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1.
2008年5月12日汶川地震突发在现今并不活动的龙门山断裂带上，该地震发生的动力学机制问题引起广泛关注.文中利用黏弹性接触问题的有限元方法，考虑重力作用，对青藏高原东缘的应力场空间分布及其随时间的演化进行了数值模拟，结果显示应力在空间由分散分布逐渐向龙门山及周边地区转移集中.基于前人的研究成果及计算分析，初步认为汶川地震孕育发生的动力学过程如下：青藏高原的物质东流在向东运动过程中由于受到稳定的四川盆地的阻挡，一部分东流物质在川西地区囤积，造成龙门山隆升；高角度(50°~70°)、犁状的龙门山断层面上的正应力随着川西高原向东运动而不断增大，导致该断层的闭锁性逐步加强，并且分布在断层附近的变质杂岩为存贮高密度弹性应变能提供物质保障.但另一方面随着青藏高原较柔软的下地壳物质的不断向东运动，囤积的东流物质对龙门山断裂带上盘的推挤作用会不断加强，从而导致断裂带上剪应力越来越大；当剪应力超过摩擦强度时，断层解锁产生滑动，发生地震.模拟结果还表明龙门山断层面上的摩擦系数较高，断裂带上地震的平均复发周期约为3163年，这与其他资料结果有一致性. 相似文献
2.
2008年5月12日汶川MS8.0地震发生在龙门山断裂带.本文基于龙门山断裂带的地质与地球物理研究结果,以及高精度的地形数据、大地热流测量数据,建立了以龙门山断裂带为主要研究对象的有限元模型;以GPS观测数据、构造应力场和震源破裂过程研究结果为约束,研究了此次强烈地震的动力学背景.模拟实验结果显示:在考虑青藏高原物质向东挤压流动的同时,青藏高原与四川盆地的地形差异和流变强度差异、断层摩擦强度差异和断层产状形式均对地震起始破裂的发生位置和断层错动形式有着重要影响.本文利用地球动力学的有限元软件模拟了汶川地震地表破裂在龙门山断裂带上传播的过程. 相似文献
3.
地壳流变结构控制作用下的龙门山断裂带地震发生机理 总被引：8，自引：5，他引：3
青藏高原东缘低地形变速率的龙门山断裂带上相继发生了2008汶川Mw7.9级地震和2013芦山Mw6.6级地震.地震勘探与震源定位结果揭示了龙门山区域地震空间分布特征：纵向上，龙门山断裂带这两次地震主震均发生在龙门山断裂带上地壳的底部（14~19 km），绝大部分余震均发生在上地壳范围（5~25 km），而在其中、下地壳深度范围内鲜见余震发生；横向上，地震（Mw>3）在龙门山断裂带青藏高原一侧密集分布且曾有大震发生，而四川盆地地震稀少（Mw>3）.为探讨龙门山断裂带地震发生机理，并解释以上龙门山区域地震空间分布特征，本文建立了龙门山断裂带西南段跨芦山地震震中区域的四种不同流变结构的龙门山断裂带三维岩石圈模型，以地表GPS观测资料为约束边界条件，数值模拟龙门山断裂带岩石圈在数千年以上长期匀速构造挤压作用下的应力积累特征，探讨了地壳分层流变性质对地壳应力积累的影响，分析了该区域地震空间分布与构造应力积累速率的关系.计算结果表明：该区域在数千年的应力积累过程中，脆性上地壳中应力表现近于恒定值的线性增长趋势，龙门山断裂带上地壳底部出现应力集中积累现象，这一应力集中现象可以解释龙门山断裂带汶川地震与芦山地震主震的发生，及其大部分余震在脆性上地壳中的触发；青藏高原一侧上地壳应力积累速率远远高于四川盆地的应力积累速率，这一应力积累分布现象可以解释龙门山区域青藏高原一侧地震密集而四川盆地地震稀少的地震空间分布特征；通过比较不同流变结构模型中的应力积累状态，认为导致这一应力积累空间分布状态的重要控制因素在于青藏高原中、下地壳较低的黏滞系数与四川盆地中、下地壳较高的黏滞系数的差异.在柔性的中、下地壳内，应力增长近于指数形式，稳定状态之后其应力增长速率近于零，构造应力积累难以达到岩石破裂强度，因而鲜见地震发生.地壳各层位的应力增长率差异与地震成层分布的现象共同揭示了龙门山区域岩石圈分层流变结构：脆性上地壳、韧性中、下地壳（青藏高原一侧较弱，四川盆地一侧较强）、韧性岩石圈上地幔. 相似文献
4.
《地震地质》2017,(4)
为揭示汶川地震前龙门山及其周缘断裂的形变与应力累积状态,文中构建了包含龙门山、龙日坝、岷江和虎牙4条断裂的三维黏弹性有限元模型,以1999—2004年GPS结果为约束,模拟了龙门山断裂带及其周缘区域的形变运动。得到以下结论:1)平行于龙门山断裂带的速度分量主要被龙日坝断裂吸收,垂直于龙门山断裂带的速度分量主要被其自身吸收;岷江和虎牙断裂对龙门山断裂带北段起到一定的屏障作用,导致其北段压缩量明显低于南段。2)沿龙门山断裂带由SW向NE方向延伸,主压应力与断层走向的夹角由接近垂直逐步转至约45°;断层南段挤压、剪切应力累积速率高,且压应力大于剪应力,北段应力累积速率低,压应力与剪应力接近。这与龙门山断裂带SW段中小地震频发、地震活动强烈,NE段偶有小震、地震活动微弱相吻合;也与汶川M_S8.0地震逆冲兼具右旋走滑、芦山M_S7.0地震逆冲破裂的方式相一致。3)假设发生震级、类型相同的地震所需应力积累量相同,那么研究区内岷江断裂、龙门山断裂南段和虎牙断裂破裂以逆冲运动为主,3条断裂的地震复发周期依次变长;龙日坝断裂北段和龙门山断裂北段以逆冲兼具右旋走滑为主,前者地震复发周期短于后者;龙日坝断裂南段则以纯右旋走滑为主,地震复发周期有可能最短。 相似文献
5.
为探讨汶川MS8.0地震对龙门山断裂带现今地应力环境的影响,2009年10—12月,在龙门山断裂带的北川、江油地区开展了3个200m深度钻孔水压致裂地应力测量,获得了汶川MS8.0地震发生1年多以后断裂带附近地壳浅表层地应力环境.根据研究区内的原地应力测量结果及汶川MS8.0地震引起的断层错动等资料,运用线弹性有限元数值模拟方法,计算得到了由断层错动位移所产生的附加应力,并推算了ZK02和ZK03位置震前应力分布特征.通过对比分析,揭示了断裂带附近地应力场的变化规律,探讨了汶川MS8.0地震对龙门山断裂带附近地应力环境的影响. 相似文献
6.
以巴颜喀拉块体为研究对象，考虑区域地质构造差异，主要活动断裂带，活动块体和边界断裂带的划分结果，引入深部三维速度结构，建立能反映地表起伏和岩石圈分层结构的青藏高原地区三维黏弹性有限元模型.以地壳水平运动速率观测值和最大主压应力方向测量值为约束条件重建研究区现今构造背景应力场.在此基础上模拟了自1900年以来巴颜喀拉块体周缘的7级以上强震序列，从库仑破裂应力角度研究了应力演化与强震的关系、强震之间的相互作用关系以及长期构造加载对强震的影响.研究结果表明，巴颜喀拉块体周缘强震的发生可能与震源区总应力的增加有关.2008年汶川地震导致龙门山断裂带南段应力增加，表明汶川地震对2013年芦山地震有促进作用.鲜水河断裂带上的7级以上强震序列对发生在邻近龙门山断裂带上的2008年汶川地震和2013年芦山地震有延迟作用. 相似文献
7.
运用非连续变形分析法与三维有限元法相结合的方法，以GPS资料作为位移速率和震源机制的约束条件，通过数值模拟研究了青藏高原及其东侧邻区构造地块的运动、变形、相互作用及其与近30年来发生于该区的大地震之间的关系。研究中引入了以应力与摩擦强度的比值定义的断层“失稳危险度”，通过数值模拟计算得到了研究区地壳块体边界断层的失稳危险度分布。结果表明，失稳危险度高的地段与近期该区发生的MS≥7.0地震所在的位置基本一致，其中龙门山断裂带上包括汶川和芦山大地震的发震断层均为失稳危险度最高值地区。计算得到的应变率强度分布图显示，青藏高原东部边缘整条地带均为应变率强度的陡变带，特别是以龙门山断裂带上的陡变最为明显，其西侧应变率强度为东侧的近4倍，而且，这个带位于宽度相同、走向与龙门山断裂带走向相一致的高应变能密度带中，表明这两次大地震前，作为其发震断层的龙门山断裂带已积累了相当高的应变能，失稳危险度高，处于力学上的不稳定状态。模拟计算得到在上地壳层中，2001年昆仑山口西MS8.1地震引起汶川、芦山地震发震断层的库仑破裂应力增加约0.016 MPa，相当于龙门山断裂带约两年的应力积累，也就是说，使汶川、芦山地震发震断层的失稳破裂提前了约两年。 此外，关于2008年汶川MS8.0地震的模拟计算表明，汶川地震的发生也使包括芦山地震发震断层的龙门山断裂带西南段和东昆仑断裂带东南端的库仑破裂应力增大，应变能积累增强，这说明汶川MS8.0地震的发生对已处于失稳危险度较高状态的2013年芦山地震和2017年九寨沟地震发震断层的提前失稳破裂起到了促进作用。 相似文献
8.
位于川西地区龙门山断裂带附近的紫坪铺水库于2005年9月开始蓄水.约2.7年后,2008年5月12日,Mw7.9级汶川地震在龙门山断裂带上发生,两事件在时间和空间上的接近,揭示其可能相互关联,但前人的诸多研究给出了不同甚至是相反的结果.本研究基于完全耦合孔隙弹性理论,利用二维有限元模型(FEM),模拟水库蓄水造成的区域孔隙压力场和应力场的演化过程,基于库仑应力演化探讨其对龙门山断裂带活动的影响.模拟结果显示紫坪铺水库蓄水打破了原来的区域孔隙压力平衡,形成孔隙压力梯度源,向周围地壳传播;进而造成龙门山断裂带上库仑应力正值范围不断扩大,由浅入深影响到整条断层,尤其对浅层范围的加载作用明显,达上百千帕,为整个断层面的失稳提供了基础.震源区域库仑应力呈持续增长趋势,汶川地震发震前,增长了约数千帕~数十千帕,即使初期库仑应力为负,在未来某时刻库仑应力仍可能由负转正,并不断增大.通过计算汶川地震震源及其附近区域内相对于多种可能断层倾角的库仑应力,发现库仑应力随断层倾角增大而增加.因此整体来看,紫坪铺水库蓄水对龙门山断裂带起加载作用,有可能触发地震.对紫坪铺库区周围的小震分析也显示,蓄水以来小震明显增多、且不同时段小震发生密集区与水库距离逐渐增大,与孔隙压力扩散趋势一致.以上结果表明紫坪铺水库的蓄水增加了汶川地震的危险性. 相似文献
9.
本文利用2013年芦山M_S7.0级地震同震GPS数据反演了芦山断层几何与断层滑动分布,结果表明:芦山地震发震断层具有南陡北缓、上陡下缓的特征,低倾角的区域位于发震断层北段且靠近映秀断层的一侧;滑动分布模型的最大滑动量为0.82m,其深度为13.67km与小震发生集中平均深度12.5km接近.我们选取1998—2014年龙门山断裂带区域地壳形变观测数据,拟合获得了龙门山断裂带走向方向上的速度分量,发现在汶川M_S8.0地震与芦山M_S7.0地震之间宽度约30km破裂空区,龙门山断裂带西南段与东北段的形变分量以破裂空区为界方向相反.断裂带东北段(汶川地震主要发震断层)的形变分量方向与断层右旋走滑运动方向一致,而在断裂带西南段(芦山地震发震断层)的形变分量方向与断层左旋走滑运动方向一致.芦山地震走滑方向与汶川地震走滑方向相反是因为该断裂带构造运动在特有几何构造下受青藏高原东南向挤压,遇龙门山中段岩石圈楔状构造的阻挡,在汶川M_S8.0地震与芦山M_S7.0地震间的地震空区,形成了构造运动向其两侧分流的结果. 相似文献
10.
汶川Ms8.0地震发生在青藏高原东缘NE向龙门山断裂带上,造成以映秀、北川为中心的长达300km的同震地表破裂带.初步研究认为,龙门山断裂带大震复发属于特征地震模式.本文在考虑地形差异影响下,用有限元数值模拟方法对汶川地震的大震复发周期进行研究.初步结果表明:龙门山断裂带大震复发周期为3908～4482a,该结果与古地震、断层滑动法、地震矩率、GPS数据确定等给出的结果具有较好的一致性,为龙门山断裂带的地震活动性及地震危险性研究提供重要的定量依据. 相似文献
11.
D. M. Pechersky A. A. Lyubushin Z. V. Sharonova 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2010,46(7):613-623
The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The
times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized
by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and
the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between
the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic
world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by
the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle
of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes
in the organic world. 相似文献
12.
Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan. 相似文献
13.
Prof. Dr. W. A. Heiskanen 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1958,41(1):1-18
Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out. 相似文献
14.
15.
综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后，可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流，则其中心点应位于3台之间。 相似文献
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V. E. Pavlov T. Yu. Tolmacheva R. V. Veselovskiy A. V. Latyshev A. M. Fetisova I. V. Bigun 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2017,53(5):702-713
Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary. 相似文献
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The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth. 相似文献
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The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data. 相似文献
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Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The evolution of the magnetic configuration in the solar corona is studied. The curvature of the K-corona helmets obtained from an analytical approximation of the... 相似文献