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《中国科学:地球科学》2016,(12)
自1980年湖南医学院学者尝试从马王堆汉代古人类遗存获取核酸分子开始,古DNA研究至今已经历了35年时间.近年来,随着高通量测序技术平台的开发应用及对小片段古DNA分子捕获能力的加强,古DNA研究走出了单纯依靠线粒体基因组及少量核基因的时代,在全基因组测序方面取得重要突破,古基因组数据在人类起源、大型绝灭哺乳动物的迁移演化、动植物家养驯化过程及其对人类社会生活模式的启示、生物与环境的相互关系等诸多方面发挥了独特作用.本文以第二代测序技术问世之后古DNA研究流程为主线,系统回顾古DNA各阶段的进展以及近年来取得的突破,阐明古DNA数据的应用领域,并基于现有研究实例对古DNA将来可能的发展前景提出展望. 相似文献
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《中国科学:地球科学》2016,(6)
古菌在全球碳、氮循环中发挥着重要作用,其细胞膜膜脂,如类异戊二烯甘油二烷基甘油四醚化合物(isoprenoidal Glycerol Dialkyl Glycerol Tetraethers,i GDGTs)作为一种重要的生物标志物,能够对自然界中古菌群落结构的变化及其参与的生物地球化学过程起到很好的指示作用.本研究对九龙江-河口区域表层沉积物及其周边土壤中古菌脂类的空间分布特征进行了调查分析.结果表明:在九龙江和九龙江河口区域,古菌膜脂组成分别以GDGT-0和泉古菌醇(crenarchaeol)为主.从河流到河口,i GDGTs、GDGT-0、泉古菌醇和古菌醇(archaeol)浓度呈现出明显的空间变化.GDGT-0和古菌醇在河流区域丰度相对较高,这表明GDGT-0和古菌醇可能主要来自九龙江产甲烷菌(methanogens)的原位生产;而泉古菌醇在河口区域丰度相对较高,这表明泉古菌醇可能主要来自九龙江河口区域奇古菌(Thaumarchaea)的原位生产.根据以上脂类研究结果,推测九龙江和九龙江河口区域古菌群落组成存在明显变化,分别以产甲烷菌和奇古菌为主,这与其他河流-河口系统中的古菌群落结构特征一致. 相似文献
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生物大灭绝研究三十年 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
历次生物大灭绝除具有若干共同特征外,各自更存在许多特点,重视和阐释产生各大灭绝的环境差异与不同板块、相区、剖面中不同门类、类群和属种应对大灭绝的适应差异,是深化理解大灭绝的重要内容.化石采集、系统分类和精时地层研究是探索生物大灭绝的根基和关键;从生物多样性的丧失和生态系的变革这两方面来揭示大灭绝后的生物世界;从地球系统学的视角来探索大灭绝发生的复杂机制,重视多种外因(包括古气候,如古温度)的剧变对生命演化的影响.气候变化既可导致生物大灭绝,也可能有利于生物大辐射,笼统地说"由全球变暖或变冷引发大灭绝"是不合适的.就古温度而言,聚焦研究大灾变前的温度,温度剧变的幅度、历程和频率等四方面尤为重要.与其他学科的交叉研究是探索同期环境背景和生物演变的综合途径.大灭绝带给物种的选择压力是通过其自身适应和应对策略体现的,所以,在探索生物与环境的协同演化的同时,也要探讨生物门类之间和物种本身对环境剧变的适应演化. 相似文献
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从断层崖演化模型及其理论分析入手 ,给出了模型的数学分析解 ,导出了一次突发事件和蠕动成因断层崖演化的等时地形 (地层 )线、最大坡度和崖下堆积体截面积的精确表达式 ,据此分析了可能造成的几何与沉积构造特征。根据野外观察、实验分析及理论研究 ,探讨了断层崖演化及其古地震学研究的一些重要问题 ,提出了与断层崖相关的古地震几何形态、沉积结构和实验分析的综合标志 ,并具体研究和确定了与红果子贺兰山东麓断层崖和孟家湾F2 0 1断层崖相关的 8次古地震事件及其近地表特征和复发周期 ,前者为 2 .0～ 3.0ka,平均 2 .4ka ,后者为 3.3～ 4 .0ka ,平均 3.6ka 相似文献
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极端环境指的是不适宜于人类生存的自然环境,而恰恰是多数微生物栖息的甚至是必需的环境.位于进化树根部的超嗜热微生物暗示早期生命就起源于类似深海热液系统的高温,厌氧极端环境.生命的化学本质是通过能量输入而维持一个远离热动力学平衡的耗散结构的过程.生命只能以量子形态从环境的理化梯度中获取能量.能量代谢方式决定了生命的演化框架,生态系统的结构与细胞的生理状态.伴随着地球环境所经历的降温与逐步氧化的过程,微生物建立了相对统一的极端环境适应机制.我们现在能够通过对极端微生物的研究尝试重建早期生命的起源与演化过程,也可以找出基因组中的历史环境记录."追寻能量"成为探寻包括地球在内生命边疆与未知生命在宇宙中的存在与适应性的重要途径. 相似文献
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继新元古代埃迪卡拉纪真核生物辐射之后,寒武纪生命大爆发建立了现今动物门类和海洋生态系统的总体格架.本文系统研究了目前华南寒武系纽芬兰统-第二统南皋阶Fe-S-C海洋化学数据在时间和空间(近岸-远洋)上的波动特征,发现寒武纪早期表层海洋虽已氧化,但深部海洋仍旧广泛缺氧铁化,硫化水体可能仅动态出现在陆架缺氧区域且受到硫酸盐供给的重要控制.伴随海侵、海退和硫酸盐输入等关键地球化学要素的波动,华南寒武纪早期这种海洋化学状态的空间结构展现了阶段性演化特征,并与这一时期生物辐射、"灭绝"的空间差异性和阶段性一致.生物与水化学的相关性还进一步表明早期动物可能具有较好地适应低氧环境的生存能力,但水体的硫化对其却是致命的.这一观点可很好地解释梅树村阶Ni-Mo富集层沉积时期陆架地区小壳动物群和外陆架-斜坡相海绵动物的消失.因此,海洋化学条件的时空波动及其效应很可能是寒武纪早期生命出现阶段式"灭绝"和辐射的关键原因之一. 相似文献
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二叠-三叠纪东特提斯地区古地理、古气候和古海洋演化与地球表层多圈层事件耦合 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
通过对东特提斯地区二叠纪栖霞期和吴家坪期、三叠纪安尼期和诺利期古地理、古气候和古海洋环流再造, 研究了二叠-三叠纪岩石圈(古地理)-水圈(古海洋)-大气圈(古气候)的相互联系、相互作用及其演化. 研究表明, 特提斯地区二叠-三叠纪古地理变化和联合古大陆的整体北移, 导致了全球古洋流格局的重大调整; 而古地理的变化和古洋流格局的调整可能是将二叠-三叠纪巨型季风气候体系推向高潮的关键因素. 相似文献
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中国乃至东亚地区现代人起源问题,在国际学术界"近期出自非洲说"和"多地区进化说"两派学说激烈争论的背景下一直存在着"本土连续演化"与"非洲移民替代"两种假说的碰撞,两种观点的主要提出与支持者分别来自古人类学和分子生物学界.随着新材料发现、新分析进展和更多领域介入此项研究,相关认识得到深化,有关假说得以发展和修正,不同人群间发生过基因交流、现代人都经历过复杂的融合与演化过程渐成学术界共识.中国地区新发现的人类化石所揭示的古人类体质特点及其演化,旧石器时代考古研究成果和古DNA信息的提取与破译,正使该地区现代人群起源与形成过程逐渐清晰起来,但不同假说的交锋仍在持续,分子生物学主流观点认定中国地区最早现代人来自西方,古人类学和考古学则在强化对"连续进化附带杂交"观点的论述.本文梳理、总结了近年中国在此问题上的研究进展及西方学术界的相关发展变化,分析了研究中存在的问题,对未来方向提出了思路与建议. 相似文献
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正地球生物学(geobiology)研究地圈-生物圈耦合系统,即生物圈与地球其他圈层如大气圈、水圈和岩石圈的相互作用机制及其过程.地球生物学、地球化学和地球物理学分别构成了研究地球系统的生物过程、化学过程和物理过程的学科体系.地球生物学的核心是生命与地球环境的相互作用与协同演化.我们过去讲地球与生命的关系,主要强调的是地球环境影响生命,生命适应地球环境,这是一个单向作用的关系.但地球与生命之间应为相互作用的关系,而且是协同演化的.生命演化能否影响地球环境演变,生物过程能否影响地球环 相似文献
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阪神·淡路大震灾后 ,日本着手对原有的地震观测体制作彻底改革 ,多项全国性配置地震计的计划同时开始启动。地震引起的地面晃动的程度不尽相同 ,无感微小地震引发的晃动仅有 0 .0 0 1 μm,频率为1 0 Hz;巨大地震引起的地面晃动的幅度高达 2～ 3 m,周期也有几十秒。虽说都称之为地震计 ,但由于地震动的振幅和频率涉及的范围太大 ,所以应针对观测对象选用不同类型的地震计。下面介绍不同类型的观测网。1 强震观测网 ( K- NET)无论大地有多大的晃动都能将其准确记录下来的地震计称之为强震计。它构造坚实 ,信号明确 ,通常设置在地表 ,对了… 相似文献
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Michael O. Garcia Diane Hanano Ashton Flinders Dominique Weis Garrett Ito Mark D. Kurz 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2012,74(6):1445-1463
The size, shape, and magmatic history of the most recently discovered shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, Mahukona, have been controversial. Mahukona corresponds to what was thought to be a gap in the paired sequence (Loa and Kea trends) of younger Hawaiian volcanoes (<4?Ma). Here, we present the results of marine expeditions to Mahukona where new bathymetry, sidescan sonar, gravity data, and lava samples were collected to address these controversies. Modeling of bathymetric and gravity data indicate that Mahukona is one of the smallest Hawaiian volcanoes (～6,000?km3) and that its magmatic system was not focused in a long-lived central reservoir like most other Hawaiian volcanoes. This lack of a long-lived magmatic reservoir is reflected by the absence of a central residual gravity high and the random distribution of cones on Mahukona Volcano. Our reconstructed subsidence history for Mahukona suggests it grew to at least ～270?m below sea level but probably did not form an island. New 40Ar–39Ar plateau ages range from 350 to 654?ka providing temporal constraints for Mahukona’s post-shield and shield stages of volcanism, which ended prematurely. Mahukona post-shield lavas have high 3He/4He ratios (16–21?Ra), which have not been observed in post-shield lavas from other Hawaiian volcanoes. Lava compositions range widely at Mahukona, including Pb isotopic values that straddle the boundary between Kea and Loa sequences of volcanoes. The compositional diversity of Mahukona lavas may be related to its relatively small size (less extensive melting) and the absence of a central magma reservoir where magmas would have been homogenized. 相似文献
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In this study, we have checked the location and focal depth of the Yecheng earthquake (m b = 6.0, maximum intensity VII) of February 14, 1980. The result shows that this is an intermediate event with a focal depth of 90 km. The microepicenter is located at 36. 4°N, 76, 9°E, while the macroepicenter is at 37.3°N, 76.9°E, 90 km to the north of the microepicenter. This is the first destructive intermediate event in China which led to a damage as severe as of intensity VII. The focal mechanism of the event is determined to be of thrust type. Combined with the analysis of seismological and geological data in surrounding area, the possible relation between the event and plate movement has been discussed. The result in this paper indicates that in some particular place, the destructive effect of intermediate event should be considered in seismic hazard assessment. 相似文献
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Sun, climate, hunger, and mass migration 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
Kenneth J. Hsu 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》1998,41(5):449-472
Paleoclimatic studies indicate four epochs of global cooling during the last 4 000 years, i. e. during the few centuries before
and after 2000 BC, 800 BC, 400 AD, and 1 600 AD; the quasiperiodicity corresponds to cyclic variation of solar activity. Global
temperature changes influenced regional precipitation patterns: Northern Europe was wetter while the middle- and low-latitude
lands were more arid during colder epochs. Both sets of cold climatical conditions were unfavorable for agricultural production.
Historical records show that large demographic movements in history took place because of crop failures and mass starvation,
rather than escaping from war zones. The “wandering” of the Germanic tribes during the first two or three centuries of the
Christian Era is one example. Whereas the accelerated release of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels is ultimately
to cause global warming, historical evidence indicates, however, that global warming has been on the whole a blessing to mankind.
Global cooling, on the other hand, has curtailed agricultural production and has led to famines and mass migrations of people.
Perhaps the most important task at the present is not so much computer-modelling of greenhouse effect on global climate, but
water-management and agricultural researches to insure food-supply for an everincreasing world population. 相似文献
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In this study, we experimentally established the relationship between physical properties, vitrinite reflectance, and microstructure of coal, Taiyuan Formation, Qinshui Basin, China using representative coal samples collected from three different mines via the rock mechanics testing system (MTS). We analyzed the organic macerals, vitrinite reflectance, and microstructure of 11 coal samples using petrography and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results suggest that (1) the elastic parameters can be described by linear equations, (2) both P-and S-wave velocities display anisotropy, (3) the anisotropy negatively correlates with vitrinite reflectance, and (4) the acoustic velocities and Young’s modulus are negatively correlated with the volume of micropores. The derived empirical equations can be used in the forward modeling and seismic inversion of physical properties of coal for improving the coal-bed methane (CBM) reservoir characterization. 相似文献
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Abu Sayeed Shafiuddin Ahmed Mohammad Belal Hossain Saad Mohammad Omar Faruque Babu Moshiur Rahman Jun Sun Mohammad Shafiqul Islam Sarker 《国际泥沙研究》2022,37(1):83-96
Sediment samples from the Gomti River basin were investigated to determine and evaluate trace metal concentrations,their biological effect,and potential ecological and human health risks for adults and children.The mean concentrations of trace metals were organized in the descending order of mercury(Hg)(0.08 mg/kg)>chromium(Cr)(0.06 mg/kg)>lead(Pb)(0.05 mg/kg)>arsenic(As)(0.02 mg/kg)>cadmium(Cd)(0.01 mg/kg).The current study illustrated that metals were attributed to the area from natural sources and different anthropogenic sources especially from industries.However,the concentration levels were lower than the sediment quality guidelines(SQGs)based on the effect-range classifications of threshold effect concentration(TEC)and probable effect concentration(PEC).Therefore,the concentration of the elements showed no adverse biological effects on aquatic organisms.The evaluated potential ecological risk index also revealed the low toxicity to the aquatic environment.Moreover,the applied sediment quality indices,geo-accumulation index(Igeo),contamination factor(CF),and contamination severity index(CSI)suggested that the contamination levels of the elements were in the acceptable range,and the contamination had not notably impacted on the sediment quality.The risk index(HI)concerning age groups was significantly less than the threshold limit of 1 indicating that the contamination had no non-carcinogenic risk effect.The total carcinogenic risk(TCR)was less than a risk value of 1×104.Hence,the current study suggests that immediate remediation is not required due to an absence of alarming conditions in the study area.Proper monitoring of the attribution of the metal elements should be done for the betterment of human and environmental health。 相似文献