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1.
用中国数字地震台网（CDSN）的长周期波形资料反演了1997年11月8日中国西藏玛尼地区MS7.9地震的地震矩张量,用频率域里反褶积方法从P波和S波震相中分别提取了震源时间函数,并经反演依赖于方位的震源时间函数获取了断层面上破裂随时空变化的图象．矩张量反演结果表明:玛尼地震发震应力场的P轴和T轴均接近于水平,P轴在NNE方向（方位角29,倾角7）,T轴在SEE方向(方位角122,倾角23),断层错动以走滑为主;标量地震矩为3.41020 Nm,矩震级MW=7.6．由矩张量反演得到的震源时间函数显示,这次地震是由一次较小事件和较大事件组成的,较小事件大约持续5 s,较大事件持续约10 s．由余震分布可推断出玛尼地震的发震断层是走向为250、以走滑为主的左旋-逆断层,断层面的倾角比较陡,约88．根据反演结果计算了理论格林函数,然后用反褶积方法提取了震源时间函数．从不同台站的P波和S波中分别提取的震源时间函数一致表明这次地震破裂的时间历史比较简单,可用一宽度约10 s的正弦形的函数近似表示．进一步反演从不同台站上得到的、依赖于方位的P波和S波震源时间函数,获得了断层面上滑动的时空分布图象．从破裂的记忆式快照看,破裂开始于断层的西端,然后向东向下发展,总体上具有单侧破裂的特征．破裂面由3个破裂子区构成．一个在断层西端,深度约10 km(西区);另一个距断层西端约55 km,深度约35 km(东区);第3个距断层西端约30 km,深度约40 km(中区)．３个破裂子区构成约长70 km,宽60 km的破裂面．从破裂的遗忘式快照看,这次地震的破裂过程是相当复杂的,在不同时刻断层面上发生错动的地点并不相同,显示出这次地震的破裂过程具有愈合脉冲的特征,而且在断层面上的某些部位发生了多次错动;另一特征是最先和最后破裂的部位都不是主要的破裂区．根据标量地震矩计算了断层面上静态位错的分布,位错最高的3处（西区、东区和中区）的位错值分别为956 cm,743 cm和1 060 cm．由断层面上位错的分布推知,破裂主要集中在震中以东长约70 km的断层上;从余震的分布看,震中以西余震稀疏而震中以东余震密集．这些都表明这次玛尼MS7.9地震是北东东-南西西向至近东-西向断层向东扩展的结果． 相似文献
2.
通过反演全球范围内20个地震台的宽频带波形资料,获得了2007年6月3日在云南宁洱发生的Ms6．4地震的矩张量解、震源时间函数和断层面上滑动随时间和空间的变化过程．根据反演结果,这次地震的标量地震矩为5．51×10^18 Nm,相当于矩震级Mw6．4．震源机制解中,最佳双力偶对应的节面Ⅰ的走向、倾角和滑动角分别为152°,54°和166°,节面Ⅱ的走向、倾角和滑动角分别为250°,79°和37°．结合震后考察得到的烈度等震线分布特征以及当地的地质构造,可以判定这次地震的发震断层的走向为152°,倾角为54°,滑动角为166°,是一次以右旋走滑为主的地震．从震源时间函数的形态来看,震源破裂持续时间为14s,地震矩的释放主要集中在前11s,在11-14s之间释放的地震矩很少．震源的时空破裂过程图像表明,破裂过程分为3个阶段,在前4S的时间段内,破裂主要沿着走向方向和朝深处发展;在4～7s间,破裂呈扇形向着深处扩展;在7s之后的时间段,破裂点比较零散．地震破裂总体上表现为双侧破裂方式,但在走向方向和深度方向上的滑动略占优势．破裂较强的区域呈菱形,长约为19km．地震断层面上最大滑动量为1．2m,平均滑动量为0．1m,最大滑动速率为0.4m／s,平均滑动速率为0．1m/s．由反演得到的静态位错模型计算的震中区地表位移场的特征与地震的烈度分布特征具有很好的一致性． 相似文献
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周云好）陈章立）缪发军） 《地震学报》2004,26(7):9-20
根据IRIS全球地震台网28个台的长周期地震仪记录的P波数字地震图, 用直接由远场体波地震图反演震源破裂过程的一种新方法, 研究了2001年11月14日昆仑山口西MＳ8.1地震的震源破裂过程. 结果表明: 这是一次极为复杂的地震破裂事件. 破裂从震源位置 (35.95N,90.54E, h: 10 km)开始后, 先向西扩展, 后在有限断层的东端和中部的大尺度空间范围内接连出现了多个破裂生长点. 破裂在这些生长点先后扩展, 最后在矩心位置(35.80N,92.91E, h:15 km)以东50 km范围内结束. 整个破裂持续了约142 s. 破裂过程可粗略地分为3个阶段: 第一阶段, 从第0 s开始至第52 s结束, 持续了52 s，释放的地震矩约为总地震矩的24.4％；第二阶段, 从第55 s开始至第113 s结束, 持续了58 s，释放的地震矩约为总地震矩的56.5％; 第三阶段, 从第122 s开始至第142 s结束, 持续了20 s，释放的地震矩约为总地震矩的19.1％. 地震破裂面长约490 km, 破裂面最大宽度达45 km. 破裂主要发生在30 km深度范围内. 地下岩层的平均静态位错量约为1.2 m, 最大静态位错量达3.6 m，平均静态应力降约为5 MPa, 最大静态应力降达18 MPa. 静态位错量和静态应力降最大的区域位于矩心位置以东50 km范围内. 相似文献
4.
以2015年4月26日MS7.1余震为经验格林函数事件,利用全国和全球的宽频带记录提取了2015年4月25日尼泊尔MS8.1地震的P波视震源时间函数和Rayleigh波视震源时间函数,并通过联合反演这些视震源时间函数获得了这次地震的时空破裂过程图像.无论是P波视震源时间函数还是Rayleigh波视震源时间函数都呈现出很强的方位依赖性,表明震源断层具有相当的尺度且破裂朝东南方向扩展.时空破裂过程图像清楚地证实了这一特征,并更清晰地显示,破裂几乎是纯粹的单侧破裂,从破裂起始点开始,沿断层面向东南方向扩展~100km,同时沿断层面向深部扩展~80km,形成~125°的破裂优势方向和~5.8m的最大位错.地震的破裂时间历史相对简单,呈非间断性扩展,持续时间约50s. 相似文献
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利用IRIS全球地震台网30°—90°的长周期P波记录, 反演了2008年3月21日新疆于田MS7.3地震的破裂过程, 得到了此次地震的破裂时空图像, 并初步分析了余震分布与主震断层滑动量分布的关系. 结果表明, 此次地震是一个破裂尺度长100 km、 宽20 km的破裂过程; 破裂持续时间约为40 s, 在第13 s时地震矩释放速率达到峰值, 断层面上一次大的破裂行为几乎构成了整个地震的破裂过程. 地震所释放的标量地震矩为4.23×1019 N·m, 其矩震级为MW7.02. 由主震断层静态滑动量分布图可以看出, 整个破裂区以正断左旋走滑为主, 显示出双侧破裂特征, 最大滑动量为151 cm, 位于初始破裂点沿断层出露地表处. 精定位后的余震在断层面上的投影结果显示, 80%以上ML4.0—4.9余震和全部ML≥5.0余震均发生在初始破裂点附近区域及其南西方向, 位于主震破裂滑动位移量迅速减小的区域, 反映了震源区介质强度的不均匀性. 相似文献
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《中国科学D辑》2008,(6)
通过反演全球范围内20个地震台的宽频带波形资料,获得了2007年6月3日在云南宁洱发生的MS6.4地震的矩张量解、震源时间函数和断层面上滑动随时间和空间的变化过程.根据反演结果,这次地震的标量地震矩为5.51×1018Nm,相当于矩震级MW6.4.震源机制解中,最佳双力偶对应的节面Ⅰ的走向、倾角和滑动角分别为152°,54°和166°,节面Ⅱ的走向、倾角和滑动角分别为250°,79°和37°.结合震后考察得到的烈度等震线分布特征以及当地的地质构造,可以判定这次地震的发震断层的走向为152°,倾角为54°,滑动角为166°,是一次以右旋走滑为主的地震.从震源时间函数的形态来看,震源破裂持续时间为14s,地震矩的释放主要集中在前11s,在11~14s之间释放的地震矩很少.震源的时空破裂过程图像表明,破裂过程分为3个阶段,在前4s的时间段内,破裂主要沿着走向方向和朝深处发展;在4~7s间,破裂呈扇形向着深处扩展;在7s之后的时间段,破裂点比较零散.地震破裂总体上表现为双侧破裂方式,但在走向方向和深度方向上的滑动略占优势.破裂较强的区域呈菱形,长约为19km.地震断层面上最大滑动量为1.2m,平均滑动量为0.1m,最大滑动速率为0.4m/s,平均滑动速率为0.1m/s.由反演得到的静态位错模型计算的震中区地表位移场的特征与地震的烈度分布特征具有很好的一致性. 相似文献
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利用远震资料、近场强震资料和合成孔径雷达干涉同震形变资料确定了2017年8月9日精河MS6.6地震的断层面参数及震源破裂细节。为得到可靠的断层几何参数,发展了一套基于InSAR数据滑动分布反演的三维格点搜索流程,对本次地震断层面的走向、倾角和震源深度进行了格点搜索。结果显示,地震断层面走向为95°,倾角为47°,震源深度为14 km。基于搜索得到的断层模型进行破裂过程联合反演的结果显示:精河MS6.6地震为一次单侧破裂事件,最大滑动量约为0.8 m,滑动区域集中在断层面上震源以西5—15 km,沿倾向15—25 km,破裂主要发生在10 km深度以下区域。断层面上的平均滑动角为106°。整个破裂过程释放的标量地震矩为3.6×1018 N·m,对应矩震级为MW6.3。破裂过程持续约9 s,期间的破裂速度约为2.1—2.6 km/s。由于地震破裂主要集中在10 km以下,未来可能需要关注该区域0—10 km发生潜在地震的可能性。 相似文献
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结合已有的地质、余震分布及地震宏观考察资料,使用全球数字地震台网(GDSN)宽频带P波数据,利用波形拟合和有限断层的全局混合反演方法研究了1996年3月19日新疆阿图什地震的震源破裂时空过程.结果表明,这次地震是发生在柯坪断裂带的哈帕雷克断层上的一次具有逆倾和较小走滑分量的由西向东单侧破裂事件.断层面的走向为252°,倾角30°,震源深度为13km,震源持续时间为15s.破裂面上的滑动分布主要由两部分构成:初始破裂0.3m对应较小上升时间0.8s;最大滑动尺度1.0m则位于沿破裂方向离初始点约25km处,相应的上升时间为3.5s.由于微观震中是指震源开始破裂的地方,而宏观震中则代表地面破坏最严重的区域,我们的反演结果解释了其他研究者得出的微观震中与宏观震中相距约30km的结论. 相似文献
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联合近场GPS测站1-Hz运动学位移、 强震仪加速度波形和全球台站P震相波形作为约束, 以时空滑动分布约束条件和ABIC模型参数选择方法, 结合先验的滑动方向变化范围, 反演2008年汶川MS8.0地震的震源时空破裂过程, 给出了能够综合反映震源破裂过程的统一模型。 结果表明, 汶川地震总体上存在4个主要的破裂区, 最主要的一个破裂区位于震源东北40~120 km, 断层面上的最大位错量约为10 m, 主体滑动分布在2~20 km深度范围, 破裂达到地表; 第二个主体破裂区位于断层破裂带南段, 最大滑动量达到6 m; 另外2个主体滑动区位于断层破裂带北段, 但滑动破裂量小于断层南段破裂区的滑动量, 滑动破裂值最大值为4 m, 超过1 m的区域在走向上超过70 km。 反演得到的断层滑动模型的地震矩为9.5×1021 Nm, 相应的矩震级为MW7.95。 汶川地震破裂表现为单侧破裂, 起始破裂在汶川下方16 km深度, 向东北方向一致性地传播, 过程持续~120 s。 在地震发生后0~10 s内, 破裂集中在震源起始破裂区, 滑动破裂值为~1.0 m, 之后破裂向东北方向扩展, 震后20~40 s是主要的破裂时段。 在40~60 s, 破裂跨越断层南段和北段。 在80~90 s破裂最大值开始下降, 在100~110 s时, 下降为~0.5 m, 在110~120 s时, 下降为~0.1 m。 加入近场GPS测站1-Hz 波形数据与近场强震仪波形和远场长周期体波联合反演, 提高了震源破裂模型的空间分辨率, 特别是浅部滑动破裂区的分辨率, 反演的最大滑动破裂值比不用1-Hz 波形数据反演的结果增大, 表明近场1-Hz GPS波形数据对于揭示汶川地震的时空破裂过程具有重要的作用。 相似文献
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从IRIS全球数字地震台网长周期记录中, 选取震中距位于30deg;~90deg;的垂直向远震P波资料, 反演了2003年9月27日中、 俄、 蒙边界MS7.9地震及10月1日MS7.3强余震的地震矩张量解, 研究了MS7.9地震的时空破裂过程. 参考余震的空间分布及周围断层走向, 确定MS7.9地震发震断层走向127deg;、倾角为79deg;、滑动角为171deg;. MS7.9地震震源破裂过程反演结果表明,整个破裂过程持续了37 s,释放标量地震矩0.97times;1020 Nmiddot;m. 破裂主要发生在长110 km, 宽30 km的中地壳以上,最大位错3.6 m. 起始破裂处不是滑动量最大的地方. 断层面上显示出两个显著的、滑动量超过2.0 m的破裂区. 破裂传播至MS7.3震源区附近时, 滑动量迅速减小,显示出破裂传播过程的受阻停止, 反映了障碍体引起的破裂过程的不均匀性. 相似文献
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阪神·淡路大震灾后 ,日本着手对原有的地震观测体制作彻底改革 ,多项全国性配置地震计的计划同时开始启动。地震引起的地面晃动的程度不尽相同 ,无感微小地震引发的晃动仅有 0 .0 0 1 μm,频率为1 0 Hz;巨大地震引起的地面晃动的幅度高达 2～ 3 m,周期也有几十秒。虽说都称之为地震计 ,但由于地震动的振幅和频率涉及的范围太大 ,所以应针对观测对象选用不同类型的地震计。下面介绍不同类型的观测网。1 强震观测网 ( K- NET)无论大地有多大的晃动都能将其准确记录下来的地震计称之为强震计。它构造坚实 ,信号明确 ,通常设置在地表 ,对了… 相似文献
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Sun, climate, hunger, and mass migration 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
Kenneth J. Hsu 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》1998,41(5):449-472
Paleoclimatic studies indicate four epochs of global cooling during the last 4 000 years, i. e. during the few centuries before
and after 2000 BC, 800 BC, 400 AD, and 1 600 AD; the quasiperiodicity corresponds to cyclic variation of solar activity. Global
temperature changes influenced regional precipitation patterns: Northern Europe was wetter while the middle- and low-latitude
lands were more arid during colder epochs. Both sets of cold climatical conditions were unfavorable for agricultural production.
Historical records show that large demographic movements in history took place because of crop failures and mass starvation,
rather than escaping from war zones. The “wandering” of the Germanic tribes during the first two or three centuries of the
Christian Era is one example. Whereas the accelerated release of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels is ultimately
to cause global warming, historical evidence indicates, however, that global warming has been on the whole a blessing to mankind.
Global cooling, on the other hand, has curtailed agricultural production and has led to famines and mass migrations of people.
Perhaps the most important task at the present is not so much computer-modelling of greenhouse effect on global climate, but
water-management and agricultural researches to insure food-supply for an everincreasing world population. 相似文献
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In this study, we have checked the location and focal depth of the Yecheng earthquake (m b = 6.0, maximum intensity VII) of February 14, 1980. The result shows that this is an intermediate event with a focal depth of 90 km. The microepicenter is located at 36. 4°N, 76, 9°E, while the macroepicenter is at 37.3°N, 76.9°E, 90 km to the north of the microepicenter. This is the first destructive intermediate event in China which led to a damage as severe as of intensity VII. The focal mechanism of the event is determined to be of thrust type. Combined with the analysis of seismological and geological data in surrounding area, the possible relation between the event and plate movement has been discussed. The result in this paper indicates that in some particular place, the destructive effect of intermediate event should be considered in seismic hazard assessment. 相似文献
16.
Abu Sayeed Shafiuddin Ahmed Mohammad Belal Hossain Saad Mohammad Omar Faruque Babu Moshiur Rahman Jun Sun Mohammad Shafiqul Islam Sarker 《国际泥沙研究》2022,37(1):83-96
Sediment samples from the Gomti River basin were investigated to determine and evaluate trace metal concentrations,their biological effect,and potential ecological and human health risks for adults and children.The mean concentrations of trace metals were organized in the descending order of mercury(Hg)(0.08 mg/kg)>chromium(Cr)(0.06 mg/kg)>lead(Pb)(0.05 mg/kg)>arsenic(As)(0.02 mg/kg)>cadmium(Cd)(0.01 mg/kg).The current study illustrated that metals were attributed to the area from natural sources and different anthropogenic sources especially from industries.However,the concentration levels were lower than the sediment quality guidelines(SQGs)based on the effect-range classifications of threshold effect concentration(TEC)and probable effect concentration(PEC).Therefore,the concentration of the elements showed no adverse biological effects on aquatic organisms.The evaluated potential ecological risk index also revealed the low toxicity to the aquatic environment.Moreover,the applied sediment quality indices,geo-accumulation index(Igeo),contamination factor(CF),and contamination severity index(CSI)suggested that the contamination levels of the elements were in the acceptable range,and the contamination had not notably impacted on the sediment quality.The risk index(HI)concerning age groups was significantly less than the threshold limit of 1 indicating that the contamination had no non-carcinogenic risk effect.The total carcinogenic risk(TCR)was less than a risk value of 1×104.Hence,the current study suggests that immediate remediation is not required due to an absence of alarming conditions in the study area.Proper monitoring of the attribution of the metal elements should be done for the betterment of human and environmental health。 相似文献
17.
Michael O. Garcia Diane Hanano Ashton Flinders Dominique Weis Garrett Ito Mark D. Kurz 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2012,74(6):1445-1463
The size, shape, and magmatic history of the most recently discovered shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, Mahukona, have been controversial. Mahukona corresponds to what was thought to be a gap in the paired sequence (Loa and Kea trends) of younger Hawaiian volcanoes (<4?Ma). Here, we present the results of marine expeditions to Mahukona where new bathymetry, sidescan sonar, gravity data, and lava samples were collected to address these controversies. Modeling of bathymetric and gravity data indicate that Mahukona is one of the smallest Hawaiian volcanoes (～6,000?km3) and that its magmatic system was not focused in a long-lived central reservoir like most other Hawaiian volcanoes. This lack of a long-lived magmatic reservoir is reflected by the absence of a central residual gravity high and the random distribution of cones on Mahukona Volcano. Our reconstructed subsidence history for Mahukona suggests it grew to at least ～270?m below sea level but probably did not form an island. New 40Ar–39Ar plateau ages range from 350 to 654?ka providing temporal constraints for Mahukona’s post-shield and shield stages of volcanism, which ended prematurely. Mahukona post-shield lavas have high 3He/4He ratios (16–21?Ra), which have not been observed in post-shield lavas from other Hawaiian volcanoes. Lava compositions range widely at Mahukona, including Pb isotopic values that straddle the boundary between Kea and Loa sequences of volcanoes. The compositional diversity of Mahukona lavas may be related to its relatively small size (less extensive melting) and the absence of a central magma reservoir where magmas would have been homogenized. 相似文献
18.
Transitional, entraining, cloudy, and coastal boundary layers 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Wayne M. Angevine 《Acta Geophysica》2008,56(1):2-20
Atmospheric boundary layers are marvelously varied and complex. Recent research has examined some of that variety. Boundary
layers over land undergo drastic changes throughout the day as the sun rises and sets, and as clouds form and dissipate. Air
is entrained at the top of the boundary layer at varying rates. As air moves over the coast, the boundary layer reacts to
changes in surface forcing. All of these changes affect pollutant transport and weather formation. In this paper, research
attempting to understand transitional, cloud-topped, and coastal boundary layers, and boundary-layer top entrainment, is reviewed. 相似文献
19.
Dynamics of dissolved major (Na,K, Ca,Mg, and Si) and trace (Al,Fe, Mn,Zn, Cu,and Cr) elements along the lower Orinoco River 
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下载免费PDF全文 Abrahan Mora Jürgen Mahlknecht Juan Carlos Baquero Alain Laraque Juan A. Alfonso Daniel Pisapia Laura Balza 《水文研究》2017,31(3):597-611
This study addresses the changes in dissolved major and trace element concentrations along the Orinoco River, including the mixing zone between the Orinoco and Apure Rivers. Water samples from the Apure and Orinoco Rivers were collected monthly in four sectors over a period of 15 months. Auxiliary parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and temperature), total suspended sediments, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and major (Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Si) and trace (Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Cr) element concentrations were measured in all sectors. The relative contribution of both rivers after the Apure–Orinoco confluence was determined using Ca as a tracer. Moreover, a mixing model was developed to determine whether dissolved species exhibit a conservative behavior during mixing. The results indicate that DOC is removed from waters during the Apure–Orinoco mixing, probably due to absorption of DOC on mineral phases supplied by the Apure River. Dissolved Na, Ca, and Mg behave conservatively during the mixing processes, and their concentrations are controlled by a dilution process. The anomaly in the temporal pattern of K in the Orinoco is caused by the input of biogenic K originating from the Apure River during the high‐water stage. The loss of dissolved Si during the low‐water stage can be explained by the uptake of Si by diatoms. Dissolved Mn, Zn, Al, and Fe showed a non‐conservative behavior during the Apure–Orinoco mixing. The removal of Mn and Zn from the dissolved phase can be explained by the formation of Mn‐oxyhydroxides and the scavenging of Zn onto Mn oxides. Dissolved Fe is controlled by redox processes, although the removals of Fe and Al due to the preferential adsorption of large organometallic complexes by mineral surfaces after the Apure–Orinoco confluence can affect the mobility of both elements during transport. The conservative behavior shown by Cu and Cr can be related to the tendency of both elements to be complexed with small organic colloids, which are not preferentially adsorbed by clays. 相似文献