the magnitude of the postseismic change in the water level scales as a square root of the amplitude of
the deformation wave. The intensity of persistent changes averages a dynamical deformation of 1–5 cm/μstrain. Noticeable deviations
from the mentioned range are possible, depending on the particular structural features of the layer. 相似文献
14.
在南海东北部东沙环礁附近,内孤立波被大量地观测报道.在该地区内孤立波的传播和演化过程仍然存在许多待解决的问题.利用改进的地震海洋学处理方法对2009年夏的一段海洋勘探地震测线进行了重新处理,获得了50 m水深之下的水层反射图像,发现了包含8个内孤立波的下沉型内孤立波包.遥感仪器中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)图像在该段地震测量的3 h内,捕捉到同一个内孤立波包,经处理分析,获得前5个内孤立波的清晰图像.本文采用了两种方法计算内孤立波相速度,方法一是利用不同的叠前共偏移距道集剖面估算内孤立波的视相速度,并根据MODIS图像上内孤立波的传播方向对其进行校正;方法二是利用地震与MODIS图像联测直接获得传播相速度.将这两种方法得到的相速度分别进行对比,发现它们在数值大体一致.地震海洋学剖面可直接获得内孤立波包中8个内孤立波的特征参数,包括振幅、视半高宽和视波间距.该内孤立波包的最大振幅为117 m,最大视半高宽为1020 m,最大视波间距为4100 m.由于地震采集船和内孤立波之间存在类多普勒效应,且二者前进方向存在夹角,所以利用地震与MODIS图像联测得到的传播相速度,结合MODIS图像所推断的内孤立波传播方向对视半高宽和视波间距进行校正.首波的半高宽与遥感估算的特征半波宽的比值是1.75,接近理论比值的1.763;校正后的真波间距和遥感量测波间距数值基本一致.最后,结合地震观测前后的遥感图像和潮流数据推断这一内孤立波包为Type-b型.结果表明,将地震海洋学和遥感方法结合,可以更好地研究内孤立波的特征. 相似文献
15.
如何正确地消除复杂地表对地震波场的影响，提高地下构造成像的质量一直是中国西部复杂地区地震勘探中存在的难题.本文在三维复杂表层速度模型层析反演\[1\]的基础上，研究了关于复杂地表的静校正问题，提出用三维波动方程在炮集上对地震波场进行正、反向延拓，消除复杂地表对波场的影响，实现三维复杂表层模型校正.理论和实际应用证明，该方法已超越常规静校正的含义，属时变校正方法.用本方法处理复杂地表问题，不但能消除表层对不同深度反射波产生的不同时差影响，提高叠加剖面质量，而且能使校正后的地震波场保持波动特征不发生畸变，可为建立正确的深层速度模型和波动方程叠前深度偏移奠定良好的基础. 相似文献
16.
利用SV地震波（偏振化方向在入射面内的横波）在自由表面反射系数的附加相角导出了SV波Goos-Hänchen效应所引起的横向偏移和横向偏移渡越时间,给出了Goos-Hänchen效应正常时差动校正量,讨论了Goos-Hänchen效应对反射SV波正常时差的影响,绘出了横向偏移、Goos-Hänchen效应正常时差及Goos-Hänchen效应正常时差校正量曲线.曲线表明：反射地震波存在负横向偏移效应,在大多数入射角度范围,横向偏移（横向偏移渡越时间）与波长（周期）为同一个数量级.对掠入射波或入射角在临界角附近的入射波,Goos-Hänchen效应对正常时差有较大的测量误差,对反射P、SV波的传播走时产生了不可忽略的影响,因此在实际的地震资料处理中应进行横向偏移效应误差校正. 相似文献
17.
This paper describes synthetically the seismic activity, deep and shallow structures and rock dynamic features in and near
Chaoyang—Yixian region. It is supposed that there is a low velocity layer in middle crust and the three-layered crustal velocities
are all lower than that in both sides of the region. There exists uplifts of upper mantle and asthenosphere-low resistance
layer. It is also studied the composition of matter of three-layered crust, low velocity layer, upper mantle and asthenosphere.
In the end the direct relations between the deep and shallow structure, composition and the seismic activity and new activities
of faults in this region are discussed.
The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,14, 180–186, 1992. 相似文献
18.
EULAG is a computational model for simulating flows across a wide range of scales and physical scenarios. A standard option
employs an anelastic approximation to capture nonhydrostatic effects and simultaneously filter sound waves from the solution.
In this study, we examine a localized gravity wave packet generated by instabilities in Held-Suarez climates. Although still
simplified versus the Earth’s atmosphere, a rich set of planetary wave instabilities and ensuing radiated gravity waves can arise. Wave packets
are observed that have lifetimes ≤ 2 days, are negligibly impacted by Coriolis force, and do not show the rotational effects
of differential jet advection typical of inertia-gravity waves. Linear modal analysis shows that wavelength, period, and phase
speed fit the dispersion equation to within a mean difference of ∼ 4%, suggesting an excellent fit. However, the group velocities
match poorly even though a propagation of uncertainty analysis indicates that they should be predicted as well as the phase
velocities. Theoretical arguments suggest the discrepancy is due to nonlinearity — a strong southerly flow leads to a critical
surface forming to the southwest of the wave packet that prevents the expected propagation. 相似文献
19.
IntroductionThecrustaltectonicmovementisacomplicatedevolutionprocesswithtimeandspace.Spatially,themovementofcrustaltectoniciscloselyrelatedtotheinter-movementandinteractionofmulti-leveledcrustalblocksinacertainregionandtheirborderfaults.Temporally,themovementiscloselyrelatedtothatofmulti-leveledcrustalblocksandtimesequencedevelopmentofinteraction.Anearthquakeoccurrenceistheresultofsuddenruptureofcrustmediaundertheactionoftectonicstressfield,isalsoacomplicatedprocessinnercrust.Duetotheobviousi… 相似文献
20.
组合震源技术通过调节延迟激发时间和震源埋藏深度能够实现地震波场的定向传播,提高地震波的照明能量和地震数据信噪比.然而,目前国内外对基于特定目标的组合震源最佳聚焦方向的选取以及起伏地表组合震源定向理论的研究相对较少.在聚焦方向选取方面,目前基本是利用多种不同延时参数的组合震源分别进行试验,从而确定较好的组合震源延时参数.本文则利用爆炸反射面原理,在目的层界面上均匀布置震源同时激发地震波,能够产生垂直于地层界面传播的平面波,当初至波传播至地表时进行地表方向统计.根据互易性原理,以初至波传播方向的反方向为聚焦方向,激发产生的地震波主波束方向将垂直入射到目的层界面上,从而精确的计算出组合震源的最佳聚焦方向.在组合震源定向方面,目前主要是利用组合震源方向因子公式进行计算,但该方法要求震源布置在同一条直线上,并不能满足起伏地表的应用要求.本文以惠更斯-菲涅尔原理为理论基础,提出通过炮点向量在聚焦方向上的投影来确定组合震源传播至虚拟波前的走时,从而确定任意起伏地表组合震源的延迟激发时间.该方法不仅能够计算出沿给定地质模型的目的层界面垂直入射的组合震源聚焦方向,也能够确定任意起伏地表情况下形成沿该聚焦方向定向传播地震波场的组合震源延迟激发时间.因此,本文提出的面向目标的起伏地表组合震源延时参数计算方法对组合震源数据采集具有理论与实践意义. 相似文献