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1.
强横向变速和陡倾角介质的成像问题是地震偏移成像的难点.本文在频率-空间域利用有限差分高阶分裂法求解任意广角波动方程实现了地震偏移成像.试验表明,参考速度的选取是影响成像精度的关键因素.脉冲响应测试表明通过优化参数任意广角波动方程能够以较低阶的方程获得较大的偏移角度.Marmousi模型数据叠前深度偏移试验表明,该方法能... 相似文献
2.
在PS转换波资料处理过程中,往往需要联合P波资料提供相应的模型.在实际应用中存在P波和PS转换波层位对比困难.本文仅利用PS转换波数据,通过三维倾斜界面PS转换波CMP道集精确时距关系推导了近似时距解析表达式;分析了PS波的精确与近似时距关系随测线方位、界面倾角与倾向的变化规律及其拟合误差;并讨论了近似时距关系的三个时距参数随方位的变化特征;理论上给出描述时距的三维倾斜界面倾角、倾向、深度、纵波速度和横波速度这5个独立参数的估计方法,并通过理论模拟数据证明了该方法的可行性. 相似文献
3.
盐丘速度建模及成像是盐下油气藏勘探有关技术瓶颈问题.盐下构造由于盐丘速度与围岩地层差异大,且厚度横向变化大,造成地震波场复杂及时间域构造畸变.针对H区复杂盐丘的地质特征,通过技术创新重新认识盐下油气藏.针对盐丘速度建模的难点,提出了"多信息约束层控实体建模技术",采用序贯高斯模拟及克里金趋势约束速度反演方法,较好解决了盐下速度异常问题,大大提高了速度建模的精度;针对盐下复杂构造成像, 基于有限差分方法研究了精确且高效的差分格式逆时波场外推算法.基于GPU/CPU协同平台,将波场延拓通过GPU实现.采用逆时偏移深度域成像技术,使高角度反射界面、甚至超过90°盐丘侧翼界面的反射波精确成像.通过盐丘理论模型试算验证算法及方法的正确性.上述方法解决了盐丘速度建模精度问题、盐丘侧翼的回转构造成像问题,实现了对盐丘边界及盐丘侧翼的准确归位.消除了速度异常造成的时间域构造畸变,使盐下地层在深度域能够准确成像. 相似文献
4.
反射地震勘探中的偏移成像技术是获取地下介质构造形态最有效的手段之一.在叠前深度域偏移方法中,目前工业界采用的方法包括基于射线理论的波动方程积分解法和基于波动理论的微分波动方程单程波解法,这两类方法难以处理地震波横向速度变化剧烈的高陡倾角构造成像问题.近年来勘探地震学研究领域发展起来的叠前逆时偏移采用了双程波求解微分波动方程的算法,这种方法具有相位准确、不受介质横向速度变化和高陡倾角构造的影响、成像精度高、可以利用回转波正确成像等优点,从理论上弥补了当前工业界常规地震偏移所面临的成像缺陷.然而,叠前逆时偏移成像方法从理论走向实用尚需解决如下问题:计算速度和数据存储空间的节省、初始速度模型的建立、震源子波的选择、数值模型边界条件的定义和假像的消除等等.对于计算速度和存储量大的问题,随着计算机硬件的快速发展,将会不断得到改善,同时可以采取一些计算技术和存储策略来加以缓解.本文主要针对初始速度模型的建立、震源子波的选择、数值模型边界条件的定义和假像的消除这些因素,利用简单模型进行了分析.对于反射波造成的传播路径上的假像,给出了一种振幅补偿滤波方法.对勘探地球物理学界给出的SEG/EAGE二维盐丘模型、Marmousi模型和本研究设计的崎岖海底模型进行了叠前逆时偏移成像,均取得了较好的成像效果. 相似文献
5.
研究不同偏移方法的成像机理是实现复杂构造高精度成像的前提,研究了两类共炮点域的相关型叠前深度偏移成像方法：基于单程波动方程的叠前深度成像方法和基于双程波动方程的叠前深度成像方法,同时对比了它们在计算效率、数据存储量、成像精度、成像机理、速度敏感性等方面的差异及其共性。以复杂构造模型为例,采用了傅里叶有限差分法（FFD）和逆时成像法（RTM）,这两种方法实现了121个共炮点道集的叠前深度偏移成像处理。计算结果表明,当速度准确时,两种深度域波动方程成像方法均可以恢复出各个地质反射界面,其中逆时偏移对陡倾角成像效果显著,当速度存在百分比误差和随机扰动情况时,逆时成像结果要差于单程波方法,因此,逆时偏移方法对速度的敏感性较大,且低频噪声较为严重。 相似文献
6.
R.D. OGILVY 《Geophysical Prospecting》1987,35(4):454-473
Theoretically exact type curves for a semi-infinite thin conductor are presented for various dip, angles, depth of burial and conductance. The study shows that the common-loop response shape is sensitive to small changes in conductor dip, but is affected more subtly by comparable strike variations. For large sheet conductors a decrease in the strike angle results in a broadening but unlike that for a finite plate there is no reduction in peak amplitude. For dipping conductors, response asymmetry and the direction and magnitude of peak amplitude displacement can be used to assess the disposition and quality of the conductor. A generalized interpretation scheme is proposed, based on dimensionless response characteristics and normalized decay curves, to facilitate the rapid in-field determination of conductor dip, conductance and depth of burial, for any time regime. 相似文献
7.
为了处理横向强变速介质中的深度成像问题,本文提出一种基于共炮道集的优化系数的傍轴近似方程叠前深度偏移算子,并在基于反射系数估算的成像条件下,可实现叠前深度偏移成像.该算子具有方程阶数低且能对陡倾角成像的特征,并采用有限差分法波场延拓,能适应速度场的任意变化.当在频率-空间域进行计算时,相对于纯粹的时间-空间域有限差分算法有计算效率高、成像方便的优点.脉冲响应测试和对Marmousi模型进行的叠前深度偏移结果表明,该偏移方法在强横向变速情况下具有非常好的成像效果. 相似文献
8.
The improvement in accuracy and efficiency of wave-equation migration techniques is an ongoing topic of research. The main problem is the correct imaging of steeply dipping reflectors in media with strong lateral velocity variations. We propose an improved migration method which is based on cascading phase-shift and finite-difference operators for downward continuation. Due to these cascaded operators we call this method‘Fourier finite-difference migration’(FFD migration). In our approach we try to generalize and improve the split-step Fourier migration method for strong lateral velocity variations using an additional finite-difference correction term. Like most of the current migration methods in use today, our method is based on the one-way wave equation. It is solved by first applying the square-root operator but using a constant velocity at each depth step which has to be the minimum velocity. In a second step, the approximate difference between the correct square-root operator and this constant-velocity squareroot operator (the error made in the first step) is implemented as an implicit FD migration scheme, part of which is the split-step Fourier correction term. Some practical aspects of the new FFD method are discussed. Its performance is compared with that of split-step and standard FD migration schemes. First applications to synthetic and real data sets are presented. They show that the superiority of FFD migration becomes evident by migrating steeply dipping reflectors with complex overburden having strong lateral velocity variations. If velocity is laterally constant, FFD migration has the accuracy of the phase-shift method. The maximum migration angle is velocity adaptive, in contrast to conventional FD migration schemes. It varies laterally depending on the local level of velocity variation. FFD migration is more efficient than higher-order implicit FD schemes. These schemes use two cascaded downward-continuation steps in order to attain comparable migration performance. 相似文献
9.
The interpretation of VLF-EM surveys in terms of buried conductors can be assisted by the application of a linear filter to the observed in-phase component of the vertical magnetic field. One such scheme is examined critically by using the calculated response from a variety of synthetic models to compute theoretical current density pseudosections. The results confirm that this filter technique provides a useful complementary tool for studying the third (i.e. depth) dimension. For single, steeply dipping plates (> 45°) diagnostic information may be derived concerning the depth, size, lateral location, and direction of dip, since the current density maxima seems always to occur within the conductor or at least within one data interval. However, there are some limitations which do not appear to be widely recognized. For single plates the angle of dip cannot be resolved by the current density transformation. Pattern distortions can occur where targets are in close proximity, where the cross-sectional form of the conductor is complex or where the dip is shallow (< 45°). In these latter cases the current density maxima may not occur within the conductive structure and therefore cannot be used to infer depth of burial and/or conductor shape with the same degree of confidence. 相似文献
10.
常规的单程波波动方程偏移成像方法对大角度的高陡构造偏移成像存在内在的限制.根据波动方程在各个空间方向的数学特性和高陡构造反射地震波的传播特征,通过把地震波分解为垂向的上下行波、水平方向的前后行波和左右行波,提出基于波场垂向外推和水平方向外推相结合的单程波波动方程高陡构造偏移成像方法,即用波场垂向外推的单程波波动方程偏移成像方法解决中低角度平缓构造的偏移成像,用波场水平方向外推的单程波波动方程偏移成像方法解决中高角度陡倾构造的偏移成像.这种基于波场垂向和水平方向外推相结合的高陡构造偏移成像方法是常规单程波波动方程叠前深度偏移成像方法的补充和改进,它相对基于全波方程的逆时偏移具有计算效率上的优势. 相似文献
11.
The Fourier finite‐difference propagator and the generalized‐screen propagator are two general high‐order forms of one‐way dual‐domain methods. We compare these two propagators mainly on phase accuracy, computational efficiency and 3D extension. A comparison of phase accuracy shows that the high‐order generalized‐screen propagator is preferable to the Fourier finite‐difference propagator for heterogeneous media with a weak velocity contrast and wide dip angle. With increasing velocity contrast, the accuracy improvement gained by the high‐order generalized‐screen propagator declines rapidly. The Fourier finite‐difference propagator is more robust and flexible to lateral velocity variations than the generalized‐screen propagator. The 2D Fourier finite‐difference propagator is superior to the 2D generalized‐screen propagator when the velocity contrast is stronger than 23%. Despite the two‐way splitting error, the 3D Fourier finite‐difference propagator is more accurate than the second‐order generalized‐screen propagator when the velocity contrast is stronger than 20% and is more accurate than the fourth‐order generalized‐screen propagator when the velocity contrast is stronger than 40%. Numerical experiments on the SEG/EAGE salt model demonstrate that the Fourier finite‐difference propagator behaves better than the generalized‐screen propagator when imaging steep salt boundary and faults beneath the salt body. Under the same hardware and software conditions, the computational cost of the Fourier finite‐difference propagator in our implementation is greater than that of the second‐order generalized‐screen propagator but smaller than that of the third‐order generalized‐screen propagator. Compared with the Fourier finite‐difference propagator, the generalized‐screen propagator requires fewer grid points per wavelength and has more potential to improve running speed in the presence of a much faster Fourier transform. These analyses are applicable for both forward modelling and depth migration. 相似文献
12.
U. HIRSCHLEBER 《Geophysical Prospecting》1971,19(3):345-356
Multicover measurements in refraction shooting are comparable to long-spread reflection shooting. Of course, spread length, distance of traces and offset may be larger than in reflection shooting and depend on the, depth, the velocity and the dipping of the refractors to be detected. For later processing an equation for the refractor velocity is derived in case of flat and steep dipping refractors. The depth and the angle of dip will be computed from delay times. An outlook to digital processing is given. 相似文献
13.
提出了一套基于平面波分解的波动方程叠前地震数据深度偏移方法. 通过对共炮点道集和共偏移距道集地震数据的平面波分解，分别得到适用于单平方根波场外推方程和双平方根波场外推方程的共ps（炮点坐标平面波参数）平面波道集和共ph（偏移距坐标平面波参数）平面波道集. 在对共炮点道集和共偏移距道集地震数据的平面波分解时，不需要进行通常意义下的τ p变换计算. 通过对共ps平面波道集和共ph平面波道集的偏移效果对比，我们认为在速度弱横向变化介质中，两种平面波道集偏移方法的效果相当，但对于速度强横向变化介质，共ps平面波道集偏移方法的效果要优于共ph平面波道集偏移方法. 在计算效率方面，共ps平面波道集偏移方法与共ph平面波道集偏移方法基本相同. 相似文献
14.
与其他偏移方法相比,逆时偏移基于精确的波动方程而不是对其近似,用时间外推来代替深度外推.因此,它具有良好的精度,不受地下构造倾角和介质横向速度变化的限制.激发时间成像条件的求取是叠前逆时偏移的难点之一,本文采用求解程函方程的方法得到地下各点的初至波走时,以此作为叠前逆时偏移的成像条件.基于任意矩形网格和局部平面波前近似的有限差分初至波走时计算方法精度较高并适用于强纵横向变速的复杂介质.试算结果表明,在复杂介质模型中利用叠前逆时深度偏移收到了很好的成像效果. 相似文献
15.
A depth migration method is presented that uses Radon-transformed common-source seismograms as input. It is shown that the Radon depth migration method can be extended to spatially varying velocity depth models by using asymptotic ray theory (ART) to construct wavefield continuation operators. These operators downward continue an incident receiver-array plane wave and an assumed point-source wavefield into the subsurface. The migration velocity model is constrained to have longer characteristic wavelengths than the dominant source wavelength such that the ART approximations for the continuation operators are valid. This method is used successfully to migrate two synthetic data examples:
- 1 a point diffractor, and
- 2 a dipping layer and syncline interface model.
16.
17.
Introduction Jiashi-Artux area in southwest Xinjiang is one of the most active earthquake provinces at pre-sent in Chinese mainland. In the last century, about 3/4 strong earthquakes in Chinese mainland hit this area, and especially from January 21 to April 16 in 1997, 7 earthquakes with the magnituderanging from 6.0 to 6.9 occurred in a very small area of 9 km×18 km near Jiashi (ZHU et al, 1998). It has never taken place before in Chinese mainland that a series of strong earthquakes shoo… 相似文献
18.
针对稀疏采样，特别是crossline方向稀疏采样的三维地震数据，提出了一个基于波动方程方法的陡角度构造深度偏移成像方法.文中针对一类混合域（空间和波数）的波动方程偏移方法展开研究.通过建立反假频的单程波算子和通过（形式上）填充空道重建理想采样的地震数据，有效地实现了陡倾角地层的准确成像.这一算法策略解决了波动方程偏移方法在实际应用中的一个关键问题，从而更好地发挥了波动方程偏移方法在复杂构造成像上的优势.二维理论数据（Marmousi模型）和三维实际地震资料成像结果表明本文方法是有效的.这一方法对现行的三维地震数据处理有重要的现实意义. 相似文献
19.
A. J. BERKHOUT 《Geophysical Prospecting》1979,27(1):196-213
A method is presented to derive approximate versions of the wave equation which allow finite-difference migration for very steep dips (> 50°). It is shown that for conventional finite-difference schemes, in addition to the dip limitation, the maximum acceptable frequency should be specified. A finite-difference migration technique is proposed in the frequency domain. It is derived that finite-difference wave field extrapolation in the frequency domain consists of a space-variant convolution procedure for each frequency component, the space-variance being defined by the lateral variation in the velocity. Finally it is shown that with finite-difference migration, particle velocity data can be easily obtained from pressure data. 相似文献
20.
由于重力引起的岩石压实效应,一般来说,地震波传播速度由浅入深整体逐渐增大.梯形坐标系设计可耦合速度由浅入深逐渐增大的变化,该坐标系中均匀网格采样所对应的物理直角坐标系网格由浅入深逐渐增大,也即浅部低速区对应细网格,深部高速区对应粗网格.在梯形坐标系表征波动方程后利用有限差分求解,本文实现一种深度均匀采样、横向采样间隔随深度增加逐渐线性增大的有限差分地震波模拟方法.梯形坐标系波动方程离散后,仍采用常规均匀网格有限差分算法对其求解.由于横向网格大小由浅入深线性增加,本方法可避免不同大小网格区域过渡所产生的虚假反射.梯形坐标系波场模拟浅层精度高,深层横向响应范围广,可有效减少有限差分网格数量.本文提出的方法是在更广义的坐标系下利用有限差分求解波动方程,正交坐标系仅为该梯形坐标系之特例.本文旨在为大速度动态范围深地高效高精度地震波场模拟提供一种思路. 相似文献