共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 250 毫秒
1.
金沙江下游4个梯级水电站总装机容量相当于两座三峡水库,是“西电东送”中部地区的源头工程,工程效益发挥对经济社会发展意义重大。2012年以来,向家坝、溪洛渡、乌东德和白鹤滩电站等陆续蓄水运行,层层拦截金沙江的泥沙,2013—2020年向家坝出库年输沙量均值下降至152万t,减幅超过99%。大量泥沙淤积在梯级水库内,同时向家坝以下河道发生长距离冲刷。本文以自金沙江下游工程筹建以来的观测资料为基础,针对梯级水库的泥沙淤积和坝下游河道冲刷规律开展研究,结果表明:金沙江下游四个梯级电站自建成运行至2020年底,累计淤积泥沙约5.98亿m3,其中溪洛渡库区淤积量占比达92.5%,2013-2020年溪洛渡和向家坝水库排沙比分别为2.64%和22.2%,其水库泥沙主要淤积在常年回水区的干流河道内,以死库容内淤积为主,侵占有效库容的比例小于1.3%。金沙江下游库区干流河道的峡谷特征明显,淤积多表现为主河槽的平铺式淤高。溪洛渡和向家坝库区淤积的泥沙沿程分选特征明显,越靠近坝前,中数粒径减小、细颗粒泥沙沙量百分数增加,极细颗粒泥沙会在库区一定范围内大量沉积。向家坝下游河床普遍冲刷,但... 相似文献
2.
黄河上游积石峡史前时期发生了一次严重的堰塞事件,形成了水体达11.71×10^8m^3的古堰塞湖;山体崩塌是黄河发生堰塞的直接原因,而地震则很可能是触发山体崩塌的关键因素.堰塞湖在形成后不久即发生了部分溃决,造成了洪峰近35000m3·s^-1的异常洪水,相当于该河段万年一遇洪水流量的3倍多;残余堰塞湖则因泥沙的逐渐淤积而消亡.年代学研究表明,这一堰塞及溃决事件发生在大约1730B.C.,与其下游25km处黄河岸边喇家遗址毁灭的年代一致.根据该遗址在很短的时间内先后毁灭于地震和洪水,可以推测积石峡黄河古堰塞溃决事件与喇家遗址的毁灭存在密切的联系.流量-水位关系的计算则表明,黄河上游万年一遇的洪水不能淹没喇家遗址,而积石峡古堰塞湖的溃决洪水则完全可以将喇家遗址毁灭.因此,毁灭喇家遗址的异常洪水并不是气候变化造成的洪水,而是由强烈地震所诱发的堰塞湖溃决洪水;也就是说,地震及其次生堰塞湖溃决洪水共同毁灭了喇家这一齐家文化的重要遗址.这一发现和研究对认识史前人地关系具有重要的意义. 相似文献
3.
泥沙淤积问题直接影响着三峡水库的使用寿命及综合效益的发挥,研究其入库水沙特性对于解决水库泥沙淤积问题具有重要意义。根据水文站实测数据,分析了三峡水库入库水沙输移特性及来源组成变化,重点研究了金沙江下游梯级水库运行后的三峡水库高洪水期入库水沙特性。结果表明:2003—2021年,三峡水库入库泥沙集中于汛期的高洪水期,2013年以后该现象更为显著,泥沙来源也由金沙江为主转变为嘉陵江为主。寸滩站洪峰流量高于50000 m3/s的高洪水期三峡入库沙量显著大于30000～50000 m3/s区间的高洪水期,三峡水库泥沙调度关键在于上游发生编号洪水期间。三峡水库上游沱江或嘉陵江等支流发生流域性大洪水时,易引起高洪水期入库水沙出现“小水大沙”的特点。金沙江下游梯级水库运行后,三峡水库高洪水期入库泥沙大幅减少,中小洪水调度期间泥沙淤积量也大幅减小。研究结果可为三峡水库的泥沙精细化调度和长期高效使用提供基础数据支撑。 相似文献
4.
流域因素与人类活动对黄河下游河道输沙功能的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
从泥沙收支平衡的概念出发定义了河道的输沙功能, 提出了河道输沙功能的定量指标, 研究了流域自然因子和人类活动对黄河下游河道输沙功能的影响. 这种影响可以用不同水沙来源区的降水量、进入黄河下游的大于0.05 mm粗泥沙占来沙量百分比、黄河上游水库对汛期清水基流的调节程度(以兰州站汛期径流量占全年百分比表示)、高含沙水流频率、流域内水土保持措施实施面积等来定量表达. 运用多元回归分析方法, 建立了黄河下游河道输沙功能指标与上述7个因子之间的多元回归方程. 表明不同水沙来源区降水量的减少对下游河道输沙功能的影响是不同的. 河口镇以上清水区和龙门至三门峡之间年降水量减少, 将导致下游河道输沙功能指标降低; 河口镇至龙门间降水减少, 将导致下游河道输沙功能指标增高. 来沙的组成强烈地影响下游河道输沙功能指标, 进入黄河下游的大于0.05 mm粗泥沙占来沙量百分比越大, 则河道输沙功能指标越低. 因此, 小浪底水库拦截粗泥沙、排出细泥沙, 将有利于提高下游河道输沙功能指标. 兰州站汛期径流量占全年百分比越低, 下游河道输沙功能指标越低, 说明黄河上游水库大量拦截汛期清水基流, 是下游河道输沙功能降低的原因之一. 相似文献
5.
复杂河道洪水预报系统研究——以淮河王家坝至小柳巷区间流域为例 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
随着社会经济的快速发展,洪水灾害造成的损失日益严重.洪水预报作为一项重要的防洪非工程措施,对防洪、抗洪工作起着至关重要的作用.淮河洪水危害的严重性和洪水演进过程的复杂性使得淮河洪水预报系统的研究长期以来受到高度重视.本文以王家坝至小柳巷区间流域为例,以河道洪水演算为主线,采用新安江三水源模型进行子流域降雨径流预报,概化具有行蓄洪区的干流河道,进行支流与干流、行蓄洪区与干流的洪水汇流耦合计算,采用实时更新的基于多元回归的方法确定水位流量关系,并以上游站点降雨径流预报模型提供的流量作为上边界条件、以下游站点的水位流量关系作为下边界条件,结合行蓄洪调度模型,建立具有行蓄洪区的河道洪水预报系统,再与基于K-最近邻(KNN)的非参数实时校正模型耦合,建立淮河中游河道洪水预报系统.采用多年资料模拟取得了较好的预报效果,并以2003和2007年大洪水为例进行检验,模拟结果精度较高,也证明了所建预报系统的合理性和适用性. 相似文献
6.
长江中游的泥沙淤积问题 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
长江上游年产泥沙5.12×108 t, 经宜昌输入中游, 长江中游干流及各支流年产沙约 0.80×108 t. 这两部分中约1.24×108 t沉积于中游河湖中, 4.68×108 t经大通输入下游, 沉淤于河道及长江三角洲或入海. 长江中游的泥沙, 总体是淤大于冲, 但是冲淤的地理分布、时间段分布和河床断面分布不均衡. 长江干流的宜昌-城陵矶段、九江-大通段冲大于淤或冲淤平衡. 淤积主要发生在长江干流以武汉为中心的螺山-武汉-黄石段以及洞庭湖区和鄱阳湖区. 即使在主要淤积江段, 也有局部时段和江段以冲刷为主. 主泓所在的河槽以冲刷为主, 而河道两侧或河道之间的洲滩, 则以淤为主, 形成高而平的漫滩, 往往被人为改造成圩垸. 荆江以北的江汉平原因有大堤从长江隔开, 只有汉水少量泥沙供应, 冲淤量很小, 再加上构造沉降的累计效应, 其地面高程绝大部分低于干流洲滩数米. 螺山-武汉-黄石段的淤积导致该段及以上江段洪水位抬高. 干流断面冲槽淤滩使长江中游河道的典型形态呈深河谷、高漫滩, 靠干堤保护堤内平原. 这种断面在洪水时成为在同等水量下, 水位不断抬高的原因. 高水位要高堤防来防堵, 这就增加了堤防压力、水头压力, 容易导致管涌、渗漏等险情. 堤外滩及洪水位与构造沉降的堤内平原间的高差不断增大. 三峡工程建成后, 水库拦沙及中游河道冲深, 可使同流量下水位大幅度降低, 但城陵矶-武汉段冲刷量很小, 不能解决该段及以下江段的泥沙淤积问题, 因此江汉平原因相对于洪水位地势过低而造成的洪涝灾害及相关环境问题, 仍将是中游长远的重大隐患. 相似文献
7.
筑坝拦截对黑河河道沉积物粒度空间分布的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
河流沉积物对流域环境变化具有敏感响应，其粒度参数能反映沉积环境中物质来源和水动力环境.本文以黑河流域上中游为研究区域，探究河流沉积物粒度对流域环境变化的响应.从黑河上中游干流22个主要控制断面采集河床沉积物样品，采用筛分法和吸管法对沉积物样品粒度参数进行测定，并分析其空间分布规律对筑坝拦截为主的环境改变响应.研究结果表明：受梯级水库建设影响，黑河上中游泥沙粒径大小差异显著.干流库区泥沙粒径较自然河段明显减小，分选很好，呈正偏或极正偏尖锐分布，而且在库区不同沉积高度上表现出分层沉积特征；坝下游河段因遭受强烈冲刷，较自然河段泥沙粒径粗化显著，分选变差，偏态趋向极正偏，峰态尖锐化；水库回水区受水库壅水及下泄清水的双重制约，泥沙粒度参数介于自然河段和坝下游河段之间，整体分选中等，呈极正偏尖锐分布；沉积环境分析表明，上游支流河段沉积物粒度特征受泥沙供给和物源特征的影响较水动力条件显著，干流河段沉积物粒度特征主要受水动力条件控制.研究结果既符合河流上中游沉积物粒度分布规律，也反映了河流环境变化对沉积物粒度组成的影响. 相似文献
8.
《中国科学:地球科学》2017,(11)
黄河上游史前大洪水与积石峡史前巨型滑坡堰塞湖、及其与中原地区"大禹治水"和夏王朝的关系问题,受到中外学术界和媒体的广泛关注.其中,关于黄河积石峡古堰塞湖的形成、发展演变和消亡形式问题,成为地学家必须准确回答的前沿性的科学问题.最近七年来,我们在黄河上游循化盆地、积石峡和官亭盆地进行了深入细致的调查研究,通过对古滑坡堆积体和堰塞湖厚达37m沉积物的野外宏观特征观测,沉积物磁化率、粒度、地球化学元素的测定,沉积物成因综合分析论证,以及光释光(OSL)技术断代,结果表明积石峡中段狐跳峡巨型滑坡堰塞事件发生在全新世中期(8.25±0.39)ka.巨大的滑坡堆积体堵塞黄河形成了堰塞湖,它并没有发生突然地垮坝溃决形成异常大洪水,而是持续存在了2600多年.滑坡堰塞坝体受到溢流缓慢的切割,堰塞湖逐渐变浅消亡,期间有反复地收缩和扩张变化,最终在全新世中期(5.65±0.21)ka消失,黄河逐渐贯通.也就是说,积石峡古堰塞湖消亡的年代要早于官亭盆地喇家遗址毁灭废弃的年代约1800年.在积石峡堰塞坝体下游的调查,没有发现所谓"堰塞湖溃决大洪水"的沉积物.这说明积石峡古堰塞湖的形成演变及其消亡过程与官亭盆地喇家遗址的毁灭废弃没有关系.这些研究结果,对于揭示青藏高原东北缘黄河上游史前时期自然灾害发生的规律,正确认识史前时期的人地关系发展演变,准确回答国际学术界和媒体对于黄河上游"堰塞湖溃决大洪水与大禹治水和夏王朝"关系问题的疑问,具有重要的科学意义. 相似文献
9.
末次冰期时,在雅鲁藏布大峡谷入口处发育了一个古冰川堰塞湖,称为格嘎古堰塞湖.该堰塞湖是认识冰川阻江地貌效应的重要地质证据.古冰川堰塞湖可能会发生多次溃决洪水,通过堰塞湖沉积的分析可以获取堰塞期间的水文事件的信息.本文通过对古堰塞湖沉积39个样品多种磁学参数的详细分析发现,湖相沉积中的砂层低频磁化率（Xlf）为291×10-8m3/kg,泥质沉积的Xlf仅为42×10-8m3/kg;而非磁滞剩磁磁化率（XARM）和饱和等温剩磁（SIRM）的差别则较小.进一步的X-T、Loop和IRM研究以及XARM/Xlf表明,砂层中包含较多的粗颗粒磁铁矿是Xlf较高的主要原因,说明砂层中的磁性矿物没有经过风化破坏,应为近源沉积,并且快速埋藏,指示了溃决事件.本文的结果表明,利用岩石磁学性质以检测古堰塞湖溃决事件是一种可行的新方法. 相似文献
10.
作为三峡水库诸多优化调度方式中的一种,洪水资源化利用对水库淤积的影响受到持续关注,开展针对场次洪水的相关研究有助于进一步深化对水库淤积科学问题的认识,有望为调度工作提供一定的技术支撑。通过2013年以来的历史水文资料分析与水沙运动数值模拟,探究了入库洪水的输沙过程以及洪水资源化利用对库区淤积与水库排沙的影响。结果表明:洪峰流量介于30000～55000 m3/s的中小洪水是近年三峡入库洪水的主要形式,随着入库洪峰流量的增加,洪水的地区组成逐渐趋向于金沙江下游、嘉陵江共同主导;常年回水区淤积、水库排沙是“消化”入库泥沙的两种主要途径,且以前者的作用为主;针对Ⅰ-3类入库洪水,坝前起调水位Z0的抬升或洪水资源化利用对水库淤积的影响主要在于造成了库区淤积的重分布,次要在于改变了水库的排沙作用,在Z0≤150 m条件下,洪水资源化利用对水库淤积的影响相对较小;针对典型洪水,当武隆洪峰流量Q’WL与入库洪峰流量Q’RK的比值小于1/5(即Q’WL/Q’RK<1... 相似文献
11.
In‐stream sensors are increasingly deployed as part of ambient water quality‐monitoring networks. Temporally dense data from these networks can be used to better understand the transport of constituents through streams, lakes or reservoirs. Data from existing, continuously recording in‐stream flow and water quality monitoring stations were coupled with the two‐dimensional hydrodynamic CE‐QUAL‐W2 model to assess the potential of altered reservoir outflow management to reduce sediment trapping in John Redmond Reservoir, located in east‐central Kansas. Monitoring stations upstream and downstream from the reservoir were used to estimate 5.6 million metric tons of sediment transported to John Redmond Reservoir from 2007 through 2010, 88% of which was trapped within the reservoir. The two‐dimensional model was used to estimate the residence time of 55 equal‐volume releases from the reservoir; sediment trapping for these releases varied from 48% to 97%. Smaller trapping efficiencies were observed when the reservoir was maintained near the normal operating capacity (relative to higher flood pool levels) and when average residence times were relatively short. An idealized, alternative outflow management scenario was constructed, which minimized reservoir elevations and the length of time water was in the reservoir, while continuing to meet downstream flood control end points identified in the reservoir water control manual. The alternative scenario is projected to reduce sediment trapping in the reservoir by approximately 3%, preventing approximately 45 000 metric tons of sediment from being deposited within the reservoir annually. This article presents an approach to quantify the potential of reservoir management using existing in‐stream data; actual management decisions need to consider the effects on other reservoir benefits, such as downstream flood control and aquatic life. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
12.
Abstract Poyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake in China, and plays a major role in flood mitigation, restoration and conservation of the ecological environment in the middle Yangtze River basin. Sediment load and streamflow variations in Poyang Lake basin are important for the scouring and deposition changes of this lake. However, these hydrological processes are heavily influenced by human activities, such as construction of water reservoirs, and land-use/land cover changes. By thorough analysis of long series of sediment and streamflow obtained from five major hydrological stations, we systematically investigated the spatial and temporal patterns of these hydrological processes and the hydrological responses to human activities using the Mann-Kendall trend test, the double cumulative mass curve and the linear regression method. The results show: (1) no significant change in streamflow followed by an increasing tendency after the 1990s that turns to be decreasing about 2000; and (2) a sharp increase of sediment load during the late 1960s and 1970s triggered by extensive deforestation (during the “Cultural Revolution” in China) followed by a tendency to decrease after the early 1980s. Construction of water reservoirs has greatly reduced the sediment load of the Poyang Lake basin, and this is particularly the case in the Ganjiang River, where the sediment load changes may be attributed to the trapping effects of the Wan'an Reservoir, the largest water reservoir within the Poyang Lake basin. There is no evidence to corroborate the influence of water reservoirs on the streamflow variations. It seems that the streamflow variations are subject mainly to precipitation changes, but this requires further analysis. The current study may be of scientific and practical benefit in the conservation and restoration of Poyang Lake, as a kind of wetland, and also in flood mitigation in the middle Yangtze River basin that is under the influence of human activities. Citation Zhang, Q., Sun, P., Jiang, T. & Chen, X.-H. (2011) Spatio-temporal patterns of hydrological processes and their hydrological responses to human activities in the Poyang Lake basin, China. Hydrol. Sci. J. 56(2), 305–318. 相似文献
13.
Shang Hong Liu Tianhai Zhang Jincheng Zhang Chengqiang Yu Haisheng Sun Baicheng Yang Huaining Du Xiaoxia 《中国地震研究》2010,24(3):320-334
According to the construction project of the crustal deformation mobile monitoring network in the cascade hydropower stations built in the lower reaches of Jinsha River,this paper analyzes the design ideas and layout principles of crustal deformation mobile monitoring used in the monitoring of reservoir induced earthquakes. This paper introduces three types of monitoring networks used in the Xiluodu reservoir and Xiangjiaba reservoir, as well as the work already undertaken,in order to provide a kind of reference for the related engineering construction and comprehensive monitoring of reservoir induced earthquakes. 相似文献
14.
15.
The problems of the deteriorating relation between water and sediment, and the escalating conflict between water supply and demand in the upper Yellow River(YR), need to be addressed. Reservoirs of Longyangxia, Liujiaxia, and Heishanxia(Long-Liu-Hei) in the upper YR are taken as the research object, and a multi-objective, water-sediment optimal operation model for cascade reservoirs Long-Liu-Hei has been developed. This operation model considers the comprehensive requirements of water supply, po... 相似文献
16.
Nengfang Chao Gang Chen Jian Li Longwei Xiang Zhengtao Wang Kunjun Tian 《Ground water》2020,58(5):735-748
Groundwater plays a major role in the hydrological processes driven by climate change and human activities, particularly in upper mountainous basins. The Jinsha River Basin (JRB) is the uppermost region of the Yangtze River and the largest hydropower production region in China. With the construction of artificial cascade reservoirs increasing in this region, the annual and seasonal flows are changing and affecting the water cycles. Here, we first infer the groundwater storage changes (GWSC), accounting for sediment transport in JRB, by combining the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment mission, hydrologic models and in situ data. The results indicate: (1) the average estimation of the GWSC trend, accounting for sediment transport in JRB, is 0.76 ± 0.10 cm/year during the period 2003 to 2015, and the contribution of sediment transport accounts for 15%; (2) precipitation (P), evapotranspiration (ET), soil moisture change, GWSC, and land water storage changes (LWSC) show clear seasonal cycles; the interannual trends of LWSC and GWSC increase, but P, runoff (R), surface water storage change and SMC decrease, and ET remains basically unchanged; (3) the main contributor to the increase in LWSC in JRB is GWSC, and the increased GWSC may be dominated by human activities, such as cascade damming and climate variations (such as snow and glacier melt due to increased temperatures). This study can provide valuable information regarding JRB in China for understanding GWSC patterns and exploring their implications for regional water management. 相似文献
17.
18.
Before 1900, the Missouri–Mississippi River system transported an estimated 400 million metric tons per year of sediment from the interior of the United States to coastal Louisiana. During the last two decades (1987–2006), this transport has averaged 145 million metric tons per year. The cause for this substantial decrease in sediment has been attributed to the trapping characteristics of dams constructed on the muddy part of the Missouri River during the 1950s. However, reexamination of more than 60 years of water‐ and sediment‐discharge data indicates that the dams alone are not the sole cause. These dams trap about 100–150 million metric tons per year, which represent about half the decrease in sediment discharge near the mouth of the Mississippi. Changes in relations between water discharge and suspended‐sediment concentration suggest that the Missouri–Mississippi has been transformed from a transport‐limited to a supply‐limited system. Thus, other engineering activities such as meander cutoffs, river‐training structures, and bank revetments as well as soil erosion controls have trapped sediment, eliminated sediment sources, or protected sediment that was once available for transport episodically throughout the year. Removing major engineering structures such as dams probably would not restore sediment discharges to pre‐1900 state, mainly because of the numerous smaller engineering structures and other soil‐retention works throughout the Missouri–Mississippi system. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
19.
发源于青海巴颜喀拉山南端,止于四川攀枝花市的雅砻江流域,全长1571 km,规划设计了21座梯级电站.2012年3月16日,雅砻江流域中下游水库诱发地震监测系统（一期）工程通过验收.该工程共布设了38个地震台站,跨越了桐梓林、二滩、官地、锦屏二级、锦屏一级共5级电站,总长度约500 km.经38个地震台站的数据计算出上述500 km长的背景噪声均优于1×10^-7 m/s,达到了相关规范的要求.除中下游的500 km外,雅砻江中上游长约1 071 km,海拔从2000 m升至4000m,且跨越了其余16级梯级水电站的噪声情况怎样？作者认为有必要做深入研究,并认为应以雅砻江为例,建立专门的水库地震噪声模型,以填补我国水系噪声模型为零的空白. 相似文献