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1.
东部平原湖泊区是我国淡水湖泊最集中的地区,分布着我国的五大淡水湖等诸多湖泊.然而,江湖阻隔对该区域湖泊的生物多样性造成严重威胁.本文选取东部平原的9个湖泊,对江湖阻隔前后鱼类功能性状（3组分类性状和6个连续性状）和功能多样性指数的变化规律开展了研究.结果表明,9个湖泊的鱼类总物种数由江湖阻隔前的140种减少为江湖阻隔后的100种,平均物种数由79.6种减少到52.1种（减少34.4%）.江湖阻隔后鱼类群落的功能性状和功能多样性指数发生了显著变化,洄游性鱼类（包括河海洄游和江湖洄游）物种占比（由39.7%降至32.6%）和鱼食性物种占比（由31.1%降至25.2%）显著下降,而非洄游性物种占比（由60.3%升至67.5%）和浮游生物食性物种占比（由13.5%升至15.5%）显著上升.连续型性状中,平均营养级（由3.14降至3.10）显著下降、平均生长速率（由0.57 a-1升至0.65 a-1）显著上升.阻隔后的物种数（SR）、功能丰富度指数、功能离散度指数和功能分散指数显著低于阻隔前.本研究表明江湖阻隔后鱼类群落不仅物种丰富度下降,且功能性状趋向同质化（或单一化）发展,致使功能多样性下降.研究结果可为东部平原湖泊的渔业资源管理及湖区生态修复和保护提供重要的理论依据. 相似文献
2.
三峡大坝运行前后西洞庭湖鱼类群落结构特征变化 总被引：5，自引：4，他引：1
鱼类是湿地生态系统中重要的组成部分,鱼类的群落结构动态直接反映湿地生境及外部驱动力的变化.三峡大坝运行后,长江中游江湖水文情势发生了变化,西洞庭湖地处洞庭湖西部,是受此变化影响最为直接的区域之一.为监测西洞庭湖鱼类群落结构变化特征,分析其变化原因,于2002年9月-2003年8月和2012年7月-2014年1月,在西洞庭湖进行了两次鱼类群落调查.共鉴定到鱼类7目17科91种,其中鲤形目最多,为58种,占总种数的63.7%.两次调查结果显示,三峡大坝运行后西洞庭湖鱼类物种数由85种下降到66种,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数分别由5.00和1.11下降为4.14和1.00,鱼类个体小型化趋势明显.两次调查物种数和个体数量最多的类群均为底层、定居性、杂食性鱼类,且其比例有增加的趋势,而肉食性鱼类、中上层鱼类、半洄游性鱼类和产粘性卵、沉性卵鱼类个体数量占比均有减小的趋势,其中中上层鱼类变化有显著性差异.三峡大坝运行后10年间,西洞庭湖鱼类多样性呈现下降趋势.研究表明,西洞庭湖鱼类生境丧失、捕捞胁迫,加剧了一些特定类群的生存压力,并反映于鱼类群落结构的变化. 相似文献
3.
根据2014-2015年在呼伦湖进行的鱼类资源拖网调查,结合历年渔业捕捞资料,分析该水域的鱼类群落结构及渔业资源发展趋势.结果表明:本次调查共采获鱼类21种,隶属4目6科21属,其中鲤形目种类最多,占总数的81.0%;群落优势种为贝氏(Hemiculter bleekeri)、红鳍原鲌(Cultrichthys erythropterus)、鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)和瓦氏雅罗鱼(Leuciscus waleckii),鱼类群落的丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和均匀度指数均偏低.东部、西部湖区间的鱼类群落组成存在一定差异,其中西部湖区的鱼类物种数量较少,但大中型鱼类比例及生物多样性较高.与历史资料相比,呼伦湖鱼类的物种数量下降,优势种组成发生较大变化,鱼类个体小型化趋势明显,而捕捞强度过大、湖泊富营养化加剧及气候水文条件变化是导致呼伦湖渔业资源衰退的主要因素. 相似文献
4.
湖北清江流域叹气沟河底栖动物群落结构与水质生物学评价 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
2006年4月至2007年3月.对清江流域上游一二级支流--叹气沟河的大型底柄动物群落结构进行了深入研究,并利用生物指数对河流水质进行了评价.结果表明,共采集到大型底栖动物82种,其中水生昆虫7目、27科、45属、70种.群落表现出明显的时空特点,具边缘效应的第2采样点物种最丰富,4月份物种最多,达61种;群落春季的多样性最高,依次为夏季、冬季、秋季;各微生境中共有种占据优势,物种相似性均大于60%;功能摄食群则以收集者占优,共计达55种.群落密度在4月份达到最大,为3293ind./m2;而生物量则在12月份达到最大.为163g/m2.采用Shannon多样性指散、生物指数和科级水平生物指数对叹气沟河水质评价的结果是该河流水质比较清洁. 相似文献
5.
大型通江湖泊洞庭湖的鱼类物种多样性及其时空变化 总被引：12，自引：3，他引：9
为了解通江湖泊鱼类物种多样性现状,于2004年3月-2004年12月和2005年5月对洞庭湖城陵矶、岳阳和沅江三个区域的鱼类进行逐月调查.共鉴定鱼类69种,隶属6目14科44属,其中59.4%为鲤科鱼类.以种类数和多样性指数分析了群落多样性特征,结果表明洞庭湖鱼类种类多样性较高,且时空变化较大.一般地,湖区与长江干流的距离越近,种类数达到峰值的时间就越早;鱼类多样性在春夏季高于秋冬季,在南洞庭湖高于其它两个区域.以优势度>5000为标准,全湖有17种优势种,其中80.0%为湖泊定居性鱼类.在生态类群方面,湖泊定居性鱼类种类最多,占总种类数的74.0%;江湖洄游性鱼类最少,占13.0%.对比分析显示,由于生境丧失、天然苗种资源衰退和过度捕捞等原因,洞庭湖鱼类多样性较20世纪70年代明显下降,洄游鱼类种类数减少;通江湖泊鱼类多样性明显高于阻隔湖泊,表明江湖阻隔造成鱼类多样性下降,因此,加强江湖连通是保护鱼类多样性的有效手段. 相似文献
6.
生物多样性的形成与维持(即群落构建)一直是生态学研究的重要论题。有关亚热带季风区大型河流生物多样性格局及维持机制的认识仍十分有限。以汉江上游(南水北调中线水源地)为研究区域,以大型无脊椎动物为研究对象,系统开展群落多样性时空格局及其维持机制的研究。于2015—2017年间共采集到大型无脊椎动物333个分类单元,隶属6门10纲25目110科279属,包括水生昆虫278种(83.5%),环节动物门25种(7.5%),软体动物门19种(5.7%),软甲纲7种以及其它动物4种。物种多样性在时间和空间尺度上差异显著:时间上,春季物种数最多(227种),夏季(140种)、秋季(141种)和冬季(144种)较少;空间上,自然河流金水河物种数最多(179种),而金钱河(163种)、月河(149种)、淇河(140种)和泗河(112种)等人类干扰河流相对较少。db-RDA分析表明,尽管不同季节所筛选出的关键因子有所差异,但环境因子和空间因子均显著影响着大型无脊椎动物的群落结构。变差分解分析显示,环境过滤是流域内大型无脊椎动物群落多样性维持的主导因素,而空间过程(扩散限制)则起着次要的作用。本研究对南水北调... 相似文献
7.
西辽河流域鱼类生物完整性指数评价及与环境因子的关系 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
采用鱼类生物完整性指数(F-IBI)评估西辽河流域环境质量,利用相关分析筛选了影响F-IBI的环境因子,结合局部加权回归散点修匀法(LOWESS)估算了这些环境因子的保护限值.结果表明:20个候选参数指标中,鳅科鱼类物种百分比、底层鱼类物种数、耐受性鱼类个体数、杂食性鱼类物种数和筑巢产卵鱼类个体百分比适合作为西辽河流域F-IBI构建参数.采用比值法统一参数量纲,以参考点F-IBI值的95%分位数作为健康参考值,对全流域44个采样点进行健康评价,得到健康点位5个(11.4%),亚健康点位9个(20.5%),一般点位12个(27.3%),差点位11个(25.0%),极差点位7个(15.9%).电导率、氨氮浓度、碱度和泥沙比例与F-IBI呈显著负相关,坡降和草地比例与F-IBI呈显著正相关.经LOWESS和独立样本t检验发现,电导率、氨氮浓度、碱度、泥沙比例和草地比例等环境因子的保护限值分别为531μS/cm、0.55 mg/L、4.4 mmol/L、47.2%和37.0%,且限值两侧的F-IBI分值差异显著,该结果可作为西辽河流域环境管理中鱼类群落完整性保护的有益参考. 相似文献
8.
青海省外来鱼类调查(2001-2014年) 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
2001-2014年对青海省主要水体中外来鱼类组成、分布和生态习性进行了系统调查.野外调查采集到外来鱼类30种,隶属6目12科25属,已建群外来鱼类16种.其中,黄河水系拥有的外来鱼类最多,共26种;长江上游有4种,为该河段首次记录;可鲁克湖12种,是内陆水体中外来鱼类最多的水域.结合历史文献记录,截至2013年,全省记录外来鱼类7目13科31属36种,已远超土著鱼类物种数(50种和亚种)的一半.调查分析发现外来鱼类呈现数量持续增多、分布范围向高海拔扩张的趋势.已建群外来鱼类主要是分布于我国东部平原地区的广布型物种.虹鳟(Oncorhynchus myskiss)是代表性外来种,现已在黄河上游干流部分河段形成自然繁殖群体,其食物组成包括水生无脊椎动物和高原鳅等土著鱼类.建立水产种质资源保护区和开展外来鱼类影响研究是防控高原地区外来鱼类的必要措施. 相似文献
9.
湖北清江流域胡家溪大型底栖动物群落结构及水质评价 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
2006年4月至2007年3月,对清江流域上游一二级支流--胡家溪的大型底栖动物群落结构进行了调查研究,并利用生物指数对河水水质进行了系统评价.结果表明,共采集到大型底柄动物87种,其中环节动物3种,软甲动物3种,水生昆虫76种,软体动物5种.群落表现出明显的时空特点,6月份的物种最多,12月份的物种最少,S5的物种最多.S1的物种最少;各微生境中共有种占据优势,物种相似性均大于75%;功能摄食群则以收集者占优,共计达51种.群落密度在4月份达到最大,为3293ind/m2;而生物量则在12月份达到最大,为163g/m2.采用Shannon多样性指数、生物指数和科级水平生物指数对胡家溪水质评价的结果是河水水质比较清洁. 相似文献
10.
2003年6月至2004年6月,对汉江流域上游支流--黑竹冲河的大型底栖动物群落结构与生物多样性进行了深入研究,结果表明:河流生物群落结构和生物多样性比较复杂,河流功能状况良好.在采集到的85种大型底栖动物中,昆虫占71种;群落表现出明显的时空特点,具边缘效应的第4采样点物种最丰富,2月份物种最多,达50种;生物多样性指数周年动态显示,第1采样点的物种多样性变动最为平稳,第5采样点变动最大,其它各点居中;各微生境中共有种占据优势,物种相似性均大于60%;群落春季的多样性高于夏季,夏季高于秋季;功能摄食群则以收集者占优,共计达68种.群落密度在1月份达到最大,为1843 ind/m2;而生物量则在10月份达到最大,为228.7393 g/m2. 相似文献
11.
城市化对平原河网水系结构及功能的影响——以苏州市为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
针对城市化对平原河网水系结构的影响所引起的洪涝灾害频发等一系列水文问题，以我国典型平原河网地区苏州市为例，根据不同城市化程度分为主城区、市辖区、其他市县区，基于1991、2001和2015年三期遥感影像与1960s、1980s和2010s三个时期的水系数据，应用RS/GIS等技术，构建水系结构参数指标，重点探讨了城市化对河网水系结构及功能的影响.结果表明：城镇用地迅速增长，主要以牺牲水田、水域等土地利用方式为代价，到2015年全区城镇用地面积所占比重已达到41.35%，土地利用类型的变化规律与城市化进程的差异性保持一致；水系结构变化主要受城市化影响，且基本与城市化进程呈现同步性.近50年来，全区的水面率、河网密度、支流发育系数、主干河流面积长度比、河网复杂度和河网结构稳定度分别减少了19.63%、6.91%、7.34%、1.06%、5.49%和7.87%，城市化水平与各指数均呈负相关关系；人类活动不仅直接影响河流功能，也间接地通过改变平原河网的水系结构导致其功能发生改变，如河网调蓄能力下降、河流生态功能受损等.该研究为城市化地区河流水系保护及防洪减灾提供参考与理论支撑. 相似文献
12.
Transformation of the Ebro River Delta under the Impact of Intense Human-Induced Reduction of Sediment Runoff 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The regularities of the Ebro River delta formation and the impact of hydraulic construction on the river sediment runoff are discussed. As shown, the drastic reduction of the sediment runoff after the construction of two large reservoirs in the lower river reaches in the 1960s slowed down the delta protrusion and intensified the delta coastline washout. 相似文献
13.
A multi‐dimensional analysis of pro‐glacial landscape change at Sólheimajökull,southern Iceland 
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下载免费PDF全文 Kate E. H. Staines Jonathan L. Carrivick Fiona S. Tweed Andrew J. Evans Andrew J. Russell Tómas Jóhannesson Matthew Roberts 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2015,40(6):809-822
Pro‐glacial landscapes are some of the most active on Earth. Previous studies of pro‐glacial landscape change have often been restricted to considering either sedimentological, geomorphological or topographic parameters in isolation and are often mono‐dimensional. This study utilized field surveys and digital elevation model (DEM) analyses to quantify planform, elevation and volumetric pro‐glacial landscape change at Sólheimajökull in southern Iceland for multiple time periods spanning from 1960 to 2010. As expected, the most intense geomorphological changes persistently occurred in the ice‐proximal area. During 1960 to 1996 the pro‐glacial river was relatively stable. However, after 2001 braiding intensity was higher, channel slope shallower and there was a shift from overall incision to aggradation. Attributing these pro‐glacial river channel changes to the 1999 jökulhlaup is ambiguous because it coincided with a switch from a period of glacier advance to that of glacier retreat. Furthermore, glacier retreat (of ~40 m yr?1) coincided with ice‐marginal lake development and these two factors have both altered the pro‐glacial river channel head elevation. From 2001 to 2010 progressive increase in channel braiding and progressive downstream incision occurred; these together probably reflecting stream power due to increased glacier ablation and reduced sediment supply due to trapping of sediment by the developing ice‐marginal lake. Overall, this study highlights rapid spatiotemporal pro‐glacial landscape reactions to changes in glacial meltwater runoff regimes, glacier terminus position, sediment supply and episodic events such as jökuhlaups. Recognizing the interplay of these controlling factors on pro‐glacial landscapes will be important for understanding the geological record and for landscape stability assessments. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
14.
Estimation of instream flow requirements for sediment transport (IFRST) in the downstream Weihe River is important for the maintenance of a healthy ecosystem of the river. In this study, the IFRST for the lower Weihe River is estimated on the basis of the observed hydrological data during the period 1960–2001. The results showed that the mean annual IFRSTs for the reach between Lintong and Huaxian and the reach below Huaxian were 6·85 and 7·62 billion m3/year, respectively, and the standard errors were 0·50 and 0·76 billion m3/year, respectively. The results also showed that the Sanmenxia Reservoir is an important driver for the changes in channel morphology and hydraulics, as well as the IFRST. Furthermore, according to the hydrological frequency (p value) estimated from annual instream flow data during the period 1960–2001, four typical years (p = 25%, 50%, 75% and 90%) for the two reaches of the Weihe River were determined. The analysis showed that the IFRST has a negative power functional relationship with the sediment concentration. On the basis of the efficiency coefficients (R2) during three sub‐periods 1960–1973, 1974–1990 and 1991–2001, the annual IFRSTs in the above two reaches for the four typical years were estimated under different deposition and erosion–deposition conditions. The results provide useful references for restoration and water resource management of the Weihe River. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
15.
ABSTRACT The variation of hydrological processes has been extensively discussed worldwide, yet little is known about the relative impact of human activities, and the precipitation–water level relationship in urbanized, watery areas. Thus, the change in water level and the influential variables are analysed for 1960–2014 in the urbanized and watery Taihu Basin, China. The results indicate that the water level displays a significant increasing trend. Furthermore, low-oscillation and high-oscillation periods were found to have occurred in the 1960s–1970s and 2000s, respectively, by the quantile perturbation method. A strong relationship was shown between water level and precipitation in the 1960s–1980s, especially in the flood season. Since then, human activities, such as land-use change, river system degradation and hydrological structures, have played distinct roles and caused more than 82% of the annual and flood-seasonal water level variation. The results may provide a more comprehensive understanding of the hydrological processes and provide a good reference for flood control. 相似文献
16.
Frankie Thielen Uwe Weibel Jürgen Hirt Marcel Münderle Michael Marten Horst Taraschewski Bernd Sures 《Limnologica》2008,38(1):76-85
The fish fauna in the northern part of the upper river Rhine close to the city of Karlsruhe (Germany) was analyzed by collecting fish from the cooling-water intake of a power plant (impingement method) between 1989 and 2001. With this method a total of 36 fish species were recorded. The results were compared between the years as well as with other studies on the fish fauna in this area. Particularly with regard to the physical structure of the river bed and banks, the pre-technical situation of the river Rhine has not been restored. However, the number of fish species has been augmented since the 1970s mainly due to improvements in the water quality and almost all autochthonous fish species are present again. Altogether only three introduced fish species (Sander lucioperca L., Lepomis gibbosus L., and Carassius auratus gibelio were found in this study. Among the long-distance migrating species three freshwater spawners (Lampetra fluviatilis, Petromyzon marinus and Salmo trutta trutta) were detected in addition to the catadromous eel. The eudominant fish species varied between years, i.e. the European eel, Anguilla anguilla, was the eudominant species 1989, whereas this species occurred in much lower numbers during the subsequent sampling campaigns. This clearly indicates that the high dominance of eels is mainly caused by stocking activities in the upper Rhine. In the following years roach, Rutilus rutilus was the eudominant fish species. Overall a positive development of the fish fauna in the upper Rhine over the last 15 years could be observed in terms of fish populations as well as in terms of species richness. 相似文献
17.
ABSTRACTWith the rapid economic development and urbanization in Taihu Basin (eastern China), the river system has decayed and the connectivity of rivers and lakes has weakened, resulting in frequent floods. The impact of changes in river system structure on hydrological processes in the plain river network area was analysed against a background of urbanization. An indicator system was built to describe the quantitative, morphological and spatial structure of the river system. Analysis of the change in annual average and extreme water levels revealed the influencing mechanism of the changes in river system structure on the hydrological processes. The results indicate a decreasing tendency in the density of the river system in the study area, with a reduction in water surface ratio by about 20% in the past 50 years. Since the 1960s, the maximum and annual average water levels have increased. The degree of change in the mean monthly, annual lowest and annual highest water levels was great, with that in the non-flood season being higher than in the flood season. The decrease in the number of rivers directly reduced the storage and adjustable capacity of the basin. 相似文献
18.
Statistical analysis of long-term hydrological observations has shown that the interannual variations in the total river runoff into the Arctic Ocean can be considered as a stationary process. Similar are the variations in the annual runoff of the Ob, Lena, and rivers of the northwestern Asia. However, some components of the total runoff into the Arctic Ocean feature distinct and fairly complicated disturbances in the homogeneity of runoff variations. For example, variations in the annual runoff of the Yenisei River have a distinct nonmonotonic trend: the runoff systematically decreased till the late 1950s and increased since the late 1960s. The rivers of the European part of the Arctic Ocean drainage basin featured a decrease in the amplitude of variations in runoff during the past decades. Rivers of the northwestern America and northeastern Asia featured a regular increase in the amplitude of runoff variations and their autocorrelation since the late 1960s. 相似文献
19.
抚仙湖、洱海、滇池浮游藻类功能群1960s以来演变特征 总被引：8，自引：4，他引：4
作为主要的初级生产者,浮游植物在水生生态系统中扮演着重要的角色,浮游植物的时空分布反映了生态环境的变化.依据浮游植物的形态、生理、生态特点而定义的浮游藻类功能群对藻类的耐受性和敏感性进行了描述,因而浮游藻类功能群的组成是生境特征的良好指示者.对1960s至今抚仙湖、洱海、滇池3个高原湖泊的浮游藻类组成进行分析,并首次将功能群理论运用到这3个湖泊.结果表明,3个湖泊的浮游藻类优势功能群组成在近50～60年间发生了明显的改变:抚仙湖的浮游藻类优势功能群演变过程为C、X2、Lo、F、P(1960s)-H1、C、P(1980s)-P、C、T(1990s)-T(2000年以后);洱海的浮游藻类优势功能群演变过程为J、Lo、MP、C、H1(1960s)-C、H1(1980s)-C、H1(1990s)-C、H1、M(2000年以后);滇池的浮游藻类优势功能群演变过程为J、N、P、MP、Lo(1960s)-J、P、MP、M(1980s)-J、M(1990s)-M(2000年以后).抚仙湖、洱海、滇池水体内的藻类功能群演替趋势特征,即耐低温物种的减少以及喜营养物种的增加,表明3个高原湖泊在近几十年可能受到了气候变暖和营养程度增加的影响. 相似文献
20.
长江流域近50年降水变化及其对干流洪水的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据我国长江流域气象观测站近42年的资料,分析了整个流域年和季节平均面雨量、暴雨日数和暴雨量的变化特征,以及降水对流域径流和洪水的影响.长江流域年和夏季平均面雨量存在明显的年际和年代变化特征,也表现出比较显著的趋势变化特点.大部分测站年平均面雨量呈增加趋势,夏季和冬季平均面雨量的增加趋势尤其明显;秋季平均面雨量呈显著下降趋势.同时,年和夏季暴雨日数和暴雨量也在较大范围内呈显著增加趋势.长江流域的降水对干流平均流量具有重要影响.1973年、1983年和1998年的洪水主要是由明显高于平均的流域面雨量引起的;长江下游平均流量变化趋势也同流域年平均面雨量、夏季平均面雨量变化趋势基本一致,特别是70年代末以来,下游平均流量和流域面雨量的上升趋势更加明显,并同时在1998年达到最高值.长江流域大的丰水年一般对应El Nino年或El Nino次年,表明E1 Nino对长江较大洪水可能具有一定影响. 相似文献