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1.
在油、气储层的勘探和开发中观察到的一个现象是储层岩石中普遍存在孔隙和裂隙.随着近年来孔、裂隙介质弹性波动理论的进展,我们可以将此理论应用于测井技术,以此来指导从声波测井中测量孔、裂隙地层的声学参数.本文计算了孔、裂隙地层里充流体井眼中的多极子声场,分析了声场随裂隙介质的两个主要参数(即裂隙密度和裂隙纵横比)的变化特征.井孔声场的数值计算表明裂隙密度可以大幅度地降低井中声波纵、横波的波速和振幅.随着裂隙密度的增加,在测井频段内也可以看到纵、横波速的频散现象(这种频散在孔隙地层中一般是观察不到的).本文还研究了多极子模式波 (即单极的Stoneley波、伪瑞利波以及偶极的弯曲波)随裂隙参数的变化特征.结果表明,这些模式波的振幅激发和速度频散都受裂隙密度的影响.裂隙密度越高影响越大.此外,裂隙还对模式波的传播造成较大的衰减.相对裂隙密度而言,裂隙纵横比是一个频率控制参数,它控制裂隙对声场影响的频率区间.本文的分析结果对裂缝、孔隙型地层的声波测井具有指导意义. 相似文献
2.
A. M. Markov M. G. Markov G. Ronquillo Jarillo S. N. Sadovnychiy 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2014,50(2):289-295
The influence of the elastic and hydrodynamic properties of a rock on the time attenuation coefficient of an acoustic wave, which is reflected from the borehole wall, is considered using the methods of the mechanics of saturated porous media. The calculations were performed for a system consisting of an acoustic logging tool of a finite with a finite diameter, a fluid-filled borehole, and a porous permeable rock. The performed simulation showed that in rocks with a low hydrodynamic permeability, the acoustic-reverberation time is determined by the acoustic impedance of the borehole wall (product of the rock density and the longitudinal-wave velocity in it). In the case of rocks with a permeability of about several hundred millidarcy, the time signal’s attenuation coefficient substantially depends on the rock’s permeability. 相似文献
3.
本文从数值上研究了裸眼井中弹性波传播的非对称模式,给出了合成微地震图和导波（弯曲波）的频散曲线,发现在“硬”地层和“软”地层的井中,导波都是高度频散的,其最大相速度等于地层的横波速度,其截止频率低于对称模式的伪瑞利波的截止频率;在低频（2-3kHz）和长源距（3-4m）的条件下,由非对称的声源（如声偶极子）所产生的微地震图中,初至信号是以横波速度传播的,而以纵波速度传播的信号被抑制。本文的结果对研制横波速度测井仪是有意义的。 相似文献
4.
In the present work, the waveforms of reflected wave sonic log for open and cased boreholes are calculated. Calculations are performed for a borehole containing an acoustic multipole source (monopole, dipole, or quadrupole). A reflected wave is more efficiently excited at resonant frequencies. These frequencies for all source types are close to the frequencies of oscillations of a fluid column located in an absolutely rigid hollow cylinder. It is shown that the acoustic reverberation is controlled by the acoustic impedance of the rock Z = Vp ρs for fixed parameters of the borehole fluid, where Vp is the compressional wave velocity in the rock, and ρs is the rock density. This result is correct for all types of acoustic sources (monopole, dipole, or quadrupole). Methods of the waveform processing for determining parameters characterizing the reflected wave are discussed. 相似文献
5.
A. Mangeney C. Salem C. Lacombe J.-L. Bougeret C. Perche R. Manning P. J. Kellogg K. Goetz S. J. Monson J.-M. Bosqued 《Annales Geophysicae》1999,17(3):307-320
The time domain sampler (TDS) experiment on WIND measures electric and magnetic wave forms with a sampling rate which reaches 120 000 points per second. We analyse here observations made in the solar wind near the Lagrange point L1. In the range of frequencies above the proton plasma frequency fpi and smaller than or of the order of the electron plasma frequency fpe, TDS observed three kinds of electrostatic (e.s.) waves: coherent wave packets of Langmuir waves with frequencies f ≃ fpe, coherent wave packets with frequencies in the ion acoustic range fpi ≥ f ≥ fpe, and more or less isolated non-sinusoidal spikes lasting less than 1 ms. We confirm that the observed frequency of the low frequency (LF) ion acoustic wave packets is dominated by the Doppler effect: the wavelengths are short, 10 to 50 electron Debye lengths λD. The electric field in the isolated electrostatic structures (IES) and in the LF wave packets is more or less aligned with the solar wind magnetic field. Across the IES, which have a spatial width of the order of ≃25D, there is a small but finite electric potential drop, implying an average electric field generally directed away from the Sun. The IES wave forms, which have not been previously reported in the solar wind, are similar, although with a smaller amplitude, to the weak double layers observed in the auroral regions, and to the electrostatic solitary waves observed in other regions in the magnetosphere. We have also studied the solar wind conditions which favour the occurrence of the three kinds of waves: all these e.s. waves are observed more or less continuously in the whole solar wind (except in the densest regions where a parasite prevents the TDS observations). The type (wave packet or IES) of the observed LF waves is mainly determined by the proton temperature and by the direction of the magnetic field, which themselves depend on the latitude of WIND with respect to the heliospheric current sheet. 相似文献
6.
Small offsets in hard coal seams can be detected with the aid of seam (channel) waves. Transmission and reflection of seam waves depend, among other parameters, upon the symmetry properties of the sequence rock/coal/rock. Two typical unsymmetrical sequences are found in European coal deposits: (i) coal seams with roof and floor of differing acoustic impedance and (ii) coal seams interlayered with rock and soil. Two-dimensional analog models with appropriate impedance contrasts are used to study the effect of the unsymmetrical layers upon the propagation of Rayleigh seam waves. Data analysis is based upon amplitude measurements both parallel and perpendicular to the layers and dispersion curves. The effect of unsymmetrical roof (rock 1) and floor (rock 2) was studied with models containing homogeneous coal seams. Leaky mode wave groups with phase velocities (cR) in the range between the SV-wave velocities (βr1, 2) of the two rock materials, i.e. βr1≥cR > βr2, form a characteristic part of the Rayleigh seam wave signal. Using Knott's energy coefficient calculations it is shown that in that range energy leakage into the surrounding rock by refracted SV-waves is restricted to only one of the two interfaces, namely coal/rock 2. At the other interface, coal/rock 1, all waves are totally reflected. Thus, the high amplitudes of these leaky mode wave groups are explained by “quasi-normal mode” features. The influence of a dirt bed on wave propagation was studied in models where the roof and the floor have the same elastic properties. The maximum thickness of the dirt bed did not exceed 20% of the total seam thickness. The effect of the bed's location within the seam was also investigated. For all recorded normal-mode wave groups either the total seam or the coal layers could be regarded as wave guides. This was shown by the fact that the phases could be associated with the phase velocity dispersion curves calculated for the symmetrical sequence rock/coal/rock. These curves are relevant under the condition that the thickness of the coal layer assumed under the calculation coincides with the thickness of the effective wave guide of the respective wave groups. Wave groups guided in the total seam are not influenced by either the thickness or the position of the dirt bed. On the other hand, for wave groups guided in the coal layers, the quotient of signal amplitudes in the coal layers is influenced by the position of the dirt bed. 相似文献
7.
数值计算了四极子声源在含钻铤竖直向横向各向同性(VTI)地层井孔中产生的各种模式波的频散曲线、激发幅度以及对各地层、钻铤参数的灵敏度,合成了四极子阵列波形,研究了快、慢速地层井孔中地层各向异性的存在对四极子波场的影响.数值计算结果表明,地层各向异性对钻铤波的影响很小,对于地层波的影响较大,且影响因素非常复杂.仅在一些特殊的频率点处,地层模式波的控制因素相对较为简单,如螺旋波的截止频率处.在慢速地层井孔中,最低阶的地层四极子波对距离井壁约2个井孔半径内的地层有明显的响应,可以对该范围内的地层横波进行层析成像.在快速地层井孔条件下,可以考虑采用与横波到时相同的波包来评价地层横波信息.该波包包含了井孔折射横波、F1和F2模式与井孔折射横波速度相接近的部分;利用该波包获得的地层横波速度基本不受地层各向异性的影响.在慢速地层情况下,螺旋波受地层各向异性的影响较大,建议在实际数据处理时,考虑采用基于数据的处理方法进行频散校正. 相似文献
8.
幅度大的钻铤波掩盖地层信号是困扰随钻声波测井技术的难题,认识钻铤波特性对于消除或有效降低钻铤波至关重要.记录岩石动电效应引起电磁场的随钻动电测井,被认为有望彻底解决钻铤波干扰问题.本文采用有限差分法,模拟不同钻铤、不同井孔结构的随钻声场,对比分析了单极源钻铤波的传播特性,阐明存在伴随钻铤波动电信号的原因.结果表明:钻铤声波在沿钻铤传播时向外部介质辐射能量,透过井壁进入地层的具有视钻铤波速度的声波,与地层纵横波一样可发生动电转化,因而可导致随钻动电测井时产生钻铤波速度的电磁信号.计算还表明,高频情况下,随钻声波测井钻铤波呈现两阶模式:具有低频截止频率的高阶钻铤波幅度较小,其速度略低于钻铤纵波速度;无截止频率的低阶钻铤波幅度较大,其波速在高频时甚至低于钻铤横波速度.这种频散特性和多阶模式特性,是径向多分层开波导结构的导波属性. 相似文献
9.
应用三维交错网格应力-速度有限差分方法,数值模拟了含有倾斜裂缝孔隙介质地层中点声源所激发的井孔声场问题.为满足薄裂缝计算需求,开发了不均匀网格有限差分算法,提高了计算精度及计算速度.利用将孔隙介质方程参数取为流体极限的办法来处理裂缝中的流体,实现了流体-孔隙介质界面处的差分方程统一,使界面处的计算更加灵活方便.在验证了方法正确性的基础上,分别考察了单裂缝宽度、裂缝带宽度、裂缝倾斜角度以及孔隙介质渗透率等参数的变化对井轴上阵列波形的影响并进行了分析.结果表明,声波经过裂缝时可能产生反射横波及斯通利波,后者随裂缝宽度的减小而减小,而前者随裂缝宽度的改变,变化不大,在裂缝很小(20μm)时依然存在;裂缝带的宽度、密度越大,反射斯通利波越强;当裂缝(裂缝带)倾斜时,反射横波消失,但反射斯通利波受裂缝倾斜角度的影响较小;渗透率的改变对斯通利波的衰减影响较为明显. 相似文献
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—?Plans for a hydroacoustic network intended to monitor compliance with the CTBT call for the inclusion of five T-phase stations situated at optimal locations for the detection of seismic phases converted from ocean-borne T phases. We examine factors affecting the sensitivity of land-based stations to the seismic T phase. The acoustic to seismic coupling phenomenon is described by upslope propagation of an acoustic ray impinging at a sloping elastic wedge. We examine acoustic to seismic coupling characteristics for two cases; the first in which the shear velocity of the bottom is greater than the compressional velocity of the fluid (i.e., v p > v s > v w ), the second is a weakly elastic solid in which v s << v w < v p . The former is representative of velocities in solid rock, which might be encountered at volcanic islands; the latter is representative of marine sediments. For the case where v s > v w , we show that acoustic energy couples primarily to shear wave energy, except at very high slope angles. We show that the weakly elastic solid (i.e., v s << v w ) behaves nearly like a fluid bottom, with acoustic energy coupling to both P and S waves even at low slope angles.¶We examine converted T-wave arrivals at northern California seismic stations for two event clusters; one a series of earthquakes near the Hawaiian Islands, the other a series of nuclear tests conducted near the Tuamoto archipelago. Each cluster yielded characteristic arrivals at each station which were consistent from event to event within a cluster, but differed between clusters. The seismic T-phases consisted of both P- and S-wave arrivals, consistent with the conversion of acoustic to seismic energy at a gently sloping sediment-covered seafloor. In general, the amplitudes of the seismic T phases were highest for stations nearest the continental slope, where seafloor slopes are greatest, however noise levels decrease rapidly with increasing distance from the coastline, so that T-wave arrivals were observable at distances reaching several hundred kilometers from the coast. Signal-to-noise levels at the seismic stations are lower over the entire frequency spectrum than at the Pt. Sur hydrophone nearby, and decrease more rapidly with increasing frequency, particularly for stations furthest from the continental slope. 相似文献
12.
利用反射声场探测井外地质构造的声波远探测方法已逐渐成为石油测井的一门重要应用技术.在远探测测井中声源常采用单极、偶极和四极等.为了考察各种声学辐射器的辐射性能,本文从辐射声场和井孔声场的能流密度出发,提出了一种利用辐射器向井外辐射的能量与沿井筒传播的能量比的大小来评价其辐射效率的方法,考察了不同声源激发的沿井传播的导波能流、地层辐射波能流及声源辐射效率随频率的变化规律.计算结果表明:不同声源的辐射效率和优势激发频段各不相同.单极声源在低频下的辐射效率很低,因为此时声源激发的能量几乎全部被斯通利波带走,相比之下,偶极声源在低频时的辐射效率远大于单极声源.本文的结果说明了偶极声源作为低频远探测声源要优于单极声源. 相似文献
13.
在随钻测井条件下,由于钻铤占据了井孔内的大部分空间,充液井孔中沿着井轴方向传播的模式波的特性与电缆测井非常不同.本文建立了随钻正交偶极子测井声学模型,采用三维有限差分方法模拟了偶极子声源在随钻条件下各向异性地层井孔内激发的声场,研究了地层的声学各向异性在随钻正交偶极子声波测井中的响应特征.数值模拟结果表明,在随钻测井条件下,对于井轴同TI地层对称轴垂直的情况,弯曲波分裂现象仍然存在,通过正交偶极子测量方式和合适的反演算法能够准确有效地确定地层的快横波方位角,可以考虑采用同正演理论相结合的反演算法来获得地层的快、慢横波速度及声学各向异性信息;对于井轴同介质对称轴呈一定夹角的TI地层井孔,情况变得非常复杂,不同井斜倾角下弯曲波的速度的变化趋势并非同对应的地层横波速度的变化趋势完全一致,不过在一定的频段内,地层横波速度仍然是弯曲波的最主要控制因素.对于本文研究的模型,当井轴同介质对称轴的夹角大于大于60°时,此时获得的弯曲波的各向异性值基本能够反映对应角度下地层横波速度的各向异性信息. 相似文献
14.
用于低渗砂岩油气开发的压裂需要地层的纵横波时差参数;压裂形成的人工裂缝或砂泥岩中的自然裂缝是油气流入井中的主要通道.声波测井是测量地层的纵横波时差、探测连通裂缝的有效方法.本文给出了新设计的偶极子组合声波测井仪器在低渗砂泥岩地层所测量的波形.新仪器利用声波在井内传播的固有频率设计探头,利用探头阻抗随频率的变化曲线设计匹配电路,有效地提高了声发射功率,在井下采用16位A/D转换器提高了原始波形的采样精度.测量的波形比通常的声波测井波形所含的地层信息丰富.单极子长源距声波测井波形中除了通常的纵、横波和Stoneley波外,还发现了起始于纵波首波的反射波以及随深度改变其到达时间的后续波.通过与其它测井曲线综合对比发现:其反射波与井眼扩径有关,使测量的声波时差加大;后续波在显示地层特征的同时,与横波混叠在一起,使横波时差的提取变得困难.另外,在偶极子所测量的低频波形中也发现了明显的反映地层连通裂缝的反射波,该反射波可以用于指示低渗砂岩地层中的连通裂缝. 相似文献
15.
Abstract We derive an equation governing the nonlinear propagation of a linearly polarized Alfvén wave in a two-dimensional, anisotropic, slightly compressible, highly magnetized, viscous plasma, where nonlinearities arise from the interaction of the Alfvén wave with fast and slow magnetoacoustic waves. The phase mixing of such a wave has been suggested as a mechanism for heating the outer solar atmosphere (Heyvaerts and Priest, 1983). We find that cubic wave damping dominates shear linear dissipation whenever the Alfvén wave velocity amplitude δvy exceeds a few times ten metres per second. In the nonlinear regime, phase-mixed waves are marginally stable, while non-phase-mixed waves of wavenumber ka are damped over a timescale kuRe 0|δ vy/vA |?2, Re 0 being the Reynolds number corresponding to the Braginskij viscosity coefficient η0 and vA the Alfvén speed. Dissipation is most effective where β = (vs /vA) 2 ≈ 1, vs being the speed of sound. 相似文献
16.
井中声激发极化效应研究是实现声激发极化测井实用化的技术基础,实质上是声波在双相孔隙介质中向电磁波的转化,其结果就是形成井中声电转换波场,最终表现为井中声场辐射能向电磁场能的转化.通过对双相孔隙介质中声激发极化过程声电转换波场能量的理论分析,研究了井中声电转换波场能量的总体构成,提出了井中低频声激发极化电场电能体密度的概念,并推导出具体表达式.通过采用实际地层参数模型进行井中低频声激发极化电场的模拟计算得到了井中低频声激发极化过程中电能体密度与声波频率与地层参数的相关关系. 相似文献
17.
Comparing shear-wave velocity profiles inverted from multichannel surface wave with borehole measurements 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Jianghai Xia Richard D. Miller Choon B. Park James A. Hunter James B. Harris Julian Ivanov 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2002,22(3)
Recent field tests illustrate the accuracy and consistency of calculating near-surface shear (S)-wave velocities using multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW). S-wave velocity profiles (S-wave velocity vs. depth) derived from MASW compared favorably to direct borehole measurements at sites in Kansas, British Columbia, and Wyoming. Effects of changing the total number of recording channels, sampling interval, source offset, and receiver spacing on the inverted S-wave velocity were studied at a test site in Lawrence, Kansas. On the average, the difference between MASW calculated Vs and borehole measured Vs in eight wells along the Fraser River in Vancouver, Canada was less than 15%. One of the eight wells was a blind test well with the calculated overall difference between MASW and borehole measurements less than 9%. No systematic differences were observed in derived Vs values from any of the eight test sites. Surface wave analysis performed on surface data from Wyoming provided S-wave velocities in near-surface materials. Velocity profiles from MASW were confirmed by measurements based on suspension log analysis. 相似文献
18.
A guided wave along a borehole is often observed in borehole radar measurements. These guided waves deform the antenna pattern and can cause artefacts in radar measurements. A water-filled borehole or a conducting logging cable can function as a waveguide for electromagnetic waves under some conditions. We describe the theoretical characteristics of such a guided wave in a borehole and compare them with our experiments. The measured signal discussed was obtained with a directional borehole radar. This radar uses a cylindrical conformal array antenna as receiver and is a model of a conducting structure in a borehole. The induced field around the borehole was compared with the theory. The most fundamental symmetrical and asymmetrical modes were TM01 and HE11, and they were identified in the measured signals using time–frequency distribution analysis and by observation of the azimuthal field distribution of the magnetic field. 相似文献
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非常规油气藏（如致密性地层及蕴藏油气的页岩地层）的重要特征是低孔、低渗,但裂隙或裂缝比较发育.为满足非常规勘探的需求,本文将孔、裂隙介质弹性波传播理论应用于多极子声波测井的井孔声场模拟,重点研究了致密介质中裂隙发育时多极子声波的传播机理以及衰减特征.井孔声场的数值计算结果表明裂隙的存在明显改变了弹性波和井孔模式波的频散、衰减和激发强度,尤其是井壁临界折射纵波的激发谱的峰值随着频率的增加逐渐降低,这与应用经典的Biot理论下的计算结果相反,且裂隙的存在也使得饱含水和饱含气时临界折射纵波激发强度的差异变大.井孔模式波的衰减与地层横波衰减和井壁流体交换有关,井壁开孔边界下致密地层裂隙发育还使得井孔斯通利波和艾里相附近的弯曲波对孔隙流体的敏感性增强,在井壁闭孔边界条件下引起井孔模式波衰减的主要因素是裂隙引起的地层横波衰减造成的,且在截止频率附近弯曲波的衰减与地层的横波衰减一致.数值计算结果为解释非常规油气地层的声学响应特征提供了参考. 相似文献