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1.
本文将体像素CT方法应用于TWINS卫星高能中性原子立体成像数据,重建环电流离子通量强度三维分布.为了克服卫星ENA成像可能存在的仪器偏差造成反演误差增大甚至迭代发散无解的问题,发展了差分ENA体像素CT反演方法.采用环电流离子分布理论模型和实际卫星观测几何构形进行模拟检验,证明了该方法的可靠性和优越性.利用此方法分析2012年7月15日磁暴(min Dst=-133nT)主相期间TWINS两颗卫星的实测ENA数据(能量范围4keV~50keV),反演得到环电流离子微分通量随L值/纬度/地方时的三维分布与能谱.所得离子通量呈现显著不对称的部分环电流特征,主要分布在低纬-赤道区磁午夜前后至黎明前数小时,L值约为3.5~6.5的区域;将反演得到的磁午夜后赤道区环电流离子通量能谱,与THEMIS卫星当地测量得到的此区域同时的能谱作比较,两者符合得很好;证明本文发展的差分体像素CT是由多卫星ENA二维图像重建暴时环电流离子分布的有效方法.  相似文献   

2.
Comprehensive records are available in ENA data of ring current activity recorded by the NUADU instrument aboard TC-2 on 15 May, 2005 during a major magnetic storm(which incorporated a series of substorms). Ion fluxes at 4-min temporal resolution derived from ENA data in the energy ranges 50–81 and 81–158 ke V are compared with in situ particle fluxes measured by the LANL-SOPA instruments aboard LANL-01, LANL-02, LANL-97, and LANL-84(a series of geostationary satellites that encircle the equatorial plane at ~6.6 R_E). Also, magnetic fields measured simultaneously by the magetometers aboard GOES-10 and GOES-12(which are also geostationary satellites) are compared with the particle data. It is demonstrated that ion fluxes in the ring current were enhanced during geomagnetic field tailward stretching in the growth phases of substorms rather than after Earthward directed dipolarization events. This observation, which challenges the existing concept that ring current particles are injected Earthward from the magnetotail following dipolarization events, requires further investigation using a large number of magnetic storm events.  相似文献   

3.
Intense (106 cm−2 sr−1 s−1) fluxes of upflowing ENAs from the polar cap have been observed in the energy range 0.1–13 keV (hydrogen assumed) from the Astrid satellite at 1000 km altitude. If a source altitude of 400 km is assumed, the ENA emissions come from an arc-like region at magnetic latitudes 70–85° extending from dusk over to the nightside. Simulated images show that the observed emissions may be the ENA-albedo effect of the auroral ion precipitation. It is also possible that the observed emissions may originate from upward accelerated ions with cone-like pitch-angle distributions charge exchanging with the upper atmosphere.  相似文献   

4.
Simulations of quiet time terrestrial H-ENA fluxes are shown. The simulations are obtained by using average proton differential fluxes from AMPTE-CCE/CHEM. A functional form which provides the ring current quiet time proton fluxes as a function of energy, L-shell and magnetic local time is also used. The energy neutral atom (ENA) fluxes are simulated at a specific location along the Geotail spacecraft orbit, where ENA data have been collected by the HEP-LD spectrometer. A detailed analysis of the ENA generation along the instrument look directions is presented, in order to evaluate the significance of the ENA signal with respect to the locations of ion sources and to the instrument energy resolution. At energies above 70 keV, we show that the ENA energy is directly related to the ion source location.  相似文献   

5.
许多共振成像（ＭＲＩ）的应用,要求人体组织磁化强度的空间分布Ｆｏｕｒｉｅｒ变换的幅度和相位的精确分离,及利用正交双通道采集时间和空间高分辨图象序列。在传统的基于Ｆｏｕｒｉｅｒ变换的成象方法中,图象序列从一帧空间编码独立地重建得到,因此给定空间分辨率的情况下,每帧空间编码的数量限制了图象序列的时间分辨力;又常通过牺牲空间分辨率来提高图象序列的空间分辨录。由于传统Ｆｏｕｒｉｅｒ变换的核函数是线性相位,若变换ＭＲＩ技术必须很好地满足主磁场均匀性和梯度场线性的条件,因此传统Ｆｏｕｒｉｅｒ变换成象方法对临床应用中常出现ＭＲ信号相位失真极为敏感。本文提出：利用主磁场中组织的磁化强度不变,能很好消除图象的相位失真。  相似文献   

6.
A study has been performed on the occurrence of pulsed ionospheric flows as detected by the CUTLASS Finland HF radar. These flows have been suggested as being created at the ionospheric footprint of newly-reconnected field lines, during episodes of magnetic flux transfer into the terrestrial magnetosphere (flux transfer events or FTEs). Two years of both high-time resolution and normal scan data from the CUTLASS Finland radar have been analysed in order to perform a statistical study of the extent and location of the pulsed ionospheric flows. We note a great similarity between the statistical pattern of the coherent radar observations of pulsed ionospheric flows and the traditional low-altitude satellite identification of the particle signature associated with the cusp/cleft region. However, the coherent scatter radar observations suggest that the merging gap is far wider than that proposed by the Newell and Meng model. The new model for cusp low-altitude particle signatures, proposed by Lockwood and Onsager and Lockwood provides a unified framework to explain the dayside precipitation regimes observed both by the low-altitude satellites and by coherent scatter radar detection.  相似文献   

7.
极光是日地能量耦合过程中粒子沉降到极区电离层的最直观表现,对于理解地球空间环境及预测空间天气具有重要作用.本文利用2003-2009年的北极黄河站的多波段地面极光观测,结合DMSP卫星粒子沉降探测,对磁正午附近的极光强度与沉降粒子沉降能量之间的关系进行了定量研究.统计结果表明,在10-13磁地方时(MLT)630.0 nm的极光发光占主导,以低能粒子沉降为主;而在13-14MLT,630.0 nm/427.8 nm极光强度比值降低,沉降粒子能量较高.另外,利用极光强度与沉降电子的能通量以及极光强度比值与平均能量之间的函数关系,初步建立了北极黄河站磁正午附近极光强度与沉降粒子能量关系的反演参数模型,为将来空间天气的监测服务.  相似文献   

8.
The temporal‐spatial resolution of input data‐induced uncertainty in a watershed‐based water quality model, Hydrologic Simulation Program‐FORTRAN (HSPF), is investigated in this study. The temporal resolution‐induced uncertainty is described using the coefficient of variation (CV). The CV is found to decrease with decreasing temporal resolution and follow a log‐normal relation with time interval for temperature data while it exhibits a power‐law relation for rainfall data. The temporal‐scale uncertainties in the temperature and rainfall data follow a general extreme value distribution and a Weibull distribution, respectively. The Nash‐Sutcliffe coefficient (NSC) is employed to represent the spatial resolution induced uncertainty. The spatial resolution uncertainty in the dissolved oxygen and nitrate‐nitrogen concentrations simulated using HSPF is observed to follow a general extreme value distribution and a log‐normal distribution, respectively. The probability density functions (PDF) provide new insights into the effect of temporal‐scale and spatial resolution of input data on uncertainties involved in watershed modelling and total maximum daily load calculations. This study exhibits non‐symmetric distributions of uncertainty in water quality modelling, which simplify weather and water quality monitoring and reducing the cost involved in flow and water quality monitoring. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

9.
It is very difficult to have remote sensing data with both high spatial resolution and high temporal frequency; thus, two categories of land-use mapping methodology have been developed separately for coarser resolution and finer resolution data. The first category uses time series of data to retrieve the variation of land surface for classification, which are usually used for coarser resolution data with high temporal frequency. The second category uses fine spatial resolution data to classify different land surface. With the launch of Chinese satellite constellation HJ-1in 2008, four 30 m spatial resolution CCDs with about 360 km coverage for each one onboard two satellites made a revisit period of two days, which brought a new type of data with both high spatial resolution and high temporal frequency. Therefore, by taking the spatiotemporal advantage of HJ-1/CCD data we propose a new method for finer resolution land cover mapping using the time series HJ-1/CCD data, which can greatly improve the land cover mapping accuracy. In our two study areas, the very high resolution remote sensing data within Google Earth are used to validate the land cover mapping results, which shows a very high mapping accuracy of 95.76% and 83.78% and a high Kappa coefficient of 0.9423 and 0.8165 in the Dahuofang area of Liaoning Province and the Heiquan area of Gansu Province respectively.  相似文献   

10.
For a low-level geomagnetic satellite survey, for which the motion of the satellite converts spatial variation into temporal variation, the limit on accuracy may well be background temporal fluctuations. The sources of the temporal fluctuations are current systems external to the Earth and include currents induced in the Earth due to these sources. The internal sources consist primarily of two components, the main geomagnetic field with sources in the Earth's core and a crustal geomagnetic field.Power spectra of the vertical geomagnetic field internal component that would be observed by a spacecraft in circular orbit at various altitudes, due to satellite motion through the spatially varying geomagnetic field, are compared to power spectra of the natural temporal fluctuations of the geomagnetic field vertical component (natural noise) and to the power spectrum for typical fluxgate magnetometer instrument noise. The natural noise is shown to be greater than this typical instrument noise over the entire frequency range for which useful measurements of the geomagnetic field may be made, for all geomagnetic latitudes and all times. Thus there would be little benefit in reducing the instrument noise below the typical value of 10?4 gamma2 Hz?1 plus a 1/f component of 10 milligamma rms decade?1.For a given satellite altitude, there is a maximum frequency above which the natural noise is greater than the power spectrum of the crustal geomagnetic field vertical component. Below this maximum frequency, the situation is reversed. This maximum frequency depends on geomagnetic latitude (and to a lesser extent on time of day and season of year), being lower in the auroral zone than at lower latitudes. The maximum frequency is also lower at higher satellite altitudes. The maximum frequency determines the spatial resolution obtainable on a magnetic field map. The spatial resolution (for impulses) obtainable at low latitudes for a 100-km satellite altitude (possibly achievable by tethering a small satellite at this altitude to a space vehicle at a higher altitude) is 60 km, while at the auroral zone the obtainable spatial resolution is 100 km. At the higher satellite altitude of 300 km the obtainable spatial resolution is 230 km at low latitudes and 530 km at the auroral zone. At 500-km satellite altitude, the obtainable spatial resolution is 500 km at low latitudes, while maps cannot be made at all for the auroral zone unless the data are selected for “quiet” days.For the lower satellite altitudes, greater spatial resolution can be obtained than at higher altitudes. Furthermore since the crustal geomagnetic field power spectrum is larger at lower altitudes, the relative error due to the natural noise is less than for higher altitudes.  相似文献   

11.
For the managers of a region as large as the Great Barrier Reef, it is a challenge to develop a cost effective monitoring program, with appropriate temporal and spatial resolution to detect changes in water quality. The current study compares water quality data (phytoplankton abundance and water clarity) from remote sensing with field sampling (continuous underway profiles of water quality and fixed site sampling) at different spatial scales in the Great Barrier Reef north of Mackay (20 degrees S). Five transects (20-30 km long) were conducted from clean oceanic water to the turbid waters adjacent to the mainland. The different data sources demonstrated high correlations when compared on a similar spatial scale (18 fixed sites). However, each data source also contributed unique information that could not be obtained by the other techniques. A combination of remote sensing, underway sampling and fixed stations will deliver the best spatial and temporal monitoring of water quality in the Great Barrier Reef.  相似文献   

12.
Recent advances are made in earth surface reconstruction with high spatial resolution due to SfM photogrammetry. High flexibility of data acquisition and high potential of process automation allows for a significant increase of the temporal resolution, as well, which is especially interesting to assess geomorphic changes. Two case studies are presented where 4D reconstruction is performed to study soil surface changes at 15 seconds intervals: (a) a thunderstorm event is captured at field scale and (b) a rainfall simulation is observed at plot scale. A workflow is introduced for automatic data acquisition and processing including the following approach: data collection, camera calibration and subsequent image correction, template matching to automatically identify ground control points in each image to account for camera movements, 3D reconstruction of each acquisition interval, and finally applying temporal filtering to the resulting surface change models to correct random noise and to increase the reliability of the measurement of signals of change with low intensity. Results reveal surface change detection with cm‐ to mm‐accuracy. Significant soil changes are measured during the events. Ripple and pool sequences become obvious in both case studies. Additionally, roughness changes and hydrostatic effects are apparent along the temporal domain at the plot scale. 4D monitoring with time‐lapse SfM photogrammetry enables new insights into geomorphic processes due to a significant increase of temporal resolution. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

13.
The emergence of regional and global satellite‐based rainfall products with high spatial and temporal resolution has opened up new large‐scale hydrological applications in data‐sparse or ungauged catchments. Particularly, distributed hydrological models can benefit from the good spatial coverage and distributed nature of satellite‐based rainfall estimates (SRFE). In this study, five SRFEs with temporal resolution of 24 h and spatial resolution between 8 and 27 km have been evaluated through their predictive capability in a distributed hydrological model of the Senegal River basin in West Africa. The main advantage of this evaluation methodology is the integration of the rainfall model input in time and space when evaluated at the sub‐catchment scale. An initial data analysis revealed significant biases in the SRFE products and large variations in rainfall amounts between SRFEs, although the spatial patterns were similar. The results showed that the Climate Prediction Center/Famine Early Warning System (CPC‐FEWS) and cold cloud duration (CCD) products, which are partly based on rain gauge data and produced specifically for the African continent, performed better in the modelling context than the global SRFEs, Climate Prediction Center MORPHing technique (CMORPH), Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN). The best performing SRFE, CPC‐FEWS, produced good results with values of R2NS between 0·84 and 0·87 after bias correction and model recalibration. This was comparable to model simulations based on traditional rain gauge data. The study highlights the need for input specific calibration of hydrological models, since major differences were observed in model performances even when all SRFEs were scaled to the same mean rainfall amounts. This is mainly attributed to differences in temporal dynamics between products. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

14.
本文通过分析两次大磁暴期间的中性原子(ENA)通量数据,试图揭示环电流离子通量的变化规律,进一步探讨环电流的形成和损失机制,以及磁暴和亚暴的关系.两次磁暴期间ENA通量的变化呈现出一些重要的特征:(1)通量随能量的增高而快速降低,磁暴主相期间高能端通量所占比重增大;(2)通量比例曲线的起伏远比通量曲线的起伏要平缓;(3)通量的起伏与AE指数之间没有简单的对应关系;(4)磁暴恢复相开始前,ENA通量出现短时间的猛烈增长,特别是低能端通量的增长异常迅速;(5)Dst/SYM-H指数快速恢复期间,ENA通量的变化表现为两个完全不同的阶段:先降低,后增大.忽略影响ENA通量的其他次要因素,ENA通量的上述特征直接反映了环电流的发展规律.环电流离子通量随能量的增高快速下降,磁暴主相期间可能由于高能O+的增加使得能谱有所变硬.离子主要受南向行星际磁场(IMF)所引起的对流电场的驱动注入到环电流区域,通量的变化大体上是无色散的.亚暴活动与环电流的增长没有直接的因果关系,但亚暴活动会引起环电流离子通量的短时间尺度波动.恢复相开始前,环电流离子在昏侧区域发生堆积,使得局部离子通量变大.这可能是由于屏蔽电场的形成削弱了内磁层对流电场,造成离子在磁层顶的逃逸损失过程减弱.在Dst/SYM-H指数的快速恢复期间,环电流离子通量的衰减速度也可能发生阶段性变化.这说明Dst/SYM-H指数并不能准确反映环电流的强度,环电流的衰减过程可能具有比先快后慢更为复杂的阶段性模式.  相似文献   

15.
《水文科学杂志》2013,58(5):917-935
Abstract

For urban drainage and urban flood modelling applications, fine spatial and temporal rainfall resolution is required. Simulation methods are developed to overcome the problem of data limitations. Although temporal resolution higher than 10–20 minutes is not well suited for detailed rainfall—runoff modelling for urban drainage networks, in the absence of monitored data, longer time intervals can be used for master planning or similar purposes. A methodology is presented for temporal disaggregation and spatial distribution of hourly rainfall fields, tested on observations for a 10-year period at 16 raingauges in the urban catchment of Dalmuir (UK). Daily rainfall time series are simulated with a generalized linear model (GLM). Next, using a single-site disaggregation model, the daily data of the central gauge in the catchment are downscaled to an hourly time scale. This hourly pattern is then applied linearly in space to disaggregate the daily data into hourly rainfall at all sites. Finally, the spatial rainfall field is obtained using inverse distance weighting (IDW) to interpolate the data over the whole catchment. Results are satisfactory: at individual sites within the region the simulated data preserve properties that match the observed statistics to an acceptable level for practical purposes.  相似文献   

16.
环电流区中性原子观测特性模拟研究   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文
为了给双星计划中性原子(ENA)探测仪的研制提供可靠 的理论依据，并为未来中性原子探测数据的分析及研究做好准备，针对双星轨道初步模拟计 算了双星ENA探测仪对磁暴时中性原子的观测特性. 建立了磁暴主相期间环电流离子分布的 一 个近似理论模式，并模拟计算了极轨卫星在极区上空、赤道面以及其他位置上对不同强度磁 暴主相期间环电流区ENA空间角分布及能谱的观测结果. 研究表明，存在环电流区方向和南 北极区环电流粒子沉降带两个中性原子强度极大区域；磁暴越强烈，注入区高度越低，环电 流区观测到的ENA通量越高；处于有利位置的ENA探测器可分辨注入区内边界或注入前沿；EN A探测器能够分辨环电流带离子分布的不均匀性；由于离子交换截面的差异，H，O，He 3种E NA的能谱分布不同；在10～80keV能谱范围内通量较强，易于观测；环电流区H，O两种ENA 通 量较强，有利于观测；而环电流区He ENA通量很弱，不易于观测. 模拟计算研究表明，双星 极轨卫星能够对环电流区ENA进行有效探测；低纬轨道上的ENA探测器也能够对环电流区ENA 进行一些观测；ENA探测器的研制应重视低、中能量范围ENA的探测.  相似文献   

17.
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18.
The Ground Probing Radar (GPR) is a valuable tool for near surface geological, geotechnical, engineering, environmental, archaeological and other work. GPR images of the subsurface frequently contain geometric information (constant or variable-dip reflections) from various structures such as bedding, cracks, fractures, etc. Such features are frequently the target of the survey; however, they are usually not good reflectors and they are highly localized in time and in space. Their scale is therefore a factor significantly affecting their detectability. At the same time, the GPR method is very sensitive to broadband noise from buried small objects, electromagnetic anthropogenic activity and systemic factors, which frequently blurs the reflections from such targets.This paper introduces a method to de-noise GPR data and extract geometric information from scale-and-dip dependent structural features, based on one-dimensional B-Spline Wavelets, two-dimensional directional B-Spline Wavelet (BSW) Filters and two-dimensional Gabor Filters. A directional BSW Filter is built by sidewise arranging s identical one-dimensional wavelets of length L, tapering the s-parallel direction (span) with a suitable window function and rotating the resulting matrix to the desired orientation. The length L of the wavelet defines the temporal and spatial scale to be isolated and the span determines the length over which to smooth (spatial resolution). The Gabor Filter is generated by multiplying an elliptical Gaussian by a complex plane wave; at any orientation the temporal or spatial scale(s) to be isolated are determined by the wavelength. λ of the plane wave and the spatial resolution by the spatial aspect ratio γ, which specifies the ellipticity of the support of the Gabor function. At any orientation, both types of filter may be tuned at any frequency or spatial wavenumber by varying the length or the wavelength respectively. The filters can be applied directly to two-dimensional radargrams, in which case they abstract information about given scales at given orientations. Alternatively, they can be rotated to different orientations under adaptive control, so that they remain tuned at a given frequency or wavenumber and the resulting images can be stacked in the LS sense, so as to obtain a complete representation of the input data at a given temporal or spatial scale.In addition to isolating geometrical information for further scrutiny, the proposed filtering methods can be used to enhance the S/N ratio in a manner particularly suitable for GPR data, because the frequency response of the filters mimics the frequency characteristics of the source wavelet. Finally, signal attenuation and temporal localization are closely associated: low attenuation interfaces tend to produce reflections rich in high frequencies and fine-scale localization as a function of time. Conversely, high attenuation interfaces will produce reflections rich in low frequencies and broad localization. Accordingly, the temporal localization characteristics of the filters may be exploited to investigate the characteristics of signal propagation (hence material properties). The method is shown to be very effective in extracting fine to coarse scale information from noisy data and is demonstrated with applications to noisy GPR data from archaeometric and geotechnical surveys.  相似文献   

19.
An upgrade of the Siberian Solar Radio Telescope (SSRT) [Smolkov et al., 1986; Grechnev et al., 2003] to a multiwave radio heliograph has been started. The radio heliograph being created will be designed mainly to measure coronal magnetic fields, to determine the locations of solar-flare energy release, and to investigate coronal mass ejections. These tasks define the parameters of next-generation radio heliographs. A high spatial resolution, a high image acquisition rate, and a high sensitivity are required simultaneously. All these parameters should be realized in the widest possible frequency range—from fractions to tens of GHz). The expected parameters of the future SSRT-based radio heliograph are listed below: spatial resolution 12″–24″, temporal resolution 0.02–1.0 s, frequency range 4–8 GHz, sensitivity up to 100 K, left-hand and right-hand circular polarizations, data rate 0.5–20 Mb s−1 (normal and flare modes). In this paper, we describe the broadband antennas, analog optical data transmission lines, and correlator used in the 10-antenna radio heliograph prototype.  相似文献   

20.
The spatial extent and temporal behaviour of quasi-periodic (QP) intensity modulations of 0.5-2 kHz ELF-VLF signals were investigated in a comparative study of data collected at the Antarctic stations of South Pole (L=14), Halley (L=4), and Siple (L=4). Frequently, the waveforms of ELF-VLF signals simultaneously received at each site were identical. Although of similar frequency structure, the waveforms of the accompanying Pc3 magnetic pulsations did not show a one-to-one association. Whereas both are dayside phenomena, QP emissions occur over a smaller range of local times, and have a maximum of occurrence later in the day closer to local noon. QP emissions are identified with the periodic modulation of the electron pitch-angle distribution by the propagation of ULF compressional fast-mode waves through a region. However, contrary to previous ideas, rising-tone emissions do not represent the frequency-time signatures of such waves. In addition to generation close to the equatorial plane, we propose an additional high-latitude source of QP emissions. These emissions are associated with regions of minimum B produced by the dayside compression of the magnetosphere close to the magnetopause. Model magnetic field calculations of these minimum-B regions as a function of magnetic local time and invariant latitude are presented.  相似文献   

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