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1.
Sediment cores from central Lake Constance were dated with210Pb and137Cs. A sedimentation rate of (0.11±0.02) g·cm−2·y−1 was determined with the210Pb method.137Cs measurements revealed sedimentation rates of (0.11±0.01) g·cm−2·y−1 and (0.08±0.01) g·cm−2·y−1 respectively for two different cores sampled at the same location. The lower Cs-dated value indicates incomplete core recovery and demonstrates the sensitivity of this simple dating method to small losses of material at the water/sediment interface. An unambiguous application of the137Cs method is, therefore, only possible if complete core recovery is ensured. Sedimentation rates based on particulate matter, collected in sediment traps at various water depths, agree with the results of the radioisotope methods. Estimates of 30–125 days residence times for suspended particulate matter were calculated from7Be measurements.  相似文献   

2.
According to variations of 137Cs and clay contents, 44 flood couplets were identified in a profile of reservoir deposit with a vertical length of 28.12 m in the Yuntaishan Gully. Couplet 27 at the middle of the profile had the highest average 137Cs content of 12.65 Bq kg-1, which indicated the 1963s' deposits, then 137Cs content decreased both downward and upward in the profile. The second top and bottom couplets had average 137Cs contents of 2.15 Bq kg-1 and 0.92 Bq kg-1, respectively. By integrated analysis of reservoir construction and management history, variations of 137Cs contents over the profile, sediment yields of flood couplets and rainfall data during the period of 1958-1970, individual storms related to the flood couplets were identified. 44 floods with a total sediment yield of 2.36×104 m3 occurred and flood events in a year varied between 1 and 10 times during the period of 1960-1970. 7-10 flood events occurred during the wet period of 1961-1964 with very wet autumn, while only 1-2 events during the dry period of 1965-1969. Average annual specific sediment yield was 1.29×104 t km-2 a-1 for the Yuntaishan Gully during the period of 1960-1970, which was slightly higher than 1.11 ×104 t km-2 a-1 for the Upper Yanhe River Basin above the Ganguyi Hydrological Station and slightly lower than 1.40 ×104 t km-2 a-1 for the nearby Zhifang Gully during the same period. Annual specific sediment yields for the Yuntaishan Gully were correlated to the wet season's rainfalls well.  相似文献   

3.
The belowground part of terrestrial ecosystem is a huge carbon pool. It is believed that of the total 2500Gt carbon stored in global terrestrial ecosystem, soil carbon storage within the 1 m surface layer ac- counts for 2000Gt, which is 4-fold of vegetation car- bon storage[1,2]. Compared with the carbon in the vegetation, carbon in the deep soil layers is much more stable, and it will stay in soil profile permanentlyunless geological vicissitude occurs. Essentially, forest restoration is the…  相似文献   

4.
From July 2003 to July 2004, samples were collected on Chongming Island east tidal flat every two months. The research showed that the nitrous oxide (N2O) production rate was very low in the water, Chongming east tidal flat (CM) sediment was the N2O source of the water. Sediment N2O natural production rate was between -0.08 and 1.74 μmolN·m-2·h-1. N2O natural production rate was higher in the summer. The difference of the N2O natural production rate in the different tidal flats, the correlation between the N2O natural production rate and the denitrification rate, and those with the temperature and DO indicate that middle tidal flat sediment denitrification was the main process of the N2O production, while in the low tidal flat sediment, the production of the N2O came from several processes of the nitrogen cycling. Tidal flat sediment denitrification reaction was stronger in summer and winter but relatively lower in the late autumn and early spring. Seasonal change of the sediment denitrification rate was wide, from 1.12 to 33.34 μmolN·m-2·h-1. Temperature, DO and the coactions of them had the prominent effect on the tidal flat sediment denitrification.  相似文献   

5.
It is sometimes assumed that steric sea-level variations do not produce a gravity signal as no net mass change, thus no change of ocean bottom pressure is associated with it. Analyzing the output of two CO2 emission scenarios over a period of 2000 years in terms of steric sea-level changes, we try to quantify the gravitational effect of steric sea-level variations. The first scenario, computed with version 2.6 of the Earth System Climate Model developed at the University of Victoria, Canada (UVic ESCM), is implemented with a linear CO2 increase of 1% of the initial concentration of 365 ppm and shows a globally averaged steric effect of 5.2 m after 2000 years. In the second scenario, computed with UVic ESCM version 2.7, the CO2 concentration increases quasi-exponentially to a level of 3011 ppm and is hold fixed afterwards. The corresponding globally averaged steric effect in the first 2000 years is 2.3 m. We show, due to the (vertical) redistribution of ocean water masses (expansion or contraction), the steric effect results also in a small change in the Earth’s gravity field compared to usually larger changes associated with net mass changes. Maximum effects for computation points located on the initial ocean surface can be found in scenario 1, with the effect on gravitational attraction and potential ranging from 0.0 to −0.7·10−5 m s−2 and −3·10−3 to 6·10−3 m2 s−2, respectively. As expected, the effect is not zero but negligible for practical applications.  相似文献   

6.
Based on the stem analysis of 59 individuals of Pinus elliottii in combination with tree biomass models, we calculated annual biomass increment of forest plots at Qianyanzhou Ecological Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences in subtropical China. In addition, canopy layer and community NPP were calculated based on 12 years’ litter fall data. NPP of the 21-year-old forest was estimated by using the BIOME BGC model; and both measured NPP and estimated NPP were compared with flux data. Community biomass was 10574 g · m−2; its distribution patterns in tree layer, shrub layer, herbaceous layer, tree root, herbaceous and shrub roots and fine roots were 7542, 480, 239, 1810, 230, 274 and 239 g · m−2, respectively. From 1999 to 2004, the average annual growth rate and litter fall were 741 g · m−2 · a−1 (381.31 gC · m−2 · a−1) and 849 g · m−2 · a−1 (463 gC · m−2 · a−1), respectively. There was a significant correlation between annual litter fall and annual biomass increment; and the litter fall was 1.19 times the biomass increment of living trees. From 1985 to 2005, average NPP and GPP values based on BGC modeling were 630.88 (343.31–906.42 gC · m−2 · a−1) and 1 800 gC · m−2 · a−1 (1351.62–2318.26 gC · m−2 · a−1). Regression analysis showed a linear relationship (R 2=0.48) between the measured and simulated tree layer NPP values. NPP accounted for 30.2% (25.6%–32.9%) of GPP, while NEP accounted for 57.5% (48.1%–66.5%) of tree-layer NPP and 41.74% (37%–52%) of stand NPP. Soil respiration accounted for 77.0% of measured tree NPP and 55.9% of the measured stand NPP. NEE based on eddy covariance method was 12.97% higher than the observed NEP. Supported by the National Key Basic Research Special Foundation of China (Grant No. 2002CB4125), International Joint Research Project under Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant No. 2006DFB91920)  相似文献   

7.
The abundance of radiolarian, diatom and sponge spicule and H4SiO4 in pore-waters increase abruptly at the boundary between Early and Late Oligocene (about 30-27.5 Ma) at Site 1148 of the northern South China Sea (SCS), indicating high biogenic silica accumulation during this time. At the same time (about 30-28 Ma), high biogenic silica deposition occurred in the central equatorial Pacific. Comparison of the biogenic silica accumulation at Site 1148 of the SCS with that at Site 929 of the Atlantic verifies that the biogenic silica accumulation between the low latitude Pacific and Atlantic oceans expresses the evident relationship of compensation during the Oligocene. Biogenic silica accumulation decreased in the Atlantic, whereas it increased in the Pacific at the boundary between the Early and Late Oligocene. It resulted from the formation and presence of North Atlantic deep water (NADW) in the Atlantic basin, indicating an intensive basin-basin fractionation. XRD analysis and SEM observation of the samples from Site 1148 demonstrate that most of radiolarian, diatom and sponge spicule have suffered from dissolution and reprecipitation, suggested by the opal-A→opal-CT transformation. As a result of the transformation, porosity increased, but dry and bulk densities decreased, reflecting the consequence of diagenesis on the physical property of sediment.  相似文献   

8.
The noble gas nuclide abundances and isotopic ratios of the upmost layer of Fe-Mn crusts from the western and central Pacific Ocean have been determined. The results indicate that the He and Ar nu- clide abundances and isotopic ratios can be classified into two types: low 3He/4He type and high 3He/4He type. The low 3He/4He type is characterized by high 4He abundances of 191×10-9 cm3·STP·g-1 on average, with variable 4He, 20Ne and 40Ar abundances in the range (42.8―421)×10-9 cm3·STP·g-1, (5.40―141)×10-9 cm3·STP·g-1, and (773―10976)×10-9 cm3·STP·g-1, respectively. The high 3He/4He samples are characterized by low 4He abundances of 11.7×10-9 cm3·STP·g-1 on average, with 4He, 20Ne and 40Ar abundances in the range of (7.57―17.4)×10-9 cm3·STP·g-1, (10.4―25.5)×10-9 cm3·STP·g-1 and (5354―9050)×10-9 cm3·STP·g-1, respectively. The low 3He/4He samples have 3He/4He ratios (with R/RA ratios of 2.04―2.92) which are lower than those of MORB (R/RA=8±1) and 40Ar/36Ar ratios (447―543) which are higher than those of air (295.5). The high 3He/4He samples have 3He/4He ratios (with R/RA ratios of 10.4―12.0) slightly higher than those of MORB (R/RA=8±1) and 40Ar/36Ar ratios (293―299) very similar to those of air (295.5). The Ne isotopic ratios (20Ne/22Ne and 21Ne/22Ne ratios of 10.3―10.9 and 0.02774―0.03039, respectively) and the 38Ar/36Ar ratios (0.1886―0.1963) have narrow ranges which are very similar to those of air (the 20Ne/22Ne, 21Ne/22Ne, 38Ar/36Ar ratios of 9.80, 0.029 and 0.187, respectively), and cannot be differentiated into different groups. The noble gas nuclide abundances and isotopic ratios, together with their regional variability, suggest that the noble gases in the Fe-Mn crusts originate primarily from the lower mantle. The low 3He/4He type and high 3He/4He type samples have noble gas characteristics similar to those of HIMU (High U/Pb Mantle)- and EM (Enriched Mantle)-type mantle material, respectively. The low 3He/4He type samples with HIMU-type noble gas isotopic ratios occur in the Magellan Seamounts, Marcus-Wake Seamounts, Marshall Island Chain and the Mid-Pacific Sea- mounts whereas the high 3He/4He type samples with EM-type noble gas isotopic ratios occur in the Line Island Chain. This difference in noble gas characteristics of these crust types implies that the MagellanSeamounts, Marcus-Wake Seamounts, Marshall Is- land Chain, and the Mid-Pacific Seamounts originated from HIMU-type lower mantle material whereas the Line Island Chain originated from EM-type lower mantle material. This finding is consistent with varia- tions in the Pb-isotope and trace element signatures in the seamount lavas. Differences in the mantlesource may therefore be responsible for variations in the noble gas abundances and isotopic ratios in the Fe-Mn crusts. Mantle degassing appears to be the principal factor controlling noble gas isotopic abundances in Fe-Mn crusts. Decay of radioactive isotopes has a negligible influence on the nuclide abundances and isotopic ratios of noble gases in these crusts on the timescale of their formation.  相似文献   

9.
We measured SO2 emission rate from six volcanoes in Latin America (Santa Ana, El Salvador; San Cristóbal and Masaya, Nicaragua; Arenal and Poás, Costa Rica; Tungurahua and Sierra Negra, Ecuador) and from Mt. Etna, Italy, using two different remote sensing techniques: COSPEC (COrrelation SPECtrometer) and miniDOAS (miniaturized Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy). One of the goals of this study was to evaluate the differences in SO2 emission rates obtained by these two methods. The observed average SO2 emission rates measured during this study were 2688 t·d−1 from Tungurahua in July 2006, 2375 t·d−1 in September 2005 and 480 t·d−1 in February 2006 from Santa Ana, 1200 t·d−1 in May 2005 from Etna, 955 t·d−1 in March 2006 and 1165 t·d−1 in December 2006 from Masaya, 5400 t·d−1 of March 7, 2006 and 265 t·d−1 in March 2006 from San Cristobal, 113 t·d−1 in April 2006 from Arenal, 104 t·d−1 in April 2006 from Poás and 11 t·d−1 in July 2006 from Sierra Negra volcano. Most of the observed relative differences of SO2 emission measurements from COSPEC and miniDOAS were lower than 10%.  相似文献   

10.
We present an uncertainty analysis of ecological process parameters and CO2 flux components (R eco, NEE and gross ecosystem exchange (GEE)) derived from 3 years’ continuous eddy covariance measurements of CO2 fluxes at subtropical evergreen coniferous plantation, Qianyanzhou of ChinaFlux. Daily-differencing approach was used to analyze the random error of CO2 fluxes measurements and bootstrapping method was used to quantify the uncertainties of three CO2 flux components. In addition, we evaluated different models and optimization methods in influencing estimation of key parameters and CO2 flux components. The results show that: (1) Random flux error more closely follows a double-exponential (Laplace), rather than a normal (Gaussian) distribution. (2) Different optimization methods result in different estimates of model parameters. Uncertainties of parameters estimated by the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) are lower than those derived from ordinary least square method (OLS). (3) The differences between simulated Reco, NEE and GEE derived from MLE and those derived from OLS are 12.18% (176 g C·m−2·a−1), 34.33% (79 g C·m−2·a−1) and 5.4% (92 g C·m−2·a−1). However, for a given parameter optimization method, a temperature-dependent model (T_model) and the models derived from a temperature and water-dependent model (TW_model) are 1.31% (17.8 g C·m−2·a−1), 2.1% (5.7 g C·m−2·a−1), and 0.26% (4.3 g C·m−2·a−1), respectively, which suggested that the optimization methods are more important than the ecological models in influencing uncertainty in estimated carbon fluxes. (4) The relative uncertainty of CO2 flux derived from OLS is higher than that from MLE, and the uncertainty is related to timescale, that is, the larger the timescale, the smaller the uncertainty. The relative uncertainties of Reco, NEE and GEE are 4%−8%, 7%−22% and 2%−4% respectively at annual timescale. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30570347), Innovative Research International Partnership Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. CXTD-Z2005-1) and National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2002CB412502)  相似文献   

11.
We used in situ measurements and remote-sensing data sets to evaluate the mass budgets of the Lambert, Mellor and Fisher Glaciers and the basal melting and freezing rates beneath their flowbands on the Amery Ice Shelf. Our findings show the Lambert and Mellor Glaciers upstream of the ANARE Lambert Glacier Basin (LGB) traverse may have positive imbalances of 3.9±2.1 Gt a-1 and 2.1±2.4 Gt a-1, respectively, while the Fisher Glacier is approximately in balance. The upstream region as a whole has a positive imbalance of 5.9±4.9 Gt a-1. The three same glaciers downstream of the ANARE LGB traverse line are in negative imbalance, where the whole downstream region has a negative imbalance of -8.5±5.8 Gt a-1. Overall the mass budgets of the Lambert, Mellor, and Fisher Glaciers are close to bal-ance, and the collective three-glacier system is also nearly in balance with a mass budget of -2.6±6.5 Gt a-1. The significant positive imbalances for the interior basin upstream of the ice-movement stations established in the early 1970s (GL line) reported previously are possibly due to an overestimate of the total accumulation and an underestimate of the ice flux through the GL line. The mean melting rate is -23.0±3.5 m ice a-1 near the southern grounding line, which decreases rapidly downstream, and transitions to refreezing at around 300 km from the southern extremity of the Amery Ice Shelf. Freezing rates along the flowbands are around 0.5±0.1 to 1.5±0.2 m ice a-1. The per-centage of ice lost from the interior by basal melting beneath the flowbands is about 80%±5%. The total basal melting and refreezing beneath the three flowbands is 50.3±7.5 Gt ice a-1 and 7.0±1.1 Gt ice a-1, respectively. We find a much larger total basal melting and net melting than the results for the whole Amery Ice Shelf derived from previous modeling and oceanographic measurements.  相似文献   

12.
Organic matter mineralisation in the hypolimnion of an eutrophic Maar lake   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
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13.
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14.
The deployment of particle interceptor traps (PITs) in the three inner basins of the Southern California Bight (Santa Barbara, Santa Monica, and San Pedro) where preserved, laminated, bottom sediments occur, provides a natural calibration between the parameters determined with the PITs and those derived from the historical sedimentary deposits. The accumulation rates and chemical composition of the PIT materials compare favorably with these recently deposited bottom sediments. The ratio of the measured particle collection rate to the sediment accumulation rate for these three basins averaged0.93±0.20. Radionuclide (210Pb,228Th/232Th) and trace element (Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb) compositions of the PIT materials and surface sediments agree within, generally, 30% in each basin.An application of PITs as a sampling system in an outer basin (San Nicolas) where the sedimentary record has been obscured by bioturbation is also presented to further demonstrate the utility of PITs for spatial and temporal studies of various aspects of particle transport and sediment deposition. Based on the calibration of the PITs in the three inner basins we conclude from the comparison of the radionuclide and trace element compositions between the PIT materials and surface sediments from the San Nicolas Basin that recently deposited sedimentary material has been mixed by bioturbation with older material from the last several hundred years. Excess210Pb and the228Th/232Th activity ratio in the PIT material are 6 and 15 times higher than in the surface sediment. Total Pb and1N HNO3-leachable Pb are 4- and 8-fold higher in the PIT material.  相似文献   

15.
Forward-Looking Infrared (FLIR) nighttime thermal images were used to extract the thermal and morphological properties for the surface of a blocky-to-rubbley lava mass active within the summit crater of the Caliente vent at Santiaguito lava dome (Guatemala). Thermally the crater was characterized by three concentric regions: a hot outer annulus of loose fine material at 150–400°C, an inner cold annulus of blocky lava at 40–80°C, and a warm central core at 100–200°C comprising younger, hotter lava. Intermittent explosions resulted in thermal renewal of some surfaces, mostly across the outer annulus where loose, fine, fill material was ejected to expose hotter, underlying, material. Surface heat flux densities (radiative + free convection) were dominated by losses from the outer annulus (0.3–1.5 × 104  s−1m−2), followed by the hot central core (0.1–0.4 × 104 J s−1m−2) and cold annulus (0.04–0.1 × 104 J s−1m−2). Overall surface power output was also dominated by the outer annulus region (31–176 MJ s−1), but the cold annulus contributed equal power (2.41–7.07 MJ s−1) as the hot central core (2.68–6.92 MJ s−1) due to its greater area. Cooled surfaces (i.e. the upper thermal boundary layer separating surface temperatures from underlying material at magmatic temperatures) across the central core and cold annulus had estimated thicknesses, based on simple conductive model, of 0.3–2.2 and 1.5–4.3 m. The stability of the thermal structure through time and between explosions indicates that it is linked to a deeper structural control likely comprising a central massive plug, feeding lava flow from the SW rim of the crater, surrounded by an arcuate, marginal fracture zone through which heat and mass can preferentially flow.  相似文献   

16.
The Luliang and Baoshan basins are two small ba- sins in Yunnan Province. In the recent ten years or so, there have been found a number of natural gas pools of commercial importance in the two basins. Although the gas pools are small in size, the natural …  相似文献   

17.
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18.
Gravitational effect of water circulation in the northwest Yunnan   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
ＧｒａｖｉｔａｔｉｏｎａｌｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｆｗａｔｅｒｃｉｒｃｕｌａｔｉｏｎｉｎｔｈｅｎｏｒｔｈｗｅｓｔＹｕｎｎａｎＭｉｎ－ＹｕＪＩＡ；（贾民育）Ｓｈａｏ－ＡｎＳＵＮ；（孙少安）Ａｉ－ＭｉｎＸＩＡＮＧ；（项爱民）ａｎｄＤｏｎｇ－ＺｈｉＬＩＵ（刘冬至）（...  相似文献   

19.
湖泊沉积物有机碳埋藏是陆地碳循环中重要的环节,对全球碳平衡起着重要的作用.洱海是云贵高原第二大淡水湖,目前对洱海生态环境变化、重金属与营养盐污染等已展开了较为深入的研究,但对近百年来沉积物有机碳埋藏时空变化与驱动因素缺乏系统的分析.本文通过对洱海北部湖区典型岩芯（编号EH2012）以及其他湖区13个沉积岩芯中有机碳（OC）含量的分析,结合湖泊生态环境与气候因子变化,研究了近百年来沉积物有机碳埋藏时空变化特征与影响因素.C/N摩尔比值表明洱海沉积物中OC以湖泊内源为主,不同湖区岩芯中OC含量变化趋势基本相似.以EH2012岩芯为例,OC含量历史变化可分为3个阶段：1970年以前,表现出较稳定的低值;1970-2000年,OC含量逐渐增加;2000年以来,OC含量增加更加明显并达到近百年来的最大值.近百年来,EH2012岩芯有机碳累积速率（OCAR）呈逐渐增加趋势,变化范围为7.9~87.2 g/（m2·a）,平均OCAR（OCAR）为24.1 g/（m2·a）;OCAR变化与OC含量和区域气温呈显著正相关,全球变暖与营养驱动下的湖泊生产力提高可能是近年来OCAR增加的主要原因之一.基于重金属Cd污染初始时间建立的时标,1982年以来不同湖区OCAR为17.1~44.7 g/（m2·a）,采用克里金插值得到的全湖OCAR均值为31.4 g/（m2·a）;不同湖区OCAR与磷累积速率呈显著正相关,指示了湖泊营养水平对有机碳埋藏空间变化的重要影响.  相似文献   

20.
本文研究了典型的鄱阳湖阻隔湖泊——军山湖沉积物(0~36 cm)中溞属枝角类卵鞍密度的长期变化.1~#和2~#采样点36 cm沉积层对应的年代分别为1839和1857年.1958年前,军山湖沉积物的沉积速率呈现较高的水平,而1959年建坝后的沉积速率明显减小.1958年前,军山湖沉积物中总氮和总磷含量相对稳定,但建坝后总氮含量呈现明显增加的趋势.在军山湖沉积物中,鉴定出中华拟同形溞(Daphnia similoides sinensis)、盔形溞(D.galeata)和蚤状溞(D.pulex)的卵鞍.1~#和2~#沉积柱中3种溞属种类总卵鞍和含休眠卵卵鞍的累积速率和密度呈现较一致的变化.1958年前,3种溞属种类总卵鞍和含休眠卵卵鞍的累积速率和密度均处于较低水平(1~#沉积柱:0~1.51×10~3ind./(m~2·a)和0~0.63 ind./(g·dw);2~#沉积柱:0~0.70×10~3ind./(m~2·a)和0~0.22 ind./(g·dw));1959年建坝后,10~1 cm的沉积层中3种溞属种类总卵鞍和含休眠卵卵鞍的累积速率和密度呈现逐步增加的趋势,尤其是在3~1 cm(2009-2015年)的沉积层.Pearson相关性显示,军山湖1~#沉积柱中的总氮含量与3种溞属种类的总卵鞍和含休眠卵卵鞍的累积速率之间均存在极显著相关性.2~#沉积柱中的总氮和总磷含量均与3种溞属种类总卵鞍的累积速率之间存在显著相关性.2~#沉积柱的总氮和总磷含量还与中华拟同形溞的含休眠卵卵鞍的累积速率之间均存在显著相关性.结果表明,沉积物中营养盐含量和溞属种类卵鞍(或休眠卵)的长期变化能够反映湖泊富营养化和溞属种群的历史演变过程.  相似文献   

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