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震后地表实际破裂带的分布及其近场的形变特征,是理解块体运动学特性、断层破裂特征、地震发生机制等科学问题的十分重要的约束条件。基于InSAR获取的汶川地震同震形变场,由于发震断层附近同震形变梯度巨大,沿断层带出现了非相干条带,以致于无法获得断层附近的形变量。而基于亚像素级的光学影像偏移量法为获取断层附近大形变分布提供了可能。文中以SPOT卫星影像为数据源,采用光学影像偏移量法获得了什邡及茂县地区的水平位移形变场。结果显示龙门山断裂带上至少2条断裂同时发生破裂,形成了主要地表破裂带(龙门山镇-高川破裂带)和次级地表破裂带(汉旺破裂带),沿龙门山镇-高川破裂带平均位移量为4～6m,在高川附近伴随的平均右旋水平位移为1～3m; 汉旺破裂带因逆冲导致水平缩短,平均位移量一般为1～2m。汶川-茂县断裂带没有明显的地表破裂带。研究表明,利用光学影像相位相关法能够获得近断层位错量,可以成为InSAR手段的重要补充。 相似文献
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正2008年5月12日中国汶川发生里氏8.0级特大地震,沿地表可见活动断层无坚不摧的地震地表破裂与强烈的地震动使得地表破裂带沿线及其两侧近断层的建筑物遭受了毁灭性的破坏,同时,地震引发的大量山体滑坡、岩石崩塌、泥石流等次生地质灾害,加重了建筑物破 相似文献
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汶川8.0级地震地表破裂带宽度调查 总被引：30，自引：9，他引：21
根据汶川8.0级地震地表破裂带的实地调查,龙门山断裂带的中央断裂与前山断裂地表破裂带宽度自北向南一般<40m。在Ⅹ—Ⅺ度极震区,沿断裂延伸方向破裂带之上及其两侧,各类房屋建筑无论何种结构均绝大部分倒塌损毁。考虑到逆断层作用引起的"地壳缩短"以及各种不确定性,并结合以往历史强震地表破裂带的宽度统计,提出汶川8.0级地震灾后重建时,极震区地震断层两侧的"避让带"宽度为25m。在"避让带"之内,只能建造高于抗震设防标准的2层以下的建筑物,应明确禁止兴建学校、医院等公共建筑 相似文献
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汶川MS 8.0地震InSAR同震形变场特征分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用7条地震前后日本ALOS/ PALSAR整轨数据,利用D-InSAR技术提取了2008年5月12日四川汶川地震500km×450km的地表连续同震形变场.形变场覆盖了金川-石棉、黑水-乐山、松盘-彭山、南坪-简阳、康县-重庆所有区域,包括了理县、汶川、茂县、北川、青川等重灾区域.结果显示,整个形变场影响范围较大,四川盆地出现了不同程度的地表形变.发震断层附近的非相干区域显示此次地震地表主破裂带在北川-映秀断裂带上,可以追踪出地表破裂带从汶川县映秀镇西南震中附近一直到青川县苏河北侧,全长约为230km.在发震断层西南段汶川至茂县一带,非相干条带的宽度明显大于其它段落,这与彭县-灌县断裂(前山断裂)的都江堰-安县段地表破裂段密切相关,地表破裂带长约70km.在远离发震断层的区域,西北盘总体表现为抬升,东南盘表现为沉降.但在发震断层附近,断层两侧均表现为局部抬升,且沿断层形变量分布很不均匀,表现出较强的分段性,显示出发震断层以逆冲为主的断层性质.从美国哈佛大学(Harvard)、美国地质调查局(USGS)与美国国家地震信息中心(NEIC)、中国地震台网中心(CENC)所给出的震中位置和发震时刻的差异来看,也反映出汶川地震破裂过程是多点破裂过程.在汶川县映秀镇西侧震中区,最大相对形变量达260cm,如果全部换算成垂直形变,则两个区域的垂直相对形变达3.3m.在雅安、峨眉山一带约有35cm的沉降区,在重庆及其南侧区域约有25cm的小范围隆起. 相似文献
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汶川地震地表破裂周围建筑物重建的避让距离 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
2008年5月12日汶川M_s8.0级地震地表破裂迹线周围建筑物倒塌率非常之高,导致重大的人员伤亡,举世震惊.为了避免历史悲剧重演,沿地表破裂迹线周围建筑物重建时,必须确定一个合适的避让距离.本文依据现场科考地表破裂带宽度、建筑物完全倒塌宽度、倒塌率与断层距之间的关系,联合未来一段时间范围内断层地震危险性分析、地表破裂迹线永久位移分布模式,建立完全倒塌与断层距之间的关系.提出了几种情况下的汶川M_s8.0级地震地表迹线处建筑物重建应考虑的避让距离. 相似文献
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汶川M_S 8.0地震InSAR同震形变场特征分析 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
采用7条地震前后日本ALOS/PALSAR整轨数据,利用D-InSAR技术提取了2008年5月12日四川汶川地震500km×450km的地表连续同震形变场。形变场覆盖了金川—石棉、黑水—乐山、松盘—彭山、南坪—简阳、康县—重庆所有区域,包括了理县、汶川、茂县、北川、青川等重灾区域。结果显示,整个形变场影响范围较大,四川盆地出现了不同程度的地表形变。发震断层附近的非相干区域显示此次地震地表主破裂带在北川-映秀断裂带上,可以追踪出地表破裂带从汶川县映秀镇西南震中附近一直到青川县苏河北侧,全长约为230km。在发震断层西南段汶川至茂县一带,非相干条带的宽度明显大于其它段落,这与彭县-灌县断裂(前山断裂)的都江堰—安县段地表破裂段密切相关,地表破裂带长约70km。在远离发震断层的区域,西北盘总体表现为抬升,东南盘表现为沉降。但在发震断层附近,断层两侧均表现为局部抬升,且沿断层形变量分布很不均匀,表现出较强的分段性,显示出发震断层以逆冲为主的断层性质。从美国哈佛大学(Harvard)、美国地质调查局(USGS)与美国国家地震信息中心(NEIC)、中国地震台网中心(CENC)所给出的震中位置和发震时刻的差异来看,也反映出 相似文献
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1936年广西灵山M6? 地震是华南沿海地震带内陆地区有地震记载以来发生的最大地震，由于当时仪器记录缺乏、时代相隔较长且未进行详细的现场调查，对该地震的基本参数尚存争议。本文在概述该地震地表破裂带基本特征的基础上，利用地震地表破裂带长度和最大同震位移等数据重新讨论了该地震的基本参数和发震构造。研究结果表明1936年灵山M6? 地震的宏观震中位于灵山断裂北段与友僚—蕉根坪断裂交会处一带，震级为M6.8左右，震中烈度达Ⅸ度强，罗阳山西北麓的灵山断裂为该地震的发震构造。 相似文献
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Boming Zhao Xiwei Xu School of Civil Engineering Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing China National Center for Active Fault Studies 《地震学报(英文版)》2009,(2):175-179
Major cases of the MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake are obtained through field investigations of the epicenter and high-intensity areas, and the relationships among earthquake faults, ground motion and earthquake disasters near fault zones are analyzed.Both strong deformation and ground rupture lead to significant damages of the buildings, indicating that it is necessary to keep safe distance away from active faults and to take other necessary measures.There are two reasons for that the buildings near the surface ... 相似文献
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1999年9月21日（当地时间）台湾集集7.6级地震是一个逆断层型地震．用回归分析法对台湾集集地震的加速度峰值数据进行分析，得出了这次地震的水平与垂直向的加速度峰值衰减关系．从残差分布上看，位于断层上盘和下盘上的加速度峰值与从衰减关系所得到的结果相比存在不同的系统偏差，断层上盘地表的加速度峰值较高，而下盘地表的加速度峰值较低．从这次地震的加速度峰值分布等值线图上也可以看出，加速度峰值的分布相对于断层呈现明显的不对称性，上盘衰减较慢而下盘衰减较快．在近断层强地面运动研究、地震危险性分析、设定地震研究与震害预测等工作中，应考虑可能地震的震源机制特点，以便使所用的衰减模型更能反映不同地震环境地区的地震动分布特征． 相似文献
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An M 8.1 earthquake that occurred west of the Kunlun Mountains Pass has caused more than 20 collapse bodies or zones, which are mainly distributed near the surface seismic rupture zone, west of Hoh Sai Lake. The collapses are of four types, bedrock, soil mass and ice mass collapses and avalanches. The spatial distribution and the characteristics of development of the collapses are analyzed in the paper. Comparised with those caused by other earthquakes, the collapses are smaller in scale. In addition to the lithological characteristics of the crustal media, topographic, geomorphic and climatic factors, weaker seismic ground motion is an important cause for formation of the smaller-scale collapses. The long surface rupture zone and weaker ground motion are important features of the seismic rupture, which may be related to the structure of the preexisting fault. 相似文献
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Living with disaster is an objective reality that human must face especially in China. A large number of earthquake case studies, such as the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, 2010 Yushu earthquake, 2014 Ludian earthquake, have demonstrated that earthquake heavy damage and casualties stem from ground-faulting or rupturing along seismogenic active fault, near-fault high ground accelerations and building catastrophic structural failure. Accordingly, avoidance of active faults may be an important measure to effectively reduce earthquake hazard, which may encounter in the future, but how to avoid an active fault and how much a setback distance from the active fault is required to ensure that the ground faulting and rupturing has no any direct impact on buildings. This has been the focus of debate both for domestic and foreign scholars. This paper, first of all, introduces the definition of active fault. Then, quantitative analyses are done of the high localization of earthquake surface ruptures and relationship between the localized feature of the coseismic surface ruptures and building damages associated with the measured widths of the historical earthquake surface rupture zones, and an average sstatistic width is obtained to be 30m both for the earthquake surface rupture zones and heavy damage zones along the seismogenic fault. Besides, the widths of the surface rupture zones and spatial distribution of the building damages of the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake and 2008 Wenchuan earthquake have also been analyzed to reveal a hanging-wall effect:Width of surface rupture zone or building damage zone on the hanging-wall is 2 or 3 times wider than that on its foot-wall for a dip-slip fault. Based on these latest knowledge learnt above, issues on avoidance object, minimum setback distance, location requirement of active fault for avoidance, and anti-faulting design for buildings in the surface rupture zone are further discussed. Finally, we call for national and local legislatures to accelerate the legislation for active fault survey and avoidance to normalize fault hazard zoning for general land-use planning and building construction. This preventive measure is significantly important to improve our capability of earthquake disaster reduction. 相似文献
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1985年新疆乌恰地震烈度与发震构造 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
１９８５年乌恰地震发生在新疆乌恰县城东南４０ｋｍ的克孜勒苏河谷中。震中烈度为Ⅸ度,地震类型为主震－余震型,余震具有波伏衰减的特征。乌恰县城和乌帕尔镇大多数房屋倒塌或遭到破坏。主震在极震区内克孜勒苏河谷阶地上产生了一条地表破裂带,其长为１５ｋｍ,宽为１００￣８００ｍ,由地震断层、挤压脊和地震裂缝组成。１９９５年乌恰地震的发震构造是卡兹克阿尔特逆掩断裂。该地震应属褶皱类型地震,这类地震产生的震害具有上 相似文献
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Depths of earthquake occurrence and large slip distribution are critical for seismic hazard assessment.Numerous examples show that earthquakes with similar magnitudes,however,can result in significantly different ground shaking and damage.One of the critical factors is that whether the large slip was generated near the ground surface.In this article,we reviewed two aspects that are important on this regard,shallow slip deficit and nucleation depth.Understanding how shallow future earthquakes may nucleate in particular regions,such as shale gas fields,is critical for hazard assessment.Whether or not a strong earthquake may slip significantly at shallow depths(less than 3 km)plays crucial rules in seismic hazard preparation and should be further investigated by integrating high-resolution fault zone observations,dynamic rupture simulation,and fault zone properties.Moreover,precisely resolving shallow depth and slip distribution of earthquakes demands InSAR and/or other image data that can better capture the near-fault deformation to constrain the source parameters of earthquakes. 相似文献
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地震是活动断裂构造在区域构造应力场作用下，应变能释放的结果。地表建筑，构筑物的地震破坏与地震形变带均匀为同一构造应力场作用的产物，所以它们必然具有相同的力学性状特征。本文通过国内外一些强烈地震震害实例，充分论主下了地震地面运动卓越方向的存在，并指出了它在抗震防灾及工程抗震和震害预测预防方面的重要性。 相似文献
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基于有限断层震源、且使用动力学拐角频率的地震动随机模拟方法预测玉树地震近断层的加速度场.首先,基于有限断层震源建模方法建立该次地震的震源模型;然后,基于上述地震动模拟方法预测玉树地震近断层191个节点的加速度时程.在此基础上,取每个结点的加速度峰值绘制该次地震的近断层加速度场.结果表明:(1)近断层加速度场主要受震源破裂过程和断层面上滑动分布的影响.断层面上凹凸体投影到地表的区域附近,加速度峰值最大,也是震害最严重的区域;(2)对于走滑地震,断层沿线附近的场地并非均会发生破裂方向性效应;发生破裂方向性效应的场地与凹凸体在断层面上的位置有关. 相似文献
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《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2008,(12)
The Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008 is the most destructive earthquake in China in the past 30 years in terms of property damage and human losses. In order to understand the earthquake process and the geo-morphological factors affecting the seismic hazard, we simulated the strong ground mo-tion caused by the earthquake, incorporating three-dimensional (3D) earth structure, finite-fault rupture, and realistic surface topography. The simulated ground motions reveal that the fault rupture and basin structure control the overall pattern of the peak ground shaking. Large peak ground velocity (PGV) is distributed in two narrow areas: one with the largest PGV values is above the hanging wall of the fault and attributed to the locations of fault asperities and rupture directivity; the other is along the north-western margin of the Sichuan Basin and caused by both the directivity of fault rupture and the ampli-fication in the thick sediment basin. Rough topography above the rupture fault causes wave scattering, resulting in significantly larger peak ground motion on the apex of topographic relief than in the valley. Topography and scattering also reduce the wave energy in the forward direction of fault rupture but increase the PGV in other parts of the basin. These results suggest the need for a localized hazard as-sessment in places of rough topography that takes the topographic effects into account. Finally, had the earthquake started at the northeast end of the fault zone and ruptured to the southwest, Chengdu would have suffered a much stronger shaking than it experienced on 12 May, 2008. 相似文献