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本文以汶川地震地表形变带的实地测量数据为基础,结合沿实测地震地表变形剖面建筑物破坏情况的调查与测量,分析了不同地震地表变形类型及其建筑物破坏特征,定量化地讨论了地表变形梯度与建筑物破坏程度间的关系。提出无论地震地表变形表现为何种类型的断层陡坎,地表破裂、强变形局部化在宽10~30m的地表破裂带内;建筑物受损情况最直接的影响是建筑物所处地点的地表变形梯度,地表变形梯度大于0.1的地段,建筑物均完全被摧毁;地表变形梯度在0.07~0.1间的地段,建筑物遭受严重损坏,产生倾斜及强烈变形等;地表变形梯度在0.03~0.07之间的地段,建筑物可能受到中度损坏,产生倾斜及变形等,具有抗震设防能力的构建筑物一般不会倒塌;地表变形梯度小于0.03的地段具有抗震设防能力的构建筑物一般只会受到轻的损坏或基本完好。 相似文献
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昆仑山地震(Mw7.8)破裂行为、变形局部化特征及其构造内涵讨论 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
地震地表破裂是地壳弹性应变转化为永久性构造变形的表现形式.2001年昆仑山地震在东昆仑断裂带库赛湖段产生的地表破裂带整体长426km,由西部剪切走滑破裂段、中部张剪切破裂段和东部剪切走滑破裂段等3个相对独立的地表破裂段组成,即昆仑山地震由震级为Mw=6.8,Mw=6.2和Mw≤7.8的3次地震破裂事件组成,其中东段Mw≤7.8级地震为昆仑山地震主震,由4次更次级地震事件组成.野外测量表明,不同段落上单条地表破裂宽度一般介于数米至15m,最大不超过30m;组合地表破裂带的宽度主要取决于几何结构,特别是次级地表破裂带斜列区的宽度,具有变形局部化的基本特征.结合东昆仑断裂带第四纪地质速率与GPS监测应变速率一致性,2001年昆仑山地震地表破裂局部化特征说明,青藏高原北部巴颜喀拉与祁连.柴达木两大块体间的构造变形主要表现为东昆仑断裂带宽度有限的剪切走滑错动,东昆仑山断裂带南北两侧块体具有整体运动特征.地震破裂局部化特征对确定重大工程、居民住宅和生命线工程等免遭走滑断层同震地表错动引起直接破坏的避让带宽度具有十分重要现实意义. 相似文献
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通过对2001年昆仑山口西8.1级地震区冻土震害考察研究表明,震区主要存在冰碛、冲积、洪积和湖积等成因的冻土,沿地震破裂带冻土厚度变化较大。震区冻土变形破坏主要包括地震构造成因的地震破裂带和由地震振动引起的裂缝、液化、震陷和崩塌等。冻土中地震破裂带在地表主要以脆性变形为主,在地震断裂左旋走滑运动作用下,主要由剪切裂缝、张裂缝和开裂的挤压鼓包等组成。裂缝、液化、震陷和崩塌等变形破坏的展布特征及其组合形式与震区岩土与环境条件密切相关;本次地震震害具有地震破裂带规模大、有建筑物分布的青藏公路一线地震烈度衰减较快和震害分布受岩土条件影响大等特点。 相似文献
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昆仑山地震(M_w7.8)破裂行为、变形局部化特征及其构造内涵讨论 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
《中国科学D辑》2008,(7)
地震地表破裂是地壳弹性应变转化为永久性构造变形的表现形式.2001年昆仑山地震在东昆仑断裂带库赛湖段产生的地表破裂带整体长426km,由西部剪切走滑破裂段、中部张剪切破裂段和东部剪切走滑破裂段等3个相对独立的地表破裂段组成,即昆仑山地震由震级为Mw=6.8,Mw=6.2和Mw≤7.8的3次地震破裂事件组成,其中东段Mw≤7.8级地震为昆仑山地震主震,由4次更次级地震事件组成.野外测量表明,不同段落上单条地表破裂宽度一般介于数米至15m,最大不超过30m;组合地表破裂带的宽度主要取决于几何结构,特别是次级地表破裂带斜列区的宽度,具有变形局部化的基本特征.结合东昆仑断裂带第四纪地质速率与GPS监测应变速率一致性,2001年昆仑山地震地表破裂局部化特征说明,青藏高原北部巴颜喀拉与祁连-柴达木两大块体间的构造变形主要表现为东昆仑断裂带宽度有限的剪切走滑错动,东昆仑山断裂带南北两侧块体具有整体运动特征.地震破裂局部化特征对确定重大工程、居民住宅和生命线工程等免遭走滑断层同震地表错动引起直接破坏的避让带宽度具有十分重要现实意义. 相似文献
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2008年5月12日汶川MS8.0地震的震中烈度为Ⅺ度,但位于地震烈度为Ⅹ度区边缘的绵竹县汉旺镇,无论是房屋毁坏情况还是遇难和失踪人员的数目,均高出周边地震烈度Ⅰ度,接近极震区的破坏程度。文中从汉旺镇周边地表地震破裂带展布方式的角度讨论了这种震害加重现象的原因,介绍了位于汉旺镇北面和南面出现的2条相距1.5km呈左阶斜列展布的地表破裂带。其中,位于汉旺镇北侧的地表破裂带,垂直位移1.4m,水平右旋位移0.44m;位于汉旺镇南侧的地表破裂带,垂直位移量由西向东递减,为3.0~0.2m。尽管这2条地表破裂带没有从汉旺镇中心通过,但汉旺镇正位于这2条地表破裂带夹持的左阶阶区,致使阶区内建筑物除遭受来自震源的振动外,又受到阶区内的挤压,由此加重了汉旺镇建筑物的破坏,也显示出地表破裂带对建筑物破坏形式的多样性。汉旺镇汶川MS8.0地震震害实例表明,地表破裂带的阶区,也是遭受地震时破坏加重的特殊构造部位 相似文献
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甘肃省张掖地地区位于祁连山地震带中段,是国家地震局划定的地震重点监视防御区之一。由于该防御区在90年代中期仍有发生6-7级强震的可能,因此,该地区的各极政府采取了一系列抗震防灾措施。本文介绍了该地区中强地震的对策,包括:不断加强短临监测预报能力;制定并不断完善、落实地震应急顶案;宣传普及防震减灾知识;加强抗震设防以提高建筑物的抗震性能 相似文献
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1995年日本国兵库县南部地震桩基础典型破坏模式的分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
对于发生在1995年1月17日日本国兵库县南部地震中,以神户市为中心的临海地域中大量由于液化土层的侧向流动引起护坝附近建筑物桩基础在地层中的典型破坏形式进行了破坏和应力分析。将震后破坏建筑物详细的地基调查报告以及用倾斜计及可视照相机等测量手段得到的桩基变形实测结果与解析结果进行了比较分析,对临海建筑物桩基础的破坏机制进行了研究,验证了应力解析的方法-荷载分布法的有效性和实用性。 相似文献
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汶川地震地表破裂在东北端从石坎子乡到窝前的运动性质存着从走滑分量略高于倾滑分量到完全为右旋走滑运动的变化过程,倾滑分量在石坎子—平溪段具有逆断性质,在矿坪子及其以北为正断性质,未见挤压变形,窝前完全为右旋走滑运动,地表变形带宽度集中在10m以内;在董家村,地震地表破裂带主要表现为张性裂缝及地堑式负地形,是地震破裂在尾端应力作用下,应变不均一性调节的产物,地表变形带宽度约10~12m;在东河口以北未见地表破裂的证据,推测汶川地震地表破裂带没有穿过流经青川县东河口、关庄、凉水井一带的清水河,东河口一带的构造地貌现象反映了垂直差异性运动,不存在右旋走滑运动的地质地貌证据。在中央断裂东北端断层一侧隆升和另一侧拉张的典型四象限格局成为汶川地震地表破裂的端部表现特征。中央断裂上的汶川地震地表破裂带总长度为240km左右。在汶川地震过程中,沿着中央断裂在地表产生的构造变形在中央断裂的范围内就已经得到了调整,并没有越过中央断裂的范围而传递到以外的地段。 相似文献
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Yanbo Zhang Yueren Xu Wenqiao Li Runchao Liu Ruoyu Mu Jiayi Li Da Zhang Haofeng Li Qinjian Tian 《地震研究进展(英文)》2022,2(2):100133
At 02:04 on May 22, 2021, an MS 7.4 earthquake occurred in Madoi County in Qinghai Province, China. This earthquake is the largest seismic event in China since the 2008 MS 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake. Thus, it is critical to investigate surface deformation and damage in time to accurately understand the seismogenic structure of the Madoi earthquake and the seismogenic capacity of the blocks in this region. This study focuses on the Xuema Village, located at the eastern end of the coseismic surface ruptures produced by the event, and assesses the deformation and seismic damage in this area based on field surveys, UAV photogrammetry, and ground penetrating radar (GPR). The results indicate that the rupture scale is substantially smaller at the eastern end of the rupture zone compared to other segments. En echelon type shear tensile fractures are concentrated in a width range of 50–100 m, and the width of single fractures ranges from 20 to 30 cm. In contrast, the degree of seismic damage significantly increases at this site. All of the brick and timber houses are damaged or collapsed, while the steel frame structures and the color steel houses are slightly damaged. More than 80% of the bridge decks on the Changma River Bridge collapse, similar to the terraces along the Youerqu and Changma Rivers and the cut slopes of Provincial Highway S205. We infer that the seismogenic fault of the Madoi earthquake exerts a tail effect in this segment. The tension zone has led to a reduction at the eastern end of the rupture zone, causing shaking damage. Local topography and buildings without earthquake-resistant construction along the strike of the rupture zone have undergone different levels of seismic damage. 相似文献
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Living with disaster is an objective reality that human must face especially in China. A large number of earthquake case studies, such as the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, 2010 Yushu earthquake, 2014 Ludian earthquake, have demonstrated that earthquake heavy damage and casualties stem from ground-faulting or rupturing along seismogenic active fault, near-fault high ground accelerations and building catastrophic structural failure. Accordingly, avoidance of active faults may be an important measure to effectively reduce earthquake hazard, which may encounter in the future, but how to avoid an active fault and how much a setback distance from the active fault is required to ensure that the ground faulting and rupturing has no any direct impact on buildings. This has been the focus of debate both for domestic and foreign scholars. This paper, first of all, introduces the definition of active fault. Then, quantitative analyses are done of the high localization of earthquake surface ruptures and relationship between the localized feature of the coseismic surface ruptures and building damages associated with the measured widths of the historical earthquake surface rupture zones, and an average sstatistic width is obtained to be 30m both for the earthquake surface rupture zones and heavy damage zones along the seismogenic fault. Besides, the widths of the surface rupture zones and spatial distribution of the building damages of the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake and 2008 Wenchuan earthquake have also been analyzed to reveal a hanging-wall effect:Width of surface rupture zone or building damage zone on the hanging-wall is 2 or 3 times wider than that on its foot-wall for a dip-slip fault. Based on these latest knowledge learnt above, issues on avoidance object, minimum setback distance, location requirement of active fault for avoidance, and anti-faulting design for buildings in the surface rupture zone are further discussed. Finally, we call for national and local legislatures to accelerate the legislation for active fault survey and avoidance to normalize fault hazard zoning for general land-use planning and building construction. This preventive measure is significantly important to improve our capability of earthquake disaster reduction. 相似文献
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由于2010年玉树地震(Ms=7.1)产生了超剪切地震破裂,所以地震灾害特别严重.国内外地球科学家对该地震产生超剪切破裂过程的物理机制一直非常关注,但至今没有给出满意的解答.为此,文中根据玉树地震发震断层的实际几何构建有限单元数值模型,模型中的断层由2个断层段构成,它们之间有约10°的夹角,形成断层拐折.模拟结果表明,玉树地震的破裂由2个子事件组成;当破裂在震源所在的断层上成核后,先在第一个断层段上传播,其速度为亚剪切波速度;当破裂一旦越过断层拐折,在第二个断层段上传播时,破裂速度就立即转变为超剪切波速度.计算结果显示,当断层发生超剪切破裂时,断层上的位错幅度、破裂产生的地震波速度及加速度都会显著增大,从而造成地震灾害大大增加,这很可能是玉树地震的震害特别严重的重要原因.从模拟实验中还看到,若是模型中的断层没有发生拐折,在模型的其他参数都保持不变的情况下,破裂速度不会发生变化.但是,若初始应力场的方位与断层之间的夹角发生变化,这时断裂系统中尽管存在断层拐折,也不是一定能产生超剪切破裂.只有当初始应力方位与断层之间的夹角以及断层走向变化的偏角二者之间的关系恰到好处时,断层拐折才有可能促使断层破裂由亚剪切转化为超剪切破裂.所以,玉树地震之所以能产生超剪切地震破裂,恰恰是发震断层几何与初始应力场方位之间的关系达到某种"最佳状态"的结果.这也可能是天然地震中超剪切破裂事件稀少的原因之一.因此,研究超剪切地震破裂过程的动力学机制,对于深入研究地震震源过程、地震灾害评估等有着非常重要的科学意义. 相似文献
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根据九寨沟Ms 7.0地震现场调查结果,总结了甘肃文县低烈度区震害的一般特征,分析了低烈度区烈度异常点的震害特点,并对产生烈度异常的原因进行了探讨。调查和分析研究结果表明:由于研究区的建筑多在汶川Ms 8.0大地震后进行了重建或抗震加固,且地震持时较短,此次地震中低烈度区房屋震害总体较轻。然而,低烈度区存在建筑裂缝、滑坡、滑塌和桥梁损坏等显著的烈度异常现象,其主要原因是建筑场地位于滑坡体以及高陡边坡等抗震不利地带;此外,地震波的传播方向和研究区内岩土体的特性也是造成低烈度区烈度异常的重要因素。地震地质灾害需在地震烈度评定标准修订时予以重点考虑。 相似文献
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通过对新疆精河5.0级地震现场调查,分析了灾区局部场地效应及房屋震害特征,对震害特点进行了较为全面的分析总结。震害调查显示,灾区房屋主要以老旧的土坯房为主,地震作用使本身老旧的房屋裂缝加宽,破坏加重。同时,受局部场地差异影响,灾区房屋震害具有明显的南北分带的特点。另外,根据地震现场考察,此次地震的发震构造为库松木楔克山前断层,该断裂是发育在北天山山前逆冲推覆体前缘的一条全新世活动断层,沿断裂断错晚更新世以来的各级地貌面和沟谷阶地,并在地表形成断层陡坎和古地震地表变形遗迹。 相似文献
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G. A. Athanasopoulos P. C. Pelekis E. A. Leonidou 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》1999,18(2):5559
The Greek coastal town of Egion on 15 June 1995 was shaken by a strong, small epicentral distance, earthquake that caused heavy damages to buildings and loss of life. The damages were concentrated in the central elevated part of the town whereas the flat coastal region remained almost intact. This non-uniform distribution of damage is studied in this article in terms of surface topography effects by conducting seismic response analyses of a simplified 2-D profile of the town. A dynamic finite element code implementing the equivalent-linear soil behavior (FLUSHPLUS) was used for the analyses and it was found that the step-like topography amplified greatly the intensity of motion without affecting its frequency content. The analyses showed that the motion recorded by an accelerograph installed at the center of the town is in agreement with the computed values; they also indicated a particularly intense amplification close to the crest of the steep slope, where a multi-story RC residential building partially collapsed. In contrast, the level of motion was found to be low at the flat coastal zone of the town where the earthquake damages were insignificant. It is concluded that the characteristic surface topography of the town played an important role in modifying the intensity of base motion. 相似文献
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利用2007年3月至2009年3月四川数字地震台网的宽频带连续波形资料,通过计算地震背景噪声互相关提取台站对间的经验格林函数,在0.1~0.5 Hz频带下测量每天经验格林函数与参考经验格林函数的走时偏移,进而得到各台站对在该时段内的相对地震波速度变化.结果表明,2008年5月12日汶川Ms8.0级地震造成了震源区地震波速度的急剧降低,最大降幅达0.4%;大致以安县为界,余震带西南部地区在汶川主震后波速降即达到最大值,而东北部地区的最大波速降一般出现在主震后的1~4个月,相对地震波速度变化的这种分段特性与地震序列的时空分布特征有较好的对应关系;在震源区外围的四川盆地也观测到了震后波速降低,而川西高原内部则没有出现显著的波速变化.进一步的分析和计算结果表明主震的静态应力变化和强地面运动引起的地表破坏都不能很好地解释震后波速的急剧降低,地震导致的断层区内部结构破坏和周边介质应力状态改变可能是波速变化的主要原因. 相似文献
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Shehata E. Abdel Raheem 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2014,12(4):1705-1724
Post-earthquake damages investigation in past and recent earthquakes has illustrated that the building structures are vulnerable to severe damage and/or collapse during moderate to strong ground motion. Among the possible structural damages, seismic induced pounding has been commonly observed in several earthquakes. A parametric study on buildings pounding response as well as proper seismic hazard mitigation practice for adjacent buildings is carried out. Three categories of recorded earthquake excitation are used for input excitations. The effect of impact is studied using linear and nonlinear contact force model for different separation distances and compared with nominal model without pounding consideration. The severity of the impact depends on the dynamic characteristics of the adjacent buildings in combination with the earthquake characteristics. Pounding produces acceleration and shear forces/stresses at various story levels that are greater than those obtained from the no pounding case, while the peak drift depends on the input excitation characteristics. Also, increasing gap width is likely to be effective when the separation is sufficiently wide to eliminate contact. Furthermore, it is effective to provide a shock absorber device system for the mitigation of impact effects between adjacent buildings with relatively narrow seismic gaps, where the sudden changes of stiffness during poundings can be smoothed. This prevents, to some extent, the acceleration peaks due to impact. The pounding forces exerted on the adjacent buildings can be satisfactorily reduced. 相似文献