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《中国科学:地球科学》2016,(5)
同系温度为晶体材料的绝对温度(T)与其熔点(T_m)的比值,是对比晶体流变强度的重要参数之一.橄榄石(Mg,Fe)_2Si O_4的熔点随含铁量和含水量的增加而降低,随压力增加而升高,高压下橄榄石的相变可导致熔点随压力发生不连续变化.本文对前人的铁橄榄石(Fe2Si O_4)熔融实验结果进行校正,确定铁橄榄石-γ相Fe2Si O_4-熔体的三联点位于6.4GPa和1793K.然后使用广义混合律建立了常压至6.4GPa,无水橄榄石的固相线和液相线与含铁量和压力的关系.橄榄石T/T_m随深度的变化可用于定性对比具有不同热状态和橄榄石成分的上地幔流变强度,T/T_m=0.5的深度界定了上地幔从半脆性变形到完全塑性变形的转换深度.克拉通岩石圈地幔的橄榄石T/T_m显著低于造山带和伸展盆地,一直到岩石圈-软流圈边界才与周围地幔趋于一致(T/T_m0.66),表明克拉通的岩石圈强度较高.此外,使用T/T_m分析橄榄石的变形实验结果,发现含水量对橄榄石组构的影响与压力密切相关,但是水对橄榄石流变强度的弱化作用及其与橄榄石同系温度的关系尚需进一步研究.低于6.4GPa(200km),T/T_m控制了橄榄石[100]和[001]位错滑移的转变.在上地幔10~-(12)~10~-(15)s~(-1)的应变速率和低应力条件下,橄榄石[100](010)位错滑移系(A型组构)的稳定域为T/T_m0.55~0.60.T/T_m0.55~0.60时,[001]位错滑移更易于发生,低T/T_m使橄榄石的主控位错滑移系转变为[001](100),形成C型组构.这与天然变形的橄榄岩普遍发育橄榄石A型组构,而超高压变质带中经历了深俯冲的橄榄岩发育橄榄石C型组构一致.而[001](010)位错滑移系(B型组构)受T/T_m和应力的共同影响.因此,橄榄石的同系温度建立了将变形实验结果外延到上地幔流变的桥梁.克拉通地区的上地幔地震波各向异性需要一个四层模型来拟合:上层为残留的A型组构,中间为B型组构,岩石圈-软流圈边界为新生的A型或B型组构,以及Lehmann不连续面之下以扩散蠕变为主的软流圈地幔.对橄榄石组构转变机制的认识是通过地震波各向异性追踪上地幔含水量的分布和地幔流动的关键. 相似文献
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琼北新近纪碱性橄榄玄武岩中广泛出露大型地幔岩捕虏体 (最大尺度 2 0cm) ,但前人尚未在第四纪玄武岩中发现过此类捕虏体。经过对采自第四纪玄武岩中 14 0余个样品的微观结构观测 ,发现天然氧化作用揭示出样品中部分粗粒橄榄石晶体发育位错构造 ;同时由橄榄石和辉石晶粒组成的某些集合体型斑晶的结构 ,与新近纪玄武岩中大型地幔岩捕虏体的结构相同 ,从而确定第四纪玄武岩中存在橄榄石捕虏晶和微型地幔岩捕虏体 (最大尺度为 4mm)。捕虏晶和微型捕虏体的存在表明第四纪玄武岩岩浆与新近纪一样都来源于上地幔 ;同时 ,地幔岩捕虏体由大型演变为微型反映了岩浆上升速度的逐步降低 ,以及火山活动强度的减弱 相似文献
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伊通地堑上地幔剪切带 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
通过研究糜棱岩型幔源包体的变形显微构造、位错亚构造及组构特征，确定它是上地幔剪切带的代表物质。该带形成温度为７２９～８２８℃、压力为１．１０～１．３８ＧＰａ、差异应力为９７～１５０ＭＰａ、应变速率为ＩＯ￣（－１４）～１Ｏ￣（－１２）ｓ￣（－１）、等效粘滞度为１０～１０００ＥＰａ·ｓ和深度为３７～４５ｋｍ。这是一种与地幔底辟作用有关的规模较小的缓倾斜剪切带，也是应变集中带，能导致上地幔地震波速各向异性，并与地震活动有关 相似文献
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以北京西山地区官地杂岩斜长角闪质糜棱岩中变形角闪石为研究对象,通过显微构造电子背散射衍射(EBSD)、透射电镜(TEM)和电子探针(EPMA)等方法手段,对角闪石的变形进行了系统分析.显微镜观察获得斜长角闪质糜棱岩中角闪石变形为σ型和δ型残斑,长柱状新晶构成残斑拖尾;利用EBSD技术分别对角闪石残斑系的核部和幔部进行晶格优选方位统计,结果表明新晶角闪石EBSD组构特征与残斑核部角闪石的组构特征类似,推导其主滑移系为(100)001;应用透射电子显微镜观察角闪石残斑系的核部和幔部亚微构造特征,残斑核部以缠结位错为主,新晶内部位错发育较少或无位错,残斑与新晶过渡部位可见由位错围限的膨凸亚晶粒;应用角闪石地质压力计和角闪石-斜长石地质温度计等进行温度计算与压力估算,残斑系列温度范围为675.29～702.91℃、压力范围为0.29～0.41 GPa,拖尾新晶系列温度范围为614.11～678.97℃、压力变化范围为0.11～0.31 GPa.综合分析北京西山地区官地杂岩中角闪石显微变形特征、组构特征、亚微构造特征和变形温压条件,角闪石变形机制为膨凸动态重结晶. 相似文献
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提出一个简单的假说来解释为什么在相对稳定的板块内部地区会存在高地震活动区与高构造形变区．首先,对于大多数板内地区而言,特别是大陆地盾地区与老的海洋盆地,下地壳与上地幔的温度相当低,那里的岩石相对坚硬在这些地区不可能发生明显的岩石圈变形,因为岩石图累积强度大大超过板块驱动力．相反,如果下地壳与上地幔温度相对较高,板块驱动力则主要由上地壳承受,因为下地壳与上地幔相对软弱在这种地区,由于岩石圈累积强度与板块驱动力大小相当,构造形变相对较快．本文将这种假说应用在位于美国中部的新马德里地震带与周围地区．地震带内部热流密度值约为60mw／m2,略高于本区背景热流密度值45mW／m2．计算得到的地温梯度与实验室结果所揭示的延性流动定律表明,在地震带内下地壳与上地幔相当软弱,板内应力主要由上地壳传递．那里的形变速率相对较高．与此相反,在周围地区热流值相对较低,岩石四累积强度大大超过板块驱动力,构造应力由地壳与上地幔共同承受热流值的大小和下地壳上地幔的受力状态是决定地震活动性在地震带内与周围地区强烈对比的主要因素． 相似文献
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华北东部地区上地幔运动与盆地形成关系的模拟研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
在综合分析华北东部深部构造、盆地构造及其动力学特征等资料的基础上,运用离心技术讨论了该区盆地形成机制与上地幔运动的关系。这种离心技术采用物质密度差代替温度差是一种新的实验方法。 实验结果表明,上地幔对流、上地幔隆起(或底辟)以及重力均衡作用产生了华北地壳的单向引张力,从而导致箕状盆地的形成。 作者认为,华北东部地区盆地形成和发展的动力源与上地幔的运动和重力作用密切相关 相似文献
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地震波各向异性主要受岩石中矿物晶格优选方位(Crystallographic Preferred Orientation,CPO)的影响,橄榄石的CPO控制着上地幔的地震波各向异性。将岩石中矿物的CPO与全岩地震波各向异性相结合,可以解释在全球不同构造单元观测到的地震波各向异性,从而进行构造变形和动力学过程分析。文中在总结岩石圈主要各向异性矿物的CPO和各向异性特征的基础上,以青藏高原东南缘岩石圈地幔包体为例,对其显微组构和地震波各向异性进行研究,结果显示青藏高原东南缘岩石圈地幔的构造环境发生改变,岩石圈地幔无法解释观测到的剪切波分裂(SKS)地震波各向异性,需要考虑其他各向异性来源。由此可见,研究岩石圈地幔矿物的CPO对合理约束地球物理测量资料和分析岩石圈变形特征至关重要。 相似文献
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The water contents of minerals and whole-rock in mantle-derived xenoliths from eastern China exhibit large variations and are generally lower than those from other on- and off-craton lithotectonic units. Nevertheless, the water contents of mineral and whole-rock in Junan peridotite xenoliths, which sourced from the juvenile lithospheric mantle, are generally higher than those elsewhere in eastern China. This suggests that the initial water content of juvenile lithospheric mantle is not low. There is no obvious correlation between the water contents and Mg# values of minerals in the mantle xenoliths and no occurrence of diffusion profile in pyroxene, suggesting no relationship between the low water content of mantle xenolith and the diffusion loss of water during xenolith ascent with host basaltic magmas. If the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) base is heated by the asthenospheric mantle, the diffusion loss of water is expected to occur. On the other hand, extraction of basaltic melts from the SCLM is a more efficient mechanism to reduce the water content of xenoliths. The primary melts of Mesozoic and Cenozoic basalts in eastern China have water contents, as calculated from the water contents of phenocrysts, higher than those of normal mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB). The Mesozoic basalts exhibit similar water contents to those of island arc basalts, whereas the Cenozoic basalts exhibit comparable water contents to oceanic island basalts and backarc basin basalts with some of them resembling island arc basalts. These observations suggest the water enrichment in the mantle source of continental basalts due to metasomatism by aqueous fluids and hydrous melts derived from dehydration and melting of deeply subducted crust. Mantle-derived megacrysts, minerals in xenoliths and phenocrysts in basalts from eastern China also exhibit largely variable hydrogen isotope compositions, indicating a large isotopic heterogeneity for the Cenozoic SCLM in eastern China. The water content that is higher than that of depleted MORB mantle and the hydrogen isotope composition that is deviated from that of depleted MORB mantle suggest that the Cenozoic continental lithospheric mantle suffered the metasomatism by hydrous melts derived from partial melting of the subducted Pacific slab below eastern China continent. The metasomatism would lead to the increase of water content in the SCLM base and then to the decrease of its viscosity. As a consequence, the SCLM base would be weakened and thus susceptible to tectonic erosion and delamination. As such, the crust-mantle interaction in oceanic subduction channel is the major cause for thinning of the craton lithosphere in North China. 相似文献
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Asish R. Basu 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1975,28(2):261-274
The Wilson-Morgan hypothesis of hot-spots, characterized by high heat flow, positive gravity anomaly and alkalic volcanism, assumes that such hot-spots are surface expressions of mantle plumes rising by thermal convection. Possible evidence of this mantle upwelling is shown here from textural, structural and chemical aspects of ultramafic xenoliths in alkalic basalts. The xenolith-bearing basalts are constanly associated with Wilson-Morgan hot-spots in the ocean basins and with their continental counterparts in the rift valleys which show extensional tectonics. Most of the xenoliths are considered to be accidental fragments of the lithosphere in the host basalts. One remarkable aspect of xenoliths from all parts of the world is their ubiquitous tectonite fabric. The microstructures of these xenoliths are due to plastic deformation. Some of the xenoliths from Baja California show characteristic deformational features which are also found in the marginal parts of diapirically intruded high-temperature peridotite massifs. A model is proposed for the origin of xenoliths in alkalic basalts by mantle upwelling in which the plastic deformation of the xenoliths reflects this dynamic uprise. 相似文献
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Si- and alkali-rich melt inclusions in minerals of mantle peridotites from eastern China: Implication for lithospheric evolution 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
CO2 fluid inclusions in mantle minerals are an im-portant source for us to get the information of mantle fluids. Fluid inclusions are mainly composed of CO2, with minor CO, H2O, CH4, N2, H2S, SO2, F, etc., which were demonstrated by lots of Raman spec-trometer analyses in recent years. In contrast, there are very few researches on CO2-bearing melt inclusions since it is more difficult to do so. The available studies have found that the primary CO2-bearing melt inclu-sions are basaltic … 相似文献
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Abstract Spinel lherzolite is a minor component of the deep-seated xenolith suite in the Oki-Dogo alkaline basalts, whereas other types of ultramafic (e.g. pyroxenite and dunite) and mafic (e.g. granulite and gabbro) xenoliths are abundant. All spinel lherzolite xenoliths have spinel with a low Cr number (Cr#; < 0.26). They are anhydrous and are free of modal metasomatism. Their mineral assemblages and microtextures, combined with the high NiO content in olivine, suggest that they are of residual origin. But the Mg numbers of silicate minerals are lower (e.g. down to Fo86 ) in some spinel lherzolites than in typical upper mantle residual peridotites. The clinopyroxene in the spinel lherzolite shows U-shaped chondrite-normalized rare-earth element (REE) patterns. The abundance of Fe-rich ultramafic and mafic cumulate xenoliths in Oki-Dogo alkali basalts suggests that the later formation of those Fe-rich cumulates from alkaline magma was the cause of Fe- and light REE (LREE)-enrichment in residual peridotite. The similar REE patterns are observed in spinel peridotite xenoliths from Kurose and also in those from the South-west Japan arc, which are non-metasomatized in terms of major-element chemistry (e.g. Fo > 89), and are rarely associated with Fe-rich cumulus mafic and ultramafic xenoliths. This indicates that the LREE-enrichment in mantle rocks has been more prominent and prevalent than Fe and other major-element enrichment during the metasomatism. 相似文献
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Ultramafic xenoliths in mesozoic diorite in west shandong province 总被引：19，自引：2，他引：17
CHEN Lihui & ZHOU Xinhua .The Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts Crustal Evolution Ministry of Education China School of Earth Space Sciences Peking University Beijing China .Institute of Geology Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Correspondence should be addressed to Chen Lihui 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2004,47(6):489-499
Deep-seated xenoliths are common in alkali ba-salts, kimberlites and lamprophyres[1]. These host rocks are all basic or ultrabasic volcanic and subvol-canic rocks originating from mantle. Reports of ul-tramafic xenoliths found in plutons are uncommon except those of Mesozoic diorites in North China[2—6]. This paper provides detailed mineralogy, petrology and geochemistry of ultramafic xenoliths in Tietong-gou pluton, Laiwu, Shandong Province, and discusses the possibility of their deep-sea… 相似文献
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Meta-igneous mafic and ultramafic rocks, which constitute about 60% of the granulitic xenoliths enclosed in the Neogene alkali basalts of the Bournac pipe (French Massif Central) have well preserved magmatic trends of element variations. The meta-igneous suite was probably derived from at least two different parental magmas and it may be a part of a gabbroic complex which resembles mafic bodies associated with anorthosites. The xenoliths are also very similar to many other granulitic xenoliths and to meta-igneous mafic granulitic massifs. This indicates that the gabbroic intrusions may be widespread in the lower crust and the close association of gabbroic rocks with meta-sedimentary granulites suggests a model for the composition of the lower continental crust. 相似文献
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The Oligocene alkaline basalts of Toveireh area (southwest of Jandaq, Central Iran) exhibit northwest–southeast to west–east exposure in northwest of the central‐east Iranian microcontinent (CEIM). These basalts are composed of olivine (Fo70–90), clinopyroxene (diopside, augite), plagioclase (labradorite), spinel, and titanomagnetite as primary minerals and serpentine and zeolite as secondary ones. They are enriched in alkalis, TiO2 and light rare earth elements (La/Yb = 9.64–12.68) and are characterized by enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (Cs, Rb, Ba) and high field strength elements (Nb, Ta). The geochemical features of the rocks suggest that the Toveireh alkaline basalts are derived from a moderate degree partial melting (10–20%) of a previously enriched garnet lherzolite of asthenospheric mantle. Subduction of the CEIM confining oceanic crust from the Triassic to Eocene is the reason of mantle enrichment. The studied basalts contain mafic‐ultramafic and aluminous granulitic xenoliths. The rock‐forming minerals of the mafic‐ultramafic xenoliths are Cr‐free/poor spinel, olivine, Al‐rich pyroxene, and feldspar. The aluminous granulitic xenoliths consist of an assemblage of hercynitic spinel + plagioclase (andesine–labradorite) ± corundum ± sillimanite. They show interstitial texture, which is consistent with granulite facies. They are enriched in high field strength elements (Ti, Nb and Ta), light rare earth elements (La/Yb = 37–193) and exhibit a positive Eu anomaly. These granulitic xenoliths may be Al‐saturated but Si‐undersaturated feldspar bearing restitic materials of the lower crust. The Oligocene Toveireh basaltic magma passed and entrained these xenoliths from the lower crust to the surface. 相似文献
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新生代火山岩中的幔源包体可以提供有关上地幔的直接信息。通过对采自甘肃宕昌县好梯乡的幔源橄榄岩包体的详细研究 ,探讨该地区上地幔的热结构和流变学特征 ,并与华北地区进行对比。研究结果表明 ,该区自壳幔边界以下至 75km深处的上地幔主要由尖晶石二辉橄榄岩组成 ,75km以下则主要由石榴石二辉橄榄岩组成 ,方辉橄榄岩只占少数 ;与华北地区没有明显的差异。由包体平衡温度、压力建立的上地幔地温线低于华北地区地温线 ;确定的壳幔边界在 5 2km左右 ,莫霍界面附近为下地壳物质与尖晶石二辉橄榄岩的过渡带 ;岩石圈底界深度约为 12 0km左右。根据包体的研究结果建立了研究区上地幔的差异应力、应变速率和等效黏滞度剖面。结果表明 ,该区新生代时期存在软流层的底辟 ,以及相应的岩石圈的减薄 ,但其规模明显小于华北地区。这些结果表明该区处在中国东部大陆裂谷带和中国中部克拉通块体群的过渡带 相似文献
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The Madang Cenozoic sodic alkaline basalt occurred in the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, where is a key tectonic transform region of Tibet, North China, and Yangtze blocks. The basalts are characterized by the variation in SiO2=42%–51%, Na2O/K2O>4, belonging to the sodic alkaline basalt series. The rocks are enriched in Ba, Th, Nb, Ta, relative to a slight depletion in K, Rb in the trace and rare earth element (REE) spider diagrams that are similar to the typical oceanic island alkaline basalt. The Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions suggest that they are derived from a mixed mantle reservoir. The western Qinling-Songpan tectonic region was controlled by Tibet, North China and Yangtze blocks since Cenozoic, therefore, the region was in the stage of the substance converge from the mantle to upper crust, producing a mixed mantle reservoir in the studied area. The Madang basalts occurred in the specific tectonic background, they result from partial melting of a mixed asthenospheric mantle reservoir in the western Qinling-Songpan tectonic node.
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