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1.
利用不同物候期水生植物配置提高浮床人工湿地的除氮效果 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为验证利用不同物候期水生植物配置提高碳氮比失衡湿地脱氮能力的可行性,设计了向水芹菜(Oenanthe javanica)浮床人工湿地系统中添加轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)的实验,研究了在秋、冬季低温条件下,暖季型植物分解释碳对系统氮去除效果的影响.结果表明,添加轮叶黑藻显著提高了系统水体碳氮比,促进反硝化作用,提高总氮和硝态氮的去除率.在4个周期中,与对照组相比,物候期组合型浮床人工湿地系统的总氮去除率分别提升23.03%、10.90%、18.55%和22.93%,硝态氮去除率分别提升38.28%、20.74%、17.87%和17.06%.由此可见,利用暖季型和冷季型植物配置提高碳氮比失衡湿地氮去除率是可行的. 相似文献
2.
不同水生植物对湿地无机氮素去除效果的模拟 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
分别以芦苇、花叶水葱和苦草构建成小规模人工湿地模拟系统,开展不同类型水生植物湿地中无机氮（硝态氮和铵态氮）去除效果的试验。试验结果表明：在分别以芦苇、花叶水葱和苦草构成的模拟湿地单元中,虽然氧化还原等环境条件呈现较大差异,但不同类型水生植物湿地单元的铵态氮和硝态氮的去除率并没有显著差别,这与以往关于不同类型水生植物对氮素去除贡献的认识有所不同;水生植物对模拟湿地体系中氮素的去除具有重要作用,在相对较低的氮负荷（NH4^＋-N约为2.85mg／L,NO3^-N约为1.07mg／L,相当于一般城市污染河流）条件下,有水生植物湿地单元中铵态氮和硝态氮的10d去除率分别在39.32％和21.91％以上,而无水生植物的空白湿地单元对铵态氮和硝态氮的10d去除率分别只有34.68％和13.86％;在提高模拟湿地体系水体氮（NH4^＋-N约为5.50mg／L,NO3^-N约为3.37mg／L,是一般城市污染程度的2倍）负荷条件下,有水生植物湿地单元中铵态氮和硝态氮的10d去除率分别大于或等于66.87％和78.92％以上,而无水生植物的空白湿地单元对铵态氮和硝态氮的10d去除率仅为40.62％和31.77％,为人工湿地对原污水或初沉池出水的处理提供了有力依据。试验结果还表明,水生植物能有效促进湿地的氮素转化过程,显著缩短无机氮素在湿地中的寄宿时间。 相似文献
3.
添加固体碳源对垂直流人工湿地污水处理效果的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以垂直流人工湿地小试系统为研究对象,探讨了不同位置(表层、上层、中层和下层)添加固体碳源对系统氮、磷及CODCr去除效果的影响.结果表明:湿地下层硝态氮去除率低于中层,最适宜碳源添加位置为垂直流人工湿地中、下层.添加碳源系统中,碳源添加位置为表层的系统CODCr去除率最高,各系统出水CODCr浓度均低于进水,不引起系统出水中CODCr浓度的增加.添加碳源显著提高脱氮除磷效果,碳源添加位置为下层的系统TN去除率最高,碳源添加位置为表层的系统氨氧化作用明显,出水铵态氮浓度最高,各系统对亚硝态氮和硝态氮去除率差异不明显,但对硝态氮都表现出良好的去除效果.碳源添加位置为下层的系统硝化作用最完全,TP去除能力也显著优于其他各系统.添加碳源至垂直流人工湿地下层可以达到同步脱氮除磷的效果. 相似文献
4.
植物秸秆作补充碳源对人工湿地脱氮效果的影响 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
研究以芦苇杆、树枝及芦苇杆+树枝这三组植物秸秆作为碳源,分别补充于人工湿地基质表层(0-5cm)和中层(30-35cm)对脱氮效果的影响.试验结果表明,在进水条件下,补充植物秸秆能将人工湿地系统的TN去除率从44%提高到53%-66%,秸秆材料种类对脱氮效果影响不显著;对于三组植物秸秆材料,补充在中层均能较表层更好地提高脱氮效果,而且具有更强的抵抗进水氮负荷冲击能力.沿程氮形态分析表明:补充植物秸秆后,可以解除由于有机碳源不足产生的硝氮、亚硝氮积累,提高总氮的去除效率;而秸秆补充于中层,由于未干扰进水氨氮的硝化过程,增加底物硝氮、亚硝氮的反硝化反应,从而较之补充于表层有更好的脱氮效果. 相似文献
5.
实验设计中试水槽装置,模拟研究2种沉水植物轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla nerticillata)和苦草(Vallisneria natans)对农村水体的净化效果,并探讨沉水植物在水体氮、磷去除中的作用.结果显示,沉水植物系统均能显著降低水体中总氮、铵态氮、硝态氮和磷酸盐浓度,去除率分别达到50.5%、84.4%、41.9%和64.6%,且轮叶黑藻组选择20 g/m2,苦草组选择40 g/m2为适种密度.水体流经各串联单元时氮、磷去除负荷存在显著差异,其中总氮、硝态氮、磷酸盐浓度在有植物单元高于无植物单元,铵态氮浓度相反,结合单元内溶解氧浓度、硝化与反硝化细菌总数表明,有植物单元可显著发生反硝化作用,无植物单元可显著发生硝化作用,有无植物串联单元更有利于氮的去除. 相似文献
6.
水库近岸湿地(消落带)土壤N2O释放和反硝化作用是消落带氮的生物地球化学过程的重要组成部分.以三峡水库支流澎溪河高阳平湖库湾消落带为研究对象,于2013年落干初期,采用C2H2抑制-原状土柱培养法研究该处自然植被恢复区、农耕区和对照组等不同土地类型土壤的N2O释放速率和反硝化速率,并测定了土壤p H值、氧化还原电位、温度、有机质、总氮、铵态氮、硝态氮和土壤孔隙含水量等环境指标.结果表明,自然植被恢复区土壤N2O释放速率为9.88±6.49 g N/(hm2·d),反硝化速率为58.94±52.84 g N/(hm2·d);农耕区土壤N2O释放速率和反硝化速率分别为7.71±4.44和30.70±25.68 g N/(hm2·d).不同土地类型间N2O释放速率差异显著,落干初期土壤氧含量、含水量及氮含量对不同土地类型N2O释放和反硝化作用影响明显.土壤氧含量的升高促进了自然植被恢复区的N2O释放,并在一定程度上抑制了该区域反硝化作用.农耕区土壤含水量高于自然植被恢复区,可能致使N2O释放速率低于自然植被恢复区,而反硝化速率高于自然植被恢复区.消落带土壤氮含量降低同反硝化速率降低有一定联系. 相似文献
7.
云南抚仙湖窑泥沟复合湿地的除氮效果 总被引：11，自引：3，他引：8
为了延缓抚仙湖局部湖湾水体富营养化趋势,在北岸建设了净化面积1hm2.的复合人工湿地.综合利用生物氧化塘、水平潜流湿地和表面流湿地治理技术,对入湖河道窑泥沟污水中氮的去除效果进行了试验研究.试验结果表明,湿地系统的除氮效果十分明显,水力负荷年平均为437mm／d,氮负荷年平均为3.315 g／(m2·d),湿地系统氮滞留量年平均为1.91g／(m2·d).其中,通过植物吸收同化作用除氮量为0.142g／(m2·d),占总氮滞留量的7.5％左右.湿地系统对污水中硝酸盐及亚硝酸盐氮(NOX-)、氨氮(NH4+)、有机氮(TON)和总氮(TN)的去除率年平均分别为62.7％、53.8％、62.4％和57.5％.在湿地系统各功能区中,表面流人工湿地除氮效果最佳,氮去除率年平均为39.4％,硝化和反硝化作用均较强;生物净化塘除氮效果次之,氮去除率年平均为18.5％;潜流人工湿地氮去除率年平均为10.6％;沉淀池中氮去除率年平均只有3.6％. 相似文献
8.
火烧作为调控因子,对植物群落结构和生态系统功能具有重要影响,但在湖泊湿地中研究较少.通过野外调查取样与实验室分析,探讨火烧对洞庭湖湿地主要群落类型——荻(Miscanthus sacchariflorus)和苔草(Carex brevicuspis)土壤化学性质的影响.结果表明:火烧后,苔草群落土壤硝态氮含量显著减少64.6%,有机质含量增加26.3%;而荻群落土壤与之相反,硝态氮含量增加186.9%,有机质含量减少22.9%.火烧后,苔草群落的全氮、铵态氮、全碳和全磷含量均显著增加,分别增加了75.4%、36.3%、102.7%和76.9%,而荻群落土壤与对照组间无显著差异.总体上,火烧对荻群落土壤养分影响不大,可作为芦苇场的一种管理方式,但火烧促进苔草群落土壤养分释放,有助于苔草群落提前萌芽和生长,并引起牲畜牧食增加. 相似文献
9.
潜流湿地中微生物对三峡库区微污染水净化效果的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为了探讨潜流湿地对三峡库区微污染河水的净化效果,在野外构建芦竹、菖蒲、空心菜和无植物(空白)水平潜流人工湿地,研究人工湿地系统中微生物基本菌群和功能菌群数量分布,探讨污染物去除与微生物菌群种类和数量的相关性.结果表明:实验湿地系统运行情况良好,植物湿地系统对各污染物指标的去除效果优于空白湿地系统;芦竹、菖蒲、空心菜和空白湿地系统的微生物数量均随温度的降低而减少,其中,植物湿地系统的微生物数量高于空白系统;各湿地系统的微生物数量与水质指标去除率之间的相关性较强,在夏季,不同人工湿地系统的细菌总数与CODMn的去除率之间存在着显著的正相关,真菌、亚硝酸细菌总数与铵氮去除率之间均存在着显著的正相关,在冬季,不同人工湿地系统的反硝化细菌总数与总氮去除率之间存在着显著的正相关. 相似文献
10.
人工介质对富营养化水体中氮磷营养物质去除特性研究 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
采用人工介质富集微生物对太湖梅梁湾水源水中氮磷营养物质的去除特性进行了试验研究.中试结果表明:随着介质密度和水力停留时间的增加,对氮磷营养物质的去除率均有提高.介质密度为26.8%、水力停留时间为5d时,人工介质对TN、TP、氨氮、亚硝态氮的去除率分别为26.6%、72.1%、43.2%、79.4%,可见人工介质对富营养化水体中氮磷营养物质有较好的去除效果.增加水流速度消除了池内的溶解氧和氧化还原电位的分层现象,提高了NH4 -N和NO2--N的去除效果,没有降低TP、PO43--P、DTP的去除效果,说明沉淀作用并不是去除水体中氮磷营养物质的主要途径.人工介质表面富集了大量的微生物,通过硝化-反硝化作用是富营养化水体水质改善的主要途径. 相似文献
11.
Yogui GT Santos MC Bertozzi CP Sericano JL Montone RC 《Marine pollution bulletin》2011,62(12):2666-2670
Limited information is available in the literature on the levels of brominated flame retardants in the southern hemisphere. This study presents concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the blubber of small cetaceans from the coast of São Paulo (Brazil), southwestern Atlantic. PBDE levels were highest in Stenellafrontalis (770 ng g−1 lipid) followed by Stenobredanensis (475 ng g−1 lipid), Sotaliaguianensis (65.6 ng g−1 lipid), Tursiopstruncatus (64.2 ng g−1 lipid) and Pontoporiablainvillei (60.3 ng g−1 lipid). In general, continental shelf individuals exhibited higher contamination than inshore animals. This might be related to larger prey items consumed by continental shelf dolphins. The pattern of contamination indicates that Penta-BDE commercial mixtures are a major source of PBDEs to top predators in the southwestern Atlantic. Congeners found in Octa-BDE formulations were not detected in the investigated animals. 相似文献
12.
Nga Yu Ho Vincent Wai Tsun Li Wing Lin Poon Shuk Han Cheng 《Marine pollution bulletin》2008,57(6-12):425
kif7 is a member of the kinesin superfamily members which are molecular motor proteins that move along microtubules in a highly regulated manner through ATP hydrolysis. In this paper, we report on the cloning of the Oryzias melastigma kif7 (omkif7) using primers designed according to the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) database. The cloned omkif7 has an open reading frame of 3762bp and is deduced to encode a polypeptide of 1254 amino acids that possesses the putative ATP-binding and microtubule-binding motifs in its motor domain at the N-terminal region. We characterized the cloned omkif7 by comparison with the zebrafish kif7. Both omkif7 and zebrafish kif7 are shown to be expressed in all embryonic stages and adult tissues examined with higher expression level in the testis and ovary. Whole-mount in situ hybridization revealed that the expression of omkif7 is ubiquitous during the early stages of embryonic development, but became more restrictive and localized to the brain, fin bud and eye at later development. This study suggested that the brackish O.melastigma can serve as a good seawater model organism for developmental studies by utilizing the resources developed from its close relative of the Japanese medaka. 相似文献
13.
Burša Milan Raděj Karel Šima Zdislav True Scott A. Vatrt Viliam 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1997,41(3):203-216
The geopotential scale factor R
o
= GM/W
o
(the GM geocentric gravitational constant adopted) and/or geoidal potential Wo have been determined on the basis of the first year's (Oct 92 – Dec 93) ERS-1/TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data and of the POCM 4B sea surface topography model: R
o
°=(6 363 672.58°±0.05) m, W
o
°=(62 636 855.8°±0.05)m
2
s
–2
. The 2°–°3 cm uncertainty in the altimeter calibration limits the actual accuracy of the solution. Monitoring dW
o
/dt has been projected. 相似文献
14.
外来种福寿螺(Pomacea canaliculata)相较我国本土螺类其牧食量更大且繁殖速度更快,对栖息地水生植物的现存量和实施水生植被恢复的生态治理工程的成功性可能构成威胁,目前对福寿螺影响浅水湖泊沉水植物的重建缺乏足够的研究.本文通过设置不同沉水植物种类组合系统,研究福寿螺对3种常用于浅水富营养化湖泊治理的沉水植物密刺苦草(Vallisneria denseserrulata)、轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)、穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)的牧食偏好以及不同植物配置系统理化因子的响应变化,结果表明福寿螺对沉水植物植株附着偏好为密刺苦草轮叶黑藻穗花狐尾藻,而牧食破坏强度为轮叶黑藻穗花狐尾藻密刺苦草,轮叶黑藻最容易受到福寿螺牧食影响而快速消亡,穗花狐尾藻叶片也会被全部牧食仅剩下茎,而苦草存活受到的影响较小.福寿螺会导致轮叶黑藻+密刺苦草组合系统中总氮、氨氮、总磷、正磷酸盐浓度显著升高,而密刺苦草+穗花狐尾藻组合中总磷、正磷酸盐浓度显著升高,但是在轮叶黑藻+穗花狐尾藻组合中仅总氮浓度显著升高.研究表明福寿螺能够影响沉水植物间的竞争关系,但是3种沉水植物均不能阻止福寿螺的牧食;福寿螺牧食会显著降低沉水植物生物量,最终会影响草型清水态系统的稳定性. 相似文献
15.
The present paper analyses predation patterns, of Percichthys trucha and salmonid fish upon Galaxias maculatus in five lakes of northern Patagonia with differing community and environmental characteristics. Tank experiments were performed to evaluate relative efficiency of native and exotic predators of G. maculatus under treatments with and without cover (aquatic vegetation). Important differences were found between predators with regards to distribution and consumption of G. maculatus. Salmonids are more efficient than P. trucha in consuming G. maculatus in deep environments with scarcely vegetation; in contrast to native species they frequently use the pelagic environment. Although pelagic habitat might have served in the past as a refuge from native predators in the past, G maculatus now experiences intense predation in the pelagic zone by exotic salmonids. It is suggested that the widespread distribution of G. maculatus in Patagonian lakes may have facilitated the success of salmonids throughout Patagonia. 相似文献
16.
Floristic surveys, vegetation mapping, and detailed transect analyses rendered a macrophyte flora of 14 native and five alien taxa of flowering plants in the River Erft, a contributory of the River Rhine in Northrhine-Westphalia. Water temperatures of this river do not fall below 10 °C all the year round, for reasons of geothermically heated water discharged from nearby opencast mining areas. Macrophyte stand structures, composed of the neophytes Azolla filiculoides and Lemna minuta (floating) and Myriophyllum aquaticum, Egeria densa, and Vallisneria spiralis (rooted in the muddy or sandy ground of the river) are described and the ecological requirements of these taxa are characterized. The alien species can be seen as elements that increase the α-diversity of the aquatic vegetation of the River Erft. They do not replace any of the native species, even if shifts in the competition dynamics occur. The colonization by neophytes of the abnormally warmed River Erft can be appreciated as paradigmatic for trends in the macrophyte vegetation of medium-sized rivers in Central Europe when climate-related or discharge-based heating of the waterbody occurs and propagules of alien plants imported by waterfowl or – more important – plants from aquarium waste will find suitable places of existence and spread. 相似文献
17.
Species differences in stomatal control of water loss at the canopy scale in a mature bottomland deciduous forest 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
In order to evaluate factors controlling transpiration of six common eastern deciduous species in North America, a model describing responses of canopy stomatal conductance (GS) to net radiation (RN), vapor pressure deficit (D) and relative extractable soil water (REW) was parameterized from sap flux data. Sap flux was measured in 24 mature trees consisting of the species Carya tomentosa, Quercus alba, Q. rubra, Fraxinus americana, Liriodendron tulipifera, and Liquidambar styraciflua in a bottomland oak-hickory forest in the Duke Forest, NC. Species differences in model coefficients were found during the 1997 growing season. All species showed a reduction in GS with increasing D. RN influenced GS in the overstory shade intolerant L. styraciflua to a larger extent than the other species measured. In addition, despite a severe drought during the study period, only L. tulipifera showed a decline in GS with decreasing REW. The primary effect of the drought for the other species appeared to be early autumn leaf senescence and abscission. As a result, despite the drought in this bottomland forest accustomed to ample water supply, maximum daily transpiration (1.6 mm) and growing season transpiration (264 mm) were similar to a nearby upland forest measured during a year of above average precipitation. These results may aid in assessing differences in water use and the ability of bottomland deciduous species to tolerate alterations in the frequency or amount of precipitation. Results also suggest little variation in water use among forests of similar composition and structure growing in different positions in the landscape and subjected to large interannual variation in water supply. 相似文献
18.
近30 a云贵高原湖泊表面水体面积变化遥感监测与时空分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以云贵高原湖泊近30 a来的TM、ETM~+和OLI遥感影像为数据源,采用归一化水体指数(NDWI)、改进归一化水体指数(MNDWI)、新型水体指数(NWI)、增强型水体指数(EWI)和自动水体提取指数5种水体指数提取了1985—2015年云贵高原10个湖泊表面水体面积,并对各种算法进行精度对比分析.针对湖泊各自特点采用不同的水体指数提取其表面水体面积,并进行水体面积变化时空分析.结果表明:云贵高原湖泊表面水体面积总体呈现先增加后缩减趋势,1985—1995年湖泊表面水体面积增加了30.86 km~2,1995—2015年湖泊水体表面面积减少了48.12 km~2,其中,面积变化最大的是杞麓湖与异龙湖.对云贵高原湖泊表面水体面积变化与该区域的年降水量、蒸发量、平均气温、流域植被覆盖面积和人类活动时空进行相关分析,结果表明:1)高原湖泊对区域气候变化的响应具有明显的空间差异性,云贵高原湖泊的表面水体面积与气候相关性较显著,气温升高引起蒸发加速,降水量下降,湖面不断缩小,与逐年上升的气温呈负相关,与逐年波动上升的蒸发量呈负相关,与逐年减少的降水量呈正相关;2)云贵高原湖泊各流域的植被覆盖面积与湖泊面积变化相关性较弱;3)人类活动是影响湖泊面积变化的重要因素,大肆围湖造田、围湖养殖以及旅游开发等人类活动直接导致云贵高原湖泊面积的锐减,并对湖泊生态环境产生重要影响. 相似文献
19.
An Aphanomyces sp. (Oomycetes) was found to be an important egg parasite of Eudiaptomus gracilis (Copepoda) in Lake Mondsee (Austria). The infection is evidenced by densely packed infection hyphae, attached with holdfasts and wrapped around the female's abdomen. The infection hyphae give rise to hyphae which penetrate the egg sac, and subsequently kill all eggs. The infection obviously has no pathogenetic effects on the egg-carrying female. Infected females appear during summer and fall, mainly in warm water layers. Infected egg clutches are found at all seasons of the year, indicating considerable birth control of the Eudiaptomus population by parasite infection. It seems possible that the actual Aphanomyces sp. is not the only parasite involved. 相似文献
20.
通过野外调查并结合历史数据对洪湖沉水植被进行长时间序列变化研究,构建自1950s以来洪湖主要优势沉水植物群落穗状狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)、微齿眼子菜(Potamogeton maackianus)、金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)和轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)的群落分布图并计算其面积.结果表明:穗状狐尾藻群落面积从1950s占全湖的6%增加至1990s的65%,而后急剧下降至2010年的2%,然后又恢复至2014年的15%;微齿眼子菜群落面积从1950s的10%增至1990s的65%,然后下降至2014年的38%;金鱼藻群落面积从1980s的6%增至1990s的39%,2010年以后则稳定在25%;轮叶黑藻群落面积1950s占全湖的32%,随后急剧下降至1980s的6%,2000年以后逐步增加,至2014年为15%.1950s1990s,穗状狐尾藻、微齿眼子菜和金鱼藻群落分布范围从周边向湖心扩展,而轮叶黑藻群落从湖中心消失;2000年以后洪湖沉水植物群落分布破碎化明显.分析认为,1950s 1990s的围垦和水文过程变化,1990s 2005年的围网养殖、水生植物过度利用以及由此导致的水质恶化等,以及2006年至今开展的拆围和生态修复是导致这些变化的主要因素.建议取缔围网,控制入湖水质,提高水体透明度,促进水生植被恢复,但同时增加水位变幅,促进植物资源合理利用,避免沼泽化重演. 相似文献