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矩震级标度是从地震矩换算过来的,换算关系中地震应力降与剪切模量估算的不准确会对矩震级标度产生影响.本文利用1976年1月~2006年12月发生在东经75°~135°,北纬15°~55°的M≥5地震的矩震级与面波震级,探讨了应力降与剪切模量的比值Δσ/μ在中国及邻区以及在不同震级下的分布特征.中国大陆及邻区的Δσ/μ值分布较分散,不同地区的Δσ/μ值明显不同,且绝大部分值大于矩震级和地震矩换算关系中使用的全球平均值.对于同一地区不同震级的地震,其Δσ/μ值也不一样,震级大,Δσ/μ值通常也大.研究认为剪切模量和地震应力降的估计对矩震级标度的影响不能忽略. 相似文献
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2022年9月5日，在四川省甘孜州泸定县发生MS6.8地震.本研究收集区域台网震相数据、全球地震台网(GSN)、国际数字地震台网联盟(FDSN)与德国地学中心GEOFON台网的宽频带P波数据，利用双差定位、矩心矩张量解反演、有限断层波形反演和视震源时间函数分析等方法，分析了此次地震震源的基本特征.重定位结果显示，余震分布具有丛集性，3个地震丛分别集中在震中附近以及相距30 km左右的东南端和西北端，总体上西北端地震较浅，东南端地震较深.矩心矩张量反演表明，矩心位于29.55°N,102.14°E,深度16 km,释放地震矩1.0068×1019 N·m,相当于矩震级MW6.60,双力偶成分占88%,是一次近纯走滑的地震事件.结合余震分布可以断定，地震发生在走向163°、倾角77°(倾向西南),滑动角为-5°的断层面.有限断层反演显示，破裂区主要由两部分构成，破裂起始点及其周围是主要破裂区；另一破裂区位于其东南，总体表现为从西北向东南的单侧破裂，最大滑动量约1.4 m,位于起始破裂点附近.从矩心矩张量反演和有限断层反演得到... 相似文献
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震源特征可通过震源参数量化，震后快速测定震源参数，对于研究区域构造特征、地震的震源性质和孕育演化过程、开展震害评估和地震应急响应都具有重要意义.本研究采用区域地震台网和全球地震台网提供的宽频带波形资料，使用近震全波形反演方法得到了2022年1月8日青海门源MS6.9地震的地震矩、矩震级和震源机制解等静态震源参数，并测定了地震辐射能量、能量震级和破裂持续时间等动态震源参数.结果显示：(1)本次地震为一次高倾角的走滑型地震，震源机制解节面I走向194°、倾角87°、滑动角175°,节面II走向285°、倾角85°、滑动角3°,地震矩为8.5×1018N·m,转化成矩震级为6.6,矩心深度为3 km.结合动态震源参数，可确定节面II为地震断层面；(2)地震辐射能量为4.3×1014J,转化成能量震级为6.8,高于矩震级；(3)地震呈现双侧破裂特征，破裂持续时间为11 s;(4)能矩比为5.1×10-5,视应力为1.53 MPa,应力降为6.58 MPa,描述断层破裂复杂度的辐射能量增强因子为34;(5)综... 相似文献
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本文介绍了2019年4月7日北京海淀M2.9及4月14日北京怀柔M3.0地震的基本参数速报情况，并利用区域台网波形数据，采用全波形反演方法ISOLA获得了这两次地震的最佳双力偶解。反演结果显示:M2.9地震的节面Ⅰ走向29°，倾角70°，滑动角?149°，节面Ⅱ走向288°，倾角61°，滑动角?22°；矩心深度14 km，矩震级MW=3.4。M3.0地震的节面Ⅰ走向93°，倾角84°，滑动角?30°，节面Ⅱ走向186°，倾角60°，滑动角173°；矩心深度16 km，矩震级MW=3.4。震源机制反演结果表明，两次地震均为走滑型为主的地震，其与震源区域附近历史地震震源机制解具有相同性质。 相似文献
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利用黑龙江、吉林、内蒙古三省数字地震台网的三分量宽频带波形资料对2018年5月28日吉林省松原市宁江区发生的MS5.7地震进行了全波形矩张量反演，获取了此次地震的震源机制解和矩心位置；并使用震源-矩心方法讨论了该地震的发震断层。研究结果显示:松原MS5.7地震的矩震级为MW5.2，矩心位置为（45.225°N，124.685°E），矩心深度为7 km。震源机制解参数显示:该地震为走滑型；节面Ⅰ的走向、倾角和滑动角分别为217°，82°和164°；节面Ⅱ的走向、倾角和滑动角分别为309°，74°和8°；双力偶成分占96.4%，方差减少为93%。震源?矩心图显示震源更接近节面Ⅰ，与北东向的扶余—肇东断裂走向及倾角一致，因此，推测扶余—肇东断裂为发震断层。 相似文献
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应用2011年1月-2015年4月柯坪块体及周边数字地震台站（38°-42.5°N，75°-80.5°E）记录的3.0 ≤ M ≤ 5.0地震事件，结合柯坪块体介质品质因子和各台站场地响应，计算各地震应力降、地震矩、震源破裂半径、拐角频率等新震源参数，并研究各背景值变化特征及彼此间对应关系。结果表明：柯坪块体地区地震震级与地震矩、矩震级、震源尺度之间表现为较好的正相关性，与地震拐角频率之间呈负相关。地震矩与震源破裂尺度整体呈正相关，但当震源破裂尺度较小时，地震矩变化不大，当震源破裂尺度大于250 m时，地震矩随震源破裂尺度的增大变化较快。由柯坪块体应力降时间分布特征分析可知，研究区具有地震前应力降呈现高值异常、震后缓慢恢复低值的演化过程。 相似文献
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阪神·淡路大震灾后 ,日本着手对原有的地震观测体制作彻底改革 ,多项全国性配置地震计的计划同时开始启动。地震引起的地面晃动的程度不尽相同 ,无感微小地震引发的晃动仅有 0 .0 0 1 μm,频率为1 0 Hz;巨大地震引起的地面晃动的幅度高达 2～ 3 m,周期也有几十秒。虽说都称之为地震计 ,但由于地震动的振幅和频率涉及的范围太大 ,所以应针对观测对象选用不同类型的地震计。下面介绍不同类型的观测网。1 强震观测网 ( K- NET)无论大地有多大的晃动都能将其准确记录下来的地震计称之为强震计。它构造坚实 ,信号明确 ,通常设置在地表 ,对了… 相似文献
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Sun, climate, hunger, and mass migration 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
Kenneth J. Hsu 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》1998,41(5):449-472
Paleoclimatic studies indicate four epochs of global cooling during the last 4 000 years, i. e. during the few centuries before
and after 2000 BC, 800 BC, 400 AD, and 1 600 AD; the quasiperiodicity corresponds to cyclic variation of solar activity. Global
temperature changes influenced regional precipitation patterns: Northern Europe was wetter while the middle- and low-latitude
lands were more arid during colder epochs. Both sets of cold climatical conditions were unfavorable for agricultural production.
Historical records show that large demographic movements in history took place because of crop failures and mass starvation,
rather than escaping from war zones. The “wandering” of the Germanic tribes during the first two or three centuries of the
Christian Era is one example. Whereas the accelerated release of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels is ultimately
to cause global warming, historical evidence indicates, however, that global warming has been on the whole a blessing to mankind.
Global cooling, on the other hand, has curtailed agricultural production and has led to famines and mass migrations of people.
Perhaps the most important task at the present is not so much computer-modelling of greenhouse effect on global climate, but
water-management and agricultural researches to insure food-supply for an everincreasing world population. 相似文献
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Abu Sayeed Shafiuddin Ahmed Mohammad Belal Hossain Saad Mohammad Omar Faruque Babu Moshiur Rahman Jun Sun Mohammad Shafiqul Islam Sarker 《国际泥沙研究》2022,37(1):83-96
Sediment samples from the Gomti River basin were investigated to determine and evaluate trace metal concentrations,their biological effect,and potential ecological and human health risks for adults and children.The mean concentrations of trace metals were organized in the descending order of mercury(Hg)(0.08 mg/kg)>chromium(Cr)(0.06 mg/kg)>lead(Pb)(0.05 mg/kg)>arsenic(As)(0.02 mg/kg)>cadmium(Cd)(0.01 mg/kg).The current study illustrated that metals were attributed to the area from natural sources and different anthropogenic sources especially from industries.However,the concentration levels were lower than the sediment quality guidelines(SQGs)based on the effect-range classifications of threshold effect concentration(TEC)and probable effect concentration(PEC).Therefore,the concentration of the elements showed no adverse biological effects on aquatic organisms.The evaluated potential ecological risk index also revealed the low toxicity to the aquatic environment.Moreover,the applied sediment quality indices,geo-accumulation index(Igeo),contamination factor(CF),and contamination severity index(CSI)suggested that the contamination levels of the elements were in the acceptable range,and the contamination had not notably impacted on the sediment quality.The risk index(HI)concerning age groups was significantly less than the threshold limit of 1 indicating that the contamination had no non-carcinogenic risk effect.The total carcinogenic risk(TCR)was less than a risk value of 1×104.Hence,the current study suggests that immediate remediation is not required due to an absence of alarming conditions in the study area.Proper monitoring of the attribution of the metal elements should be done for the betterment of human and environmental health。 相似文献
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Michael O. Garcia Diane Hanano Ashton Flinders Dominique Weis Garrett Ito Mark D. Kurz 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2012,74(6):1445-1463
The size, shape, and magmatic history of the most recently discovered shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, Mahukona, have been controversial. Mahukona corresponds to what was thought to be a gap in the paired sequence (Loa and Kea trends) of younger Hawaiian volcanoes (<4?Ma). Here, we present the results of marine expeditions to Mahukona where new bathymetry, sidescan sonar, gravity data, and lava samples were collected to address these controversies. Modeling of bathymetric and gravity data indicate that Mahukona is one of the smallest Hawaiian volcanoes (～6,000?km3) and that its magmatic system was not focused in a long-lived central reservoir like most other Hawaiian volcanoes. This lack of a long-lived magmatic reservoir is reflected by the absence of a central residual gravity high and the random distribution of cones on Mahukona Volcano. Our reconstructed subsidence history for Mahukona suggests it grew to at least ～270?m below sea level but probably did not form an island. New 40Ar–39Ar plateau ages range from 350 to 654?ka providing temporal constraints for Mahukona’s post-shield and shield stages of volcanism, which ended prematurely. Mahukona post-shield lavas have high 3He/4He ratios (16–21?Ra), which have not been observed in post-shield lavas from other Hawaiian volcanoes. Lava compositions range widely at Mahukona, including Pb isotopic values that straddle the boundary between Kea and Loa sequences of volcanoes. The compositional diversity of Mahukona lavas may be related to its relatively small size (less extensive melting) and the absence of a central magma reservoir where magmas would have been homogenized. 相似文献
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Dynamics of dissolved major (Na,K, Ca,Mg, and Si) and trace (Al,Fe, Mn,Zn, Cu,and Cr) elements along the lower Orinoco River 
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下载免费PDF全文 Abrahan Mora Jürgen Mahlknecht Juan Carlos Baquero Alain Laraque Juan A. Alfonso Daniel Pisapia Laura Balza 《水文研究》2017,31(3):597-611
This study addresses the changes in dissolved major and trace element concentrations along the Orinoco River, including the mixing zone between the Orinoco and Apure Rivers. Water samples from the Apure and Orinoco Rivers were collected monthly in four sectors over a period of 15 months. Auxiliary parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and temperature), total suspended sediments, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and major (Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Si) and trace (Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Cr) element concentrations were measured in all sectors. The relative contribution of both rivers after the Apure–Orinoco confluence was determined using Ca as a tracer. Moreover, a mixing model was developed to determine whether dissolved species exhibit a conservative behavior during mixing. The results indicate that DOC is removed from waters during the Apure–Orinoco mixing, probably due to absorption of DOC on mineral phases supplied by the Apure River. Dissolved Na, Ca, and Mg behave conservatively during the mixing processes, and their concentrations are controlled by a dilution process. The anomaly in the temporal pattern of K in the Orinoco is caused by the input of biogenic K originating from the Apure River during the high‐water stage. The loss of dissolved Si during the low‐water stage can be explained by the uptake of Si by diatoms. Dissolved Mn, Zn, Al, and Fe showed a non‐conservative behavior during the Apure–Orinoco mixing. The removal of Mn and Zn from the dissolved phase can be explained by the formation of Mn‐oxyhydroxides and the scavenging of Zn onto Mn oxides. Dissolved Fe is controlled by redox processes, although the removals of Fe and Al due to the preferential adsorption of large organometallic complexes by mineral surfaces after the Apure–Orinoco confluence can affect the mobility of both elements during transport. The conservative behavior shown by Cu and Cr can be related to the tendency of both elements to be complexed with small organic colloids, which are not preferentially adsorbed by clays. 相似文献
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In this study, we have checked the location and focal depth of the Yecheng earthquake (m b = 6.0, maximum intensity VII) of February 14, 1980. The result shows that this is an intermediate event with a focal depth of 90 km. The microepicenter is located at 36. 4°N, 76, 9°E, while the macroepicenter is at 37.3°N, 76.9°E, 90 km to the north of the microepicenter. This is the first destructive intermediate event in China which led to a damage as severe as of intensity VII. The focal mechanism of the event is determined to be of thrust type. Combined with the analysis of seismological and geological data in surrounding area, the possible relation between the event and plate movement has been discussed. The result in this paper indicates that in some particular place, the destructive effect of intermediate event should be considered in seismic hazard assessment. 相似文献
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Seismic data collected at four volcanoes in Central America during 1973 and 1974 indicate three sources of seismicity: regional
earthquakes with hypocentral distances greater than 80 km, earthquakes within 40 km of each volcano, and seismic activity
originating at the volcanoes due to eruptive processes. Regional earthquakes generated by the underthrusting and subduction
of the Cocos Plate beneath the Caribbean Plate are the most prominent seismic feature in Central America. Earthquakes in the
vicinity of the volcanoes occur on faults that appear to be related to volcano formation. Faulting near Fuego and Pacaya volcanoes
in Guatemala is more complex due to motion on a major E-W striking transform plate boundary 40 km north of the volcanoes.
Volcanic activity produces different kinds of seismic signatures. Shallow tectonic or A-type events originate on nearby faults
and occur both singly and in swarms. There are typically from 0 to 6 A-type events per day withb value of about 1.3. At very shallow depths beneath Pacaya, Izalco, and San Cristobal large numbers of low-frequency or B-type
events are recorded with predominant frequencies between 2.5 and 4.5 Hz and withb values of 1.7 to 2.9. The relative number of B-type events appears to be related to the eruptive states of the volcanoes;
the more active volcanoes have higher levels of seismicity. At Fuego Volcano, however, low-frequency events have unusually
long codas and appear to be similar to tremor. High-amplitude volcanic tremor is recorded at Fuego, Pacaya, and San Cristobal
during eruptive periods. Large explosion earthquakes at Fuego are well recorded at five stations and yield information on
near-surface seismic wave velocities (α=3.0±0.2 km/sec.). 相似文献