共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 140 毫秒
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湖沼学是研究内陆水体的多学科整合科学——兼论我国湖沼学发展面临的挑战与机遇 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
湖沼学是研究内陆水体的多学科交叉综合性科学,自从Forel F.A.于1892年首次对湖沼学做出定义以来已有近130年历史.湖沼学的主要分支学科包括地质湖沼学(包括古湖沼学)、物理湖沼学、化学(生物地球化学)湖沼学和生物湖沼学.湖沼学的关键自然属性是通过跨学科的整合,从水生态系统水平综合分析相关过程与机理,并对生态系统变化进行预测.因此,湖泊学也是支撑水资源与生态系统保护、管理与修复的核心科学.然而,目前我国湖沼学发展面临分支学科发展不平衡、研究碎片化等问题,而人类活动加剧和气候变化对内陆水体生态系统的影响及管理对策是湖沼学研究面临的挑战与机遇.我国湖沼学研究亟需围绕人类活动、气候变化的影响,重点开展以下几个方面的工作:1)水动力与水文地貌特征变化及其环境生态效应; 2)营养盐和有机质生物地球化学循环及其环境生态效应; 3)食物网结构与功能; 4)外来入侵物种的影响与控制对策; 5)与水环境有关的传染病防治; 6)地表水生态评价; 7)生态系统演变机理与退化生态系统修复等. 相似文献
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地球生物学是地球科学与生命科学的交叉学科,其核心任务是探讨生物与环境的相互作用和协同演化.在分析国际地球生物学的研究进展、中国科学院学部地球生物学前沿论坛成果以及本专辑代表性论文的基础上,本文简要评述了重大地质突变期的地球生物学、地质微生物与全球环境变化以及极端环境地球生物学这三大主题的主要研究进展和存在的科学问题.在重大地质突变期的地球生物学方面,人们已经认识到生命的起源、辐射、灭绝和复苏等重大生命事件的发生与地球深部过程以及受其影响的海-陆-气环境过程密切相关;但对于地质历史时期生物与环境是如何协同演化的,其具体的机制和动力学过程是什么,还知之甚少.在地质微生物与全球环境变化方面,各类地质微生物功能群不仅灵敏地响应地质环境的变化,而且通过元素循环和矿物转变对地质环境产生重要影响;但人们对不同地质微生物功能群是如何通过协同作用而改变地质环境的,还了解得很少.在极端环境地球生物学方面,人们从深海、冰川冻土、地下水、洞穴和热泉等极端环境中发现和分离出一些重要的微生物,并开展了许多生物学的研究;但真正能上升到极端环境地球生物学的研究很少,极端环境微生物的地球化学功能还远未查明.地球生物学将大大拓展生物过程研究的时空范畴,在资源领域和全球变化领域有广阔的应用前景.地球生物学需要多学科的协同研究,包括加强地质微生物的研究,加强生物地球化学循环的数据库建设和定量化模型研究,加强各类典型地质环境条件的研究,加强生物过程与物理化学过程的耦合研究. 相似文献
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1 地震地球化学发展背景
地球化学是研究地球的化学组成、化学作用和化学演化的科学.基于研究目的的不同,地球化学分为元素地球化学、气体地球化学、同位素地球化学、构造地球化学、水文地球化学等研究方向,近年来衍生出地震地球化学.此为在地震学、水文地球化学、元素地球化学、同位素地球化学和水文地质学等学科基础上发展起来的一门新兴学科,是研究地震孕育、发展、发生过程中地下水、岩石、气体组分及化学成分等变化与地震关系的科学. 相似文献
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中国陆地生态系统通量观测研究网络(ChinaFLUX)的研究进展及其发展思路 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
涡度相关技术经过长期的理论发展和技术进步,已经成为直接测定陆地生态系统与大气间的CO2和水热通量的重要方法.随着涡度相关通量观测在全球范围内的广泛开展,各区域、国家以及国际通量观测研究网络(FLUXNET)也应运而生.在过去10年里,通量观测研究在探讨全球陆地生态系统碳循环和水循环过程及环境控制机理、揭示陆地生态系统碳收支的时空格局、寻找"未知碳汇"等方面取得了显著的成果,也为资源、生态和环境等科学领域的国际交流创造了理想的合作研究平台.随着通量观测研究的不断深入,今后国际通量界将加强引进和开发新的观测技术,扩展通量观测的应用领域,尝试运用通量观测数据来协助研究有关生物地理学、生物地球化学、生态水文学、气象/气候学、遥感和全球碳循环模型等领域的科学问题.中国陆地生态系统通量观测研究网络(ChinaFLUX)是FLUXNET的重要组成部分,经过3年多的连续观测和研究已在涡度相关通量观测技术和方法、典型陆地生态系统碳水交换过程及其环境响应机理、生态系统碳水通量模型开发等方面取得了一系列重要进展.研究发现中国的主要森林生态系统在2003～2005年度都为大气CO2的汇,青藏高原上的高寒草甸生态系统也表现为较弱的碳汇,而封育的内蒙古半干旱羊草草原却表现为弱的碳源;在大的空间尺度上,温度和水分是决定陆地生态系统碳收支的关键环境因子.ChinaFLUX的发展思路拟以典型生态系统通量的联网观测与陆地样带研究相结合为技术途径,开展多尺度、多过程、多途径、多学科的综合集成观测,重点探讨生态系统的水、碳、氮循环过程机理及其耦合关系. 相似文献
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氧循环与宜居地球 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
氧是影响地球宜居性的重要因素,其与复杂生命体的形成和演化有着千丝万缕的联系.研究全球氧循环有助于我们了解地球系统的演化过程,剖析地质历史时期地球宜居性的形成,从而帮助我们预估地球系统的未来变化.近几十年来,氧循环的研究在地质学、地球化学、地球生物学、海洋科学和大气科学等领域取得了重大进展,这丰富了我们对地球系统的认识.然而,这一系列的研究工作都是在各自领域独自开展的,由此导致我们对氧循环这一关键科学问题的理解较为片面,对地球科学各个圈层之间的相互作用缺乏完整的认识.本文提出了地球系统五大圈层相互耦合的理论框架,阐明了氧循环在地球系统科学中起到的纽带作用,全面总结了多时间尺度上氧循环的研究,特别关注了大氧化事件、大灭绝事件以及大气氧含量和物种进化之间的潜在联系.深入理解地质历史时期氧循环与生物多样性之间可能的联系,对探索地球宜居性的历史演化和未来具有深远的意义.自从进入人类世以来,地球系统在人类活动的强迫下已逐渐偏离其既定轨迹,氧循环也因此产生了强烈的响应.我们认为如果不及早干预,人类活动对氧循环的干扰可能会大大降低地球的宜居性. 相似文献
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沉积物中有机质的环境行为研究进展 总被引：52，自引：5，他引：52
水体沉积物是重金属，有毒有机化合物等环境污染物及C，N，P等营养元素的汇和释放源，而有机质对灾些污染物和营养元素在沉积物中的迁移，转化等地球化学行为中起着至关重要的作用，本文就近期有关沉积物中有机质的环境地球化学行为为方面的研究进行了综述，重点评述了有关沉积物中有机质本身的来源，性质，迁移和矿化及其环境效应等方面的研究进展。 相似文献
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论有机氮磷在湖泊水环境中的作用和重要性 总被引：19，自引：7，他引：12
长期以来,国内外学者对湖泊中氮磷等营养物质及其循环开展了大量研究,在其污染过程、控制和管理等方面取得了许多重要进展。然而,现有研究主要集中在总氮、总磷和无机氮磷等方面,对有机氮磷的来源、循环及生物和生态学效应的研究相对缺乏。近期研究显示:有机氮磷是湖泊水体和沉积物中的重要组分,可以通过酶解和微生物活动转化成生物可利用性营养盐,在湖泊生态系统中起着十分重要的作用。本文简要分析了有机氮磷已有的研究进展,论述了有机氮磷在湖泊水环境研究中的重要性、研究难点、主要技术突破及存在的科学问题,指出有机氮磷研究将有助于加深目前对水生态系统和富营养化机理的认识,并对水质标准制定、环境质量评价、污染控制和生态修复具有十分重要的价值。研究表明:在各种无机氮磷研究的基础上,开展各种有机氮磷等营养组分的时空分布特征、在主要界面的迁移转化及其生物有效性研究,揭示有机氮磷与湖泊生命过程的耦合关系,完善氮磷循环理论,将是未来该领域的主要研究方向。 相似文献
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城市非点源污染向水生生态系统中输入大量的溶解有机物(DOM),对生态系统健康产生重要影响. 有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)是广泛分布于自然水体中的一类成分和结构复杂、含有多种高活性化学官能团的大分子聚合物,是DOM的重要组分,对水生生态系统健康、能量流动及生物地球化学循环有重要影响. 光化学反应和微生物代谢过程被认为是控制水体CDOM转化、降解和循环的主要影响因素. 然而,对城市化如何影响CDOM组成以及光化学和微生物如何相互作用影响城市水体CDOM动态的理解是不足的. 因此,为评估光化学过程和微生物代谢对不同城市水体CDOM降解与转化的贡献,解析不同城市水体CDOM光化学/微生物降解作用机理,本研究在英国伯明翰选择3类具有典型DOM来源的水体样本,通过实验室9 d受控培养实验,对比分析光化学以及微生物影响下CDOM来源和组成的变化. 结果表明：(1)城市河流由于接受上游污水排放及较短的水力滞留时间,含有丰富的芳香性碳,其CDOM光化学活性明显高于湖泊,光化学降解率为16.60%;(2)城市湖泊CDOM受人类活动影响,自生源类荧光成分富集,生物活性高,在微生物培养过程中CDOM增加了62.16%,而相较于城市湖泊,非城市湖泊由于接受周围景观土壤输入的大量腐殖质类CDOM,光照对其降解转化作用较为明显; (3)光化学过程促进了陆源CDOM中大分子类腐殖质物质降解成为生物活性高的小分子化合物,刺激微生物代谢生成类蛋白质类有机物; 以类蛋白质组分为主导的CDOM在光照过程中被转化为难降解状态,生物活性降低,CDOM微生物代谢过程被抑制. 研究成果为城市水体不同CDOM来源及活性差异特征研究提供了新的思路,有助于城市河流的可持续开放与管理. 相似文献
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At two locations in the Atlantic Ocean (DSDP Sites 367 and 530) early to middle Cretaceous organic-carbon-rich beds (“black shales”) were found to have significantly lower δ15N values (lower15N/14N ratios) than adjacent organic-carbon-poor beds (white limestones or green claystones). While these lithologies are of marine origin, the black strata in particular have °15N values that are significantly lower than those previously found in the marine sediment record and most contemporary marine nitrogen pools. In contrast, black, organic-carbon-rich beds at a third site (DSDP Site 603) contain predominantly terrestrial organic matter and have C- and N-isotopic compositions similar to organic matter of modern terrestrial origin.The recurring15N depletion in the marine-derived Cretaceous sequences prove that the nitrogen they contain is the end result of an episodic and atypical biogeochemistry. Existing isotopic and other data indicate that the low15N relative abundance is the consequence of pelagic rather than post-depositional processes. Reduced ocean circulation, increased denitrification, and, hence, reduced euphotic zone nitrate availability may have led to Cretaceous phytoplankton assemblages that were periodically dominated by N2-fixing blue-green algae, a possible source of this sediment15N-depletion. Lack of parallel isotopic shifts in Cretaceous terrestrially-derived nitrogen (Site 603) argues that the above change in nitrogen cycling during this period did not extend beyond the marine environment. 相似文献
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Troy P. Sampere Thomas S. Bianchi Stuart G. Wakeham Mead A. Allison 《Continental Shelf Research》2008,28(17):2472-2487
Lignin and pigment biomarkers were analyzed in surface sediments of the Louisiana Continental margin (LCM) to distinguish differences in the degradative state of sedimentary organic matter along and between two major depositional pathways (along shore and offshore to the Mississippi Canyon) from Southwest (SW) Pass in July 2003. Barataria Bay, an inter-distributary estuary, was also assessed as a potential source of terrestrial organic matter to the LCM. Sediment signatures taken along the same pathways after Hurricane Ivan (October 2004) were compared with the pre-Ivan signature to elucidate carbon dynamics after major hurricane events. Density fractions were investigated at key stages across the LCM. Mississippi Canyon sediments are a depocenter for labile and refractory organic matter derived from river and previously deposited shelf sediments. Barataria Bay material may be a contributing source of sedimentary organic matter in shallow shelf areas bordering the bay and is thus potentially important in carbon cycling in sediments of these shallow areas; however, our results show that organic matter inputs from the bay were likely rapidly decomposed and/or diluted. Hurricane Ivan mobilized sedimentary organic carbon (SOC) offshore and homogenized terrestrial sediment parameters and gradients. As observed through pigment concentrations sediments tended to equilibrate to a more steady-state condition within months of the disturbance. Insights from density fractions show that selective degradation and aggregation/flocculation processes were also very important processes during cross-shelf transport. Zooplankton grazing, largely on diatoms and other algae, was a shelf wide phenomenon, however, grazing products dominated the marine-derived SOC in margin sediments west of the birdsfoot delta indicated by the abundance of steryl chlorin esters (SCEs). 相似文献
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Sediment organic matter source estimation and ecological classification in the semi-enclosed Batan Bay Estuary,Philippines 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The large organic matter flow in tropical coastal areas is recognized as an important process in the global carbon(C)cycle.However,the nature of organic matter flow in semi-enclosed tropical estuaries remains unclear due to the various environmental processes(tidal change,river flow,waves from the sea,and internal circulation)and organic matter sources therein.Thus,sediment organic matter(SOM)sources,and their distribution pattern,are key to understanding ecosystem material flow.Our research in the Batan Bay Estuary,Philippines,a semi-enclosed estuary under large mangrove deforestation,was conducted to determine ecosystem properties through analysis of C and nitrogen stable isotope ratios and environmental factors.First,we determined that mangrove litter,microphytobenthos,and phytoplankton are the main SOM sources in the Batan Bay Estuary.Second,the estuary was classified into three ecological zones(the Bay zone,Back-barrier zone,and River zone).In addition,we estimated SOM source ratios using the Stable Isotope Analysis in R package and determined different organic matter sources in different zone.The high ratios of mangrove litter as SOM indicate that a large amount of terrestrial plant organic matter remains despite the heavy mangrove deforestation that has occurred since the 1980s,and that the Back-barrier zone consists of a different type of ecosystem that promotes accumulation of C from mangrove litter and microphytobenthos. 相似文献
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Adam S. Wymore Michelle D. Shattuck Jody D. Potter Lisle Snyder William H. McDowell 《水文研究》2021,35(4):e14131
The Lamprey River Hydrological Observatory (LRHO) is a lowland coastal watershed in southeastern New Hampshire (USA). The LRHO offers a platform to investigate the effects of suburbanization and changing seasonality on watershed hydrology, biogeochemistry, and nutrient export to an estuarine ecosystem. The LRHO utilizes a nested-watershed design to examine headwater stream and main-stem river dynamics distributed across a mixed land-use environment. Data sets from the LRHO now comprise over 20 years of weekly grab sample data as well as 7 years of high-frequency sensor data. Collectively these data sets include measures of discharge, dissolved organic matter, nutrients, cations and anions, greenhouse gases, and other physio-chemical properties. Here we share information on the setting and motivating questions of the LRHO and data availability. 相似文献
16.
Wilfried Schönborn 《Limnologica》2003,33(3):163-189
Eutrophication and toxic loading of freshwater occurred even in early geological epochs as a result of natural factors (e.g., large animals, volcanism), and nutrients and xenobiotics are more quickly integrated in material cycling in aquatic than in terrestrial systems. Therefore, aquatic ecosystems show many defensive mechanisms against organic and toxic loading. Many other defensive reactions can be described in addition to the well-known example of microbial self-purification.Freshwater ecosystems possess compartments which cooperate towards the function and protection of the whole system but, in opposition to these “euoecisms”, there are also “dysoecisms”. The defensive reactions of an ecosystem are founded largely on species-egoistic adaptations that have an (accidental) system-altruistic effect. The whole ecosystem reacts only seldom, and it is not clear whether there are selection processes which favour water bodies with a slow eutrophication and therefore slow silting-up, because the freshwaters are important for the global water balance.It is possible to compare organismic with ecosystemic defensive reactions but the origin of both reactions is very different. 相似文献
17.
Ian J. W. Giesbrecht William C. Floyd Suzanne E. Tank Ken P. Lertzman Brian P. V. Hunt Maartje C. Korver Allison A. Oliver Ray Brunsting Paul Sanborn Santiago G. Gonzalez Arriola Gordon W. Frazer Kyra A. St. Pierre Shawn Hateley James McPhail Colby Owen Stewart Butler Bryn Fedje Emma Myers Lucy Quayle Emily Haughton Isabelle Desmarais Rob White David J. Levy-Booth Colleen T. E. Kellogg Jennifer M. Jackson William W. Mohn Steven J. Hallam Justin Del Bel Belluz 《水文研究》2021,35(6):e14198
The Kwakshua Watersheds Observatory (KWO) is an integrative watersheds observatory on the coastal margin of a rain-dominated bog-forest landscape in British Columbia (BC), Canada. Established in 2013, the goal of the KWO is to understand and model the flux of terrestrial materials from land to sea – the origins, pathways, processes and ecosystem consequences – in the context of long-term environmental change. The KWO consists of seven gauged watersheds and a network of observation sites spanning from land to sea and along drainage gradients within catchments. Time-series datasets include year-round measurements of weather, soil hydrology, streamflow, aquatic biogeochemistry, microbial ecology and nearshore oceanographic conditions. Sensor measurements are recorded every 5 min and water samples are collected approximately monthly. Additional observations are made during high-flow conditions. We used remote sensing to map watershed terrain, drainage networks, soils and terrestrial ecosystems. The watersheds range in size from 3.2 to 12.8 km2, with varying catchment characteristics that influence hydrological and biogeochemical responses. Despite local variation, the overall study area is a global hotspot for yields of dissolved organic carbon, dissolved organic nitrogen and dissolved iron at the coastal margin. This observatory helps fill an important gap in the global network of observatories, in terms of spatial location (central coast of BC), climate (temperate oceanic), hydrology (very high runoff, pluvial regime), geology (igneous intrusive, glacially scoured), vegetation (bog rainforest) and soils (large stores of organic carbon). 相似文献
18.
Nutrient fluxes across terrestrial-aquatic boundaries and their subsequent integration into lake nutrient cycles are currently
a major topic of aquatic research. Although pollen represents a good substrate for microorganisms, it has been neglected as
a terrestrial source of organic matter in lakes. In laboratory experiments, we incubated pollen grains of Pinus sylvestris in water of lakes with different trophy and pH to estimate effects of pollen input and its subsequent microbial degradation
on nutrient dynamics. In this ex situ experiment, we measured concentrations of organic carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen in the surrounding water as well as microbial
dynamics (bacteria and fungal sporangia) at well-controlled conditions. Besides leaching, chemical and microbial decomposition
of pollen was strongest within the first week of incubation. This led to a marked increase of soluble reactive phosphorus
and total dissolved nitrogen (up to 0.04 and 1.5 mg L−1, respectively, after 5 days of incubation) in the ambient water. In parallel, pollen grains were rapidly colonized by heterotrophic
bacteria and aquatic fungi. Leaching and microbial degradation of pollen accounted for ≥80, ≥40, ≥50% for organic C, N and
P, respectively, and did not significantly differ among water samples from the studied lakes. Thus, pollen introduces high
amounts of bio-available terrestrial organic matter and nutrients into surface waters within a short time. A rough calculation
on P input into oligotrophic Lake Stechlin indicates that pollen plays an important ecological role in nutrient cycling of
temperate lakes. This requires further attention in aquatic ecology. 相似文献
19.
Spatiotemporal heterogeneity of actual and potential respiration in two contrasting floodplains 
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下载免费PDF全文 Nataša Mori Tatjana Simčič Anton Brancelj Christopher T. Robinson Michael Doering 《水文研究》2017,31(14):2622-2636
Floodplains are vital components of river ecosystems and play an important role in carbon cycling and storage at catchment and global scales. For efficient river management and conservation, it is critical to understand the functional role of spatiotemporally complex and dynamic habitat mosaics of river floodplains. Unfortunately, the fundamental understanding of mineralization and carbon flux patterns across complex floodplains is still fragmentary. In this study, respiratory potential (i.e., electron transport system activity [ETSA]) was quantified seasonally across different aquatic and terrestrial habitats (wetted channels, gravel bars, islands, riparian forests, and grasslands) of 2 Alpine floodplains differing in climate, altitude, discharge, flow alteration intensity, and land use (So?a [natural flow regime, 12% grassland area] and Urbach [mean annual discharge reduction by 30% due to water abstraction, 69% grassland area]). In situ respiration (R) was measured, and ETSA–R ratios were calculated to examine differences in exploitation intensity of the overall respiratory capacity among floodplain habitats and seasons. ETSA and R provided potential and actual estimates, respectively, of organic matter mineralization in the different floodplain habitats. Hierarchical linear regression across habitat types showed that organic matter, grain sizes <0.063 mm, and water content were the most important predictors of ETSA in both floodplains, and grain sizes 2–0.063 and >8 mm were also highly important for the So?a floodplain. The combination of ETSA and R measurements conducted in contrasting floodplains increased our understanding of the relationships between floodplain habitat heterogeneity, organic matter mineralization and human impacts, that is, structural–functional linkages in floodplains. These data are integral towards predicting changes in floodplain function in response to environmental alterations from increasing human pressures and environmental change. 相似文献