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日本西南部位于菲律宾海俯冲板块和欧亚上冲板块交界处。1944年和1946年,东南海和南海分别发生一次8级大逆冲型地震,但与该板块边界相邻的东海却仍保持闭锁状态[1]。因此,东海地区有可能会发生一次大逆冲型地震。2009年,骏河湾发生6.4级地震,地震位于菲律宾海俯冲板块内,靠近东海地区。在此,我们利用断层滑动模型来研究由骏河湾地震引起的应力变化[2]对东海地区的影响。我们发现在这次地震之后,板块边界的地震活动发生率有所上升。东海地区推测的强闭锁地段大都位于应力逐渐增大的地区。其中一小块闭锁地段的破裂——发生在地震应力达到临界值之后——就会引起整个东海地区的破裂,最终引发一场大逆冲型地震。 相似文献
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日本本州及其邻近区域的应力状态以及弧后盆地的演化机制一直是人们所关注的问题.本文对2011年3月11日东日本大地震地震序列(2011年3月11日至2012年3月15日)的哈佛双力偶解进行了聚类分析,得到五种类型的震源机制解:与主震类型一致的低倾角逆断层型地震;主张应力方向垂直于日本海沟走向的正断层型地震;主张应力方向平行于日本海沟走向的正断层型地震;主压应力方向平行于日本海沟走向的逆断层型地震;包括走滑型地震在内的其他类型地震.东日本大地震地震序列中发生在弧前增生楔地震的震源机制解与大地震发生之前地震的震源机制解特征有显著区别,反映出该地区的应力状态与震前相比有较大改变.东日本大地震及其前震释放了附近区域的累积弹性应力,主震破裂区附近太平洋板块和其上覆板块接近完全解耦,降低了日本海盆地、中国东北地区的近东西向挤压应力水平.不过,整个本州岛东部区域太平洋板块和其上覆板块并没有完全解耦,但应力水平并不高.我们认为,日本海及中国东北应力水平的降低会使该区域的近东西向挤压型地震的危险性降低,而使NNE-SSW走向的走滑型地震活动性增强.同时,火山活动性也会增强.尤其是本州岛地区,存在近期火山爆发的可能性.东日本大地震地震序列的震源机制解特征还提示我们,日本海的应力状态及日本海的演化可能在一定程度上取决于太平洋板块和上覆板块的耦合状态.持续的弱耦合将不仅使得弧后大范围的地区保持岩浆上涌所必须的拉伸应力环境,而且还会因弧前隆起区发育大量正断层型地震而向深部提供促使岩浆生成所必须的水,因而造成日本海的再次扩张. 相似文献
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从现代构造运动的实际出发，放弃了过去那种只认为因补偿过剩和补偿不足的均衡调整的观点，探讨了引起不均衡的构造应力，并视均衡异常为地球内部的一种负荷，由此可以计算得到地球内部的应力．研究结果表明:东海及其东缘海地区由均衡重力异常推求的垂向应力的变化比水平应力更为显著，在琉球海沟一带存在5 MPa垂向应力的增强，它明显地反映了板块俯冲的作用．在海沟西北侧的岛弧一带的应力状态则与之相反，约存在5 MPa的垂向应力减弱．东西两部分的水平应力在方向上有明显的不同，洋壳上的东西向应力x为负(压力为正)，而陆壳上则相反．这正表明了板块间相互挤压的作用． 相似文献
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利用2993个浅源地震的地震矩张量解、404个Ｐ波初动方向震源机制解和47个深井孔的孔壁崩落资料，编制了东亚地区现今地壳构造应力场主应力方向和应力类型分布图．按200km的等距格点，算出有资料地区各格点半径为200km范围内的平均应力方向，绘制了平均主应力方向分布图，并绘制了东亚地区的震源机制解分布图．主应力方向分布特征表明，东亚地区的现今构造应力场除受印度 欧亚板块碰撞的强烈影响外，俯冲带的弧后扩张亦有重要影响．喜马拉雅山弧处的大陆碰撞和缅甸山弧处的弧后扩张之联合作用可能形成了青藏高原东南部主应力方向的显著转动．菲律宾海板块与欧亚板块在台湾的碰撞与琉球岛弧弧后扩张的联合作用影响了中国东部的应力场．爪哇海沟俯冲带的弧后大片地区现今没有强震活动，这里的弧后扩张可能是造成东南亚地区物质容易向南运动的因素．青藏高原内部大致以昆仑山为界，北部和东北部是大陆内部的宽阔挤压带，南部和西南部地壳上部主要处于正断层型应力状态中． 相似文献
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引言地震是地球内部主要由板块运动产生的构造应力作用下而出现的一种破裂过程。在地震过程中,断层上的应力以复杂的形式变化,储存于地球内部的势能(应变能和重力能)以地震波形式释放出来。释放的地震波能量与势能的比值就是地震效率,由地震 相似文献
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分别用三维有限元弹性及粘弹性模型计算板块间相对运动在转换断层闭锁带上的应力累积及软水圈和断层深部低粘度物质产生的大震后应力松弛,从而给出断层带上应力变化过程。 本文以土耳其北部北安纳托里亚断层带为模型。计算结果表明,西部“围空区”有最高剪切应力水平并已达到临界状态,今后几年若无小震或蠕变将会有较大地震;断层带的下一个活动期将从公元2000—2020年开始。 相似文献
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采用扩展有限元方法计算了断层阶区内介质产生的新生破裂对地震破裂跨越断层阶区传播过程的影响。模型中新生的断层扩展遵循最大剪应力破坏准则，当最大剪应力超过岩石的承受极限时，完整介质产生破裂形成新的断层，并且新断层的扩展方向为最大剪应力方向。扩展有限元法模拟结果表明，断层阶区内新生的断层改变了断层阶区的几何形态，同时也改变了断层破裂后的应力状态。新生破裂可以改变库仑应力在空间的分布格局，特别是可以提高断层上的应力水平，从而提高地震破裂跨越断层阶区的能力。模拟结果还显示，断层阶区内新生破裂的产生，可以使得地震破裂跨越10 km宽的断层阶区，若阶区内部介质没有产生新生破裂，则地震破裂无法跨越该断层阶区。本研究有助于进一步认识地震破裂跨越断层阶区的传播过程，特别是对地震震源过程分析及地震灾害评估等具有重要的科学意义。 相似文献
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自3 Ma至现今,在欧亚东缘太平洋、菲律宾海板块以较大速率朝NWW方向运动,并沿海沟向欧亚大陆俯冲;同时欧亚板块以较小速率朝SEE方向移动,构成双方向的板块汇聚格局.沿日本岛弧东侧,海洋板片以较小的倾角插入欧亚大陆下面,在浅部产生的挤压变形扩展到日本海东边缘.琉球岛弧的中、北部,菲律宾海俯冲板片的倾角较大,其西南段由NE向转变为EW向,正经历活动的海沟后退与弧后扩张.台湾是3种板块汇聚的交点:欧亚沿马尼拉海沟向东俯冲,吕宋弧与台湾碰撞,使台湾岛陆壳东西向缩短与隆升,形成年轻的造山带,菲律宾海板块沿琉球海沟的西南段向北俯冲到欧亚下面.位于南海与菲律宾海之间的菲律宾群岛是宽的变形过渡带,两侧被欧亚向东、菲律宾海向西俯冲夹击,中间是大型左旋走滑断层.总体上,现今时期的太平洋、菲律宾海板块的西向俯冲运动所产生的变形主要分布在俯冲板片内部及岛弧,未扩散到弧后地区,可能这种俯冲运动产生的水平应力较小,不能阻挡欧亚大陆的向东移动,对大陆内部的现今构造没有明显的影响. 相似文献
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库车-天山盆山系统新近纪变形特征 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
库车-天山盆山系统的新近纪变形表现为盆山边界与盆地内部应力状态的不一致和基底与盖层变形样式的不一致. 对脆性断层产状要素的观测和应力状态恢复表明, 天山南缘带及盆山边界的脆性断层主要反映了NW或NNW向的伸展活动, 而盆地内的脆性断层却记录了NW-SE向的挤压应力状态. 对露头和地震剖面的研究以及理论计算结果表明, 盆山边界的变形以基底块断为特征, 边界正断层和边界上冲断层间的相互运动造成了盆山边界的阶梯式抬升, 并引发了盆地中盖层的重力构造, 先后形成了以三叠系黄山街组页岩和新生界下部膏盐层为滑脱层的断层滑脱褶皱. 相似文献
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Possible Mechanism of Precursory Seismic Quiescence: Regional Stress Relaxation due to Preseismic Sliding 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
—We propose a new model to physically explain the seismic quiescence precursory to a large interplate earthquake. A numerical simulation is performed to quantitatively examine possible stress changes prior to a great interplate earthquake in a subduction zone. In the present study, the frictional force following a laboratory-derived friction law, in which the friction coefficient is dependent on slip rate and slip history, is assumed to act on a dip-slip fault plane of infinite width in a uniform elastic half-space. The values of friction parameters are determined so that the result of numerical simulation may explain some properties of great interplate earthquakes in subduction zones, such as the recurrence interval and the seismic coupling coefficient. The result of simulation reveals that significant quasi-stable sliding occurs prior to a great earthquake and, accordingly, stresses are changed on and around the plate boundary. In a relatively wide area of the overriding continental plate, the compres sional horizontal-stress perpendicular to the trench axis is decreased for a few years before the occurrence of a great earthquake. This decrease in regional compressional stress may account for the appearance of seismic quiescence prior to a great interplate earthquake. 相似文献
12.
Fault plane solutions for earthquakes in the central Hellenic arc are analysed to determine the deformation and stress regimes
in the Hellenic subduction zone in the vicinity of Crete. Fault mechanisms for earthquakes recorded by various networks or
contained in global catalogues are collected. In addition, 34 fault plane solutions are determined for events recorded by
our own local temporary network on central Crete in 2000–2001. The entire data set of 264 source mechanisms is examined for
types of faulting and spatial clustering of mechanisms. Eight regions with significantly varying characteristic types of faulting
are identified of which the upper (Aegean) plate includes four. Three regions contain interplate seismicity along the Hellenic
arc from west to east and all events below are identified to occur within the subducting African lithosphere. We perform stress
tensor inversion to each of the subsets in order to determine the stress field. Results indicate a uniform N-NNE direction
of relative plate motion between the Ionian Sea and Rhodes resulting in orthogonal convergence in the western forearc and
oblique (40–50∘) subduction in the eastern forearc. There, the plate boundary migrates towards the SE resulting in left-lateral strike-slip
faulting that extends to onshore Eastern Crete. N110∘E trending normal faulting in the Aegean plate at this part is in accordance with this model. Along-arc extension is observed
on Western Crete. Fault plane solutions for earthquakes within the dipping African lithosphere indicate that slab pull is
the dominant force within the subduction process and responsible for the roll-back of the Hellenic subduction zone. 相似文献
13.
The Variation of Stresses due to Aseismic Sliding and its Effect on Seismic Activity 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
— Numerical simulation of recurring large interplate earthquakes in a subduction zone is conducted to explore the effects of aseismic sliding on the variation of stresses and the activity of small earthquakes. The frictional force obeying a rate- and state-dependent friction law is assumed to act on the plate interface in a 2-D model of uniform elastic half-space. The simulation results show that large earthquakes repeatedly occur at a constant time interval on a shallow part of the plate interface and that aseismic sliding migrates from the upper aseismic zone as well as from the lower aseismic zone into the central part of the seismogenic zone before the occurrence of a large interplate earthquake. This spatiotemporal variation of aseismic sliding significantly perturbs the stresses in the overriding plate and in the subducting oceanic plate, leading to the precursory seismic quiescence in the overriding plate and the activation of the intermediate-depth earthquakes of down-dip tension type. After the occurrence of a large interplate earthquake, the activity of the intermediate-depth earthquakes of down-dip compression type in the subducting slab is expected to increase and migrate downward. This is because the downward propagation of postseismic sliding causes the downward migration of compressional-stress increase in the down-dip direction of the plate interface. The simulation result further indicates that episodic events of aseismic sliding may occur when the spatial distributions of friction parameters are significantly nonuniform. The variation of stresses due to episodic sliding is expected to cause seismicity changes. 相似文献
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Chihiro Hashimoto Eiichi Fukuyama Mitsuhiro Matsu’ura 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2014,171(8):1705-1728
The generation of interplate earthquakes can be regarded as a process of tectonic stress accumulation and release, driven by relative plate motion. We completed a physics-based simulation system for earthquake generation cycles at plate interfaces in the Japan region, where the Pacific plate is descending beneath the North American and Philippine Sea plates, and the Philippine Sea plate is descending beneath the North American and Eurasian plates. The system is composed of a quasi-static tectonic loading model and a dynamic rupture propagation model, developed on a realistic 3-D plate interface model. The driving force of the system is relative plate motion. In the quasi-static tectonic loading model, mechanical interaction at plate interfaces is rationally represented by the increase of tangential displacement discontinuity (fault slip) across them on the basis of dislocation theory for an elastic surface layer overlying Maxwell-type viscoelastic half-space. In the dynamic rupture propagation model, stress changes due to fault slip motion on non-planar plate interfaces are evaluated with the boundary integral equation method. The progress of seismic (dynamic) or aseismic (quasi-static) fault slip on plate interfaces is governed by a slip- and time-dependent fault constitutive law. As an example, we numerically simulated earthquake generation cycles at the source region of the 1968 Tokachi-oki earthquake on the North American-Pacific plate interface. From the numerical simulation, we can see that postseismic stress relaxation in the asthenosphere accelerates stress accumulation in the source region. When the stress state of the source region is close to a critical level, dynamic rupture is rapidly accelerated and develops over the whole source region. When the stress state is much lower than the critical level, the rupture is not accelerated. This means that the stress state realized by interseismic tectonic loading essentially controls the subsequent dynamic rupture process. 相似文献
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D. L. Turcotte 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1977,115(1-2):413-427
Summary The San Andreas fault can be divided into locked and free sections. On the locked sections accumulated slip is released in great earthquakes. On the free sections slip is occurring continuously either aseismically or during smaller earthquakes. Stress drops during earthquakes can be estimated from the ratio of short to long period amplitudes and from surface strain. Surface heat flow may provide an upper bound on the absolute stress. The failure or yield stress must reach a maximum at some depth on the fault. This maximum may occur in the near-surface brittle zone or deeper in the plastic zone of the fault. The historic distribution of seismic activity provides information on the stress level. The accumulation of strain and stress on the fault can be predicted using elastic theory. It is necessary, however, to include the viscous coupling of the lithosphere to the asthenosphere in order to fully model the problem. 相似文献
16.
本文使用新疆区域数字地震台站记录的宽频带长周期数字波形资料,在时间域反演了2008年10月5日新疆乌恰6.8级地震的强余震及其周围先后发生的52次中等强度地震的矩张量解,结合Harvard大学在该区域的地震矩张量结果,研究了帕米尔东北缘的应力场分区特征.研究结果显示,位于印度板块向欧亚板块推挤的前缘及向北凸出的弧型构造的最北缘的卡兹克阿尔特弧形活动褶皱-逆断裂带,以逆冲推覆活动为主,并有部分走滑类型的地震,基本不存在正断层类型的地震;该弧型构造近东西走向的顶部(文中的西区)与其北西走向的东侧(文中的东区)的局部应力场最大主压应力方向不同,分别为NW、NNE方向,显示出在承受印度板块向欧亚板块俯冲作用的同时,东区也更多的受到了塔里木块体顺时针旋转作用的影响.位于帕米尔陆内俯冲和变形作用强烈、碰撞造成深源地震带东段的南区,地震以走滑错动为主, 逆断、正断层都有,显示出相对复杂的应力状态.位于帕米尔高原内部的西区和南区的应力场最大主压应力方向一致,由北向南,由最大主压应力轴接近水平,过渡为最大主张应力轴接近水平,一定程度揭示了板块俯冲的状态.结合南区和西区的地震深度差异及机制解中断层面的倾角,推测在中帕米尔的东部,由北向南的板块俯冲至150~170km深度,俯冲角度为60°左右. 相似文献
17.
— We construct a viscoelastic FEM model with 3-D configuration of the subducting Philippine Sea plate in Southwest Japan to simulate recent 300-year kinematic earthquake cycles along the Nankai-Suruga-Sagami trough, based on the kinematic earthquake cycle model. This 300-year simulation contains a series of three great interplate earthquakes. The inclusion of viscoelasticity produces characteristic velocity field during earthquake cycles regardless of the assumed constant plate coupling throughout the interseismic period. Just after the occurrence of interplate earthquakes, the viscoelastic relaxation creates the seaward motion in the inland region. In the middle period, the seaward motion gradually decreases, and the resultant velocity field is similar to the elastic one. Later, just before the next interplate earthquake, displacements due to the interplate coupling in the viscoelastic material are distributed more broadly in the forearc region than in the purely elastic one, since the viscoelastic relaxation due to the previous earthquake mostly disappears. The effects of such interplate earthquake cycles on five major inland faults in southwest Japan, where large intraplate earthquakes occurred during this period, are quantitatively evaluated using the Coulomb failure function (CFF). The calculated change in CFF successfully predicts the occurrence of the 1995 Kobe earthquake (M～7). The occurrence of other inland earthquakes, however, cannot be explained by the calculated changes in CFF, and especially the 1891 Nobi earthquake (M～8), the largest inland earthquake in Japan, which occurred at the time close to the local minimum of CFF. This implies that further improvements are necessary for our FEM modeling, such as the modeling of steady east-west compressive force and stress interactions between the inland faults. 相似文献
18.
Mireille Laigle Alfred Hirn Maria Sachpazi Christophe Clment 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2002,200(3-4):243-253
The western Hellenic arc has been commonly considered as a largely aseismic subduction zone, from the comparison of a small rate of shortening derived from the seismic moment release, with a large rate of convergence inferred from geology. Complete seismic coupling would instead be expected from models that consider a control by plate tectonic forces, because of the trenchward velocity of the Hellenic–Aegean upper plate now confirmed with GPS measurements. In the region of the Ionian Islands, a subduction interplate boundary has been recently imaged and its seismogenic downdip width suggested to be moderate, from reflection seismic profiling and local earthquake tomography. In the appropriate model for such an earthquake source region, which considers a single interplate fault and takes into account these features, the moderate seismic moment release is found consistent with complete seismic coupling of this subduction. The shallow downdip limit of the seismogenic zone can be interpreted as due to the interplate boundary being overlain there by the ductile deeper crust of the orogenically thickened Hellenides. 相似文献
19.
—A tectonic state of a locked subduction is considered to be a possible source of a future interplate earthquake. Discriminating an actually locked state to verify its extent is therefore essential in constructing an accurate prospect against the forthcoming earthquake. Micorearthquake seismicity is an effective tool for such an analysis because it is considered to be a faithful indicator of the stress state, and is expected to exhibit a characteristic pattern in the area where the locked state in the subduction appears with a certain stress concentration. Focusing on the microearthquake seismicity around the Tokai district in central Japan, where a large interplate earthquake is feared to occur, we tried to identify such an area of locked subduction on the Philippine Sea plate, possibly related to the future earthquake. We investigated the microearthquake seismicity from various perspectives. First, the hypocenter distribution was analyzed to identify the extent of the locked area. The characteristic profile of the distribution was presumed to represent a stress concentrated area induced from the mechanical contact between both plates. The second approach is to interpret stress patterns reflected in focal mechanisms. The locked state was recognized and verified by a comparison of the P-axis distribution pattern with that expected from a model imaging a partially locked subduction. The third approach is to monitor the temporal change of the seismic wave spectrum. Analyzing predominant frequencies of P and S waves and monitoring their changes for a period of 10 years, we found a trend of gradual increase common to both waves. This means an increase of stress drop in microfracturings, and in its turn implies accumulation of stress around the focus area. The rate of the stress change converted from the frequency change was compared with the result derived from a numerical simulation. The simulation, performed on the basis of a constitutive friction law for a stick sliding on the plate interface, computed a changing rate of the maximum shear stress around the locked zone and showed its spatial variation along the subduction axis. Thus the simulated result indicated a certain compatibility with the observed one. Although ambiguities and uncertainties still exist in the study, all the results derived here seem to indicate an identical conclusion that the plate subduction is actually locked in this region at present. 相似文献
20.
Kelin Wang 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1995,145(3-4):537-559
Because of the viscoelastic behaviour of the earth, accumulation of elastic strain energy by tectonic loading and release of such energy by earthquake fault slips at subduction zones may take place on different spatial scales. If the lithospheric plate is acted upon by distant tectonic forces, strain accumulation must occur in a broad region. However, an earthquake releases strain only in a region comparable to the size of the rupture area. A two-dimensional finite-element model of a subduction zone with viscoelastic rheology has been used to investigate the coupling of tectonic loading and earthquake fault slips. A fault lock-and-unlock technique is employed so that the amount of fault slip in an earthquake is not prescribed, but determined by the accumulated stress. The amount of earthquake fault slip as a fraction of the total relative plate motion depends on the relative sizes of the earthquake rupture area and the region of tectonic strain accumulation, as well as the rheology of the rock material. The larger the region of strain accumulation is compared to the earthquake rupture, the smaller is the earthquake fault slip. The reason for the limited earthquake fault slip is that the elastic shear stress in the asthenosphere induced by the earthquake resists the elastic rebound of the overlying plate. Since rapid permanent plate shortening is not observed at subduction zones, there must be either strain release over a large region or strain accumulation over a small region over earthquake cycles. The former can be achieved only by significant aseismic fault slip between large subduction earthquakes. The most likely mechanism for the latter is the accumulation of elastic strain around isolated locked asperities of the fault, which requires significant aseismic fault slip between asperities. 相似文献