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1.
火山区岩浆压力变形源的反演计算采用解析方法存在难以考虑地形的限制,采用传统有限元方法则存在网格依赖和计算量大的问题,反演过程中每一次正演由于岩浆房位置和大小变化都需要重新生成一次网格,耗费巨大的计算量和网格生成时间.为了克服上述问题,首次在长白山火山区使用"有限元等效体力"方法考虑地形影响反演地下岩浆压力变形源,计算岩浆应力扰动对周边断层稳定性的影响.在火山区地下压力变形源引起的地表形变计算中,地表地形影响不可忽略.埋深越浅,地表最大径向位移ur所在的位置越靠近岩浆囊中心.当坡度达到30°时,最大垂向位移uz所在位置不再位于岩浆囊正上方.椭球状岩浆囊压力源可以较好地模拟长白山火山地区2002—2003年间的GPS和水准测量.岩浆房扰动应力场和区域构造应力场的叠加有可能造成天池西部近EW向,天池北部以NW-NNW向为主的现今应力方向.岩浆房压力源引起的库仑应力变化有利于天池火山口NW向震群在空间上主要分布于火山口的西南和东北部. 相似文献
2.
根据活动断裂分布和区域流变结构建立川滇地区三维有限元模型， 采用上地壳为弹性介质，下地壳和上地幔为Maxwell体的粘弹性模型，模拟川滇地区地壳现今运动和应力分布，探讨川滇地区地壳运动变形的动力学机制. 通过4种不同边界条件和深度分层结构有限元模型的计算结果的对比，认为川滇地区绕喜玛拉雅东构造结顺时针旋转的地壳运动模式主要受川滇地区特殊的边界动力作用控制，川滇菱形块体下地壳流动对上地壳的拖曳作用亦不容忽视. 同时，川滇地区各块体的现今地壳运动场和应力场还受到区域主要活动断裂带的影响， 呈现分块特征. 相似文献
3.
长白山天池火山地球物理探测结果显示,天池火山口附近8-10km深度下存在与高温物质或岩浆囊有关的低速结构。根据这一结果,利用Mogi模型对该深度岩浆囊变形产生的地表形变敏感区进行计算,结果表明,垂直变形敏感区主要集中在火山口周缘,水平变形敏感区位于距火山口中心5．6—7km处,这一结果对建立长白山天池火山GNSS监测网具有参考意义。 相似文献
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5.
帕米尔高原位于地中海－喜马拉雅地震带上，晚新生代以来随着印度板块向欧亚板块持续不断地挤压汇聚，其构造运动是欧亚大陆最强烈的地区。高原腹地发育一系列近SN向正断层，包括近SN向的塔什库尔干正断层所处的帕米尔中部现代区域的构造应力场以EW向水平拉张为主。2016年11月25日发生的阿克陶MS 6.7级地震的发震构造为塔什库尔干断层分支的NWW向木吉盆地北缘断层，其具有右旋走滑兼正断性质。地震在震中附近产生同震地表形变带，全长约1km，呈近SN－NNE向水平拉伸，发育近EW—NWW向的张裂缝，为地震破裂的产物，张裂缝的最大水平拉伸位移量和最大垂直位移量分别为46cm和16cm。地表破裂带中的NE和NW向张剪裂缝只是连接贯通这些雁列的张裂缝，其水平相对位移量取决于张裂缝的水平拉伸量和张裂缝之间的几何关系。地表形变带表现的拉张性质与帕米尔高原腹地区域现代应力场最大主压应力为垂直向基本一致，可能与深部热物质上涌造成的上地壳拉伸有关。而地表形变带呈近SN向水平拉张，与区域近EW向拉张应力场之间存在显著差异，这可能是木吉盆地北缘右旋走滑正断层阶区局部应力场调整的结果。 相似文献
6.
研究了两个弹性层覆盖于一个Maxwell半空间模型内膨胀源(Mogi模型)引起的地表形变和重力变化．着重研究了数值计算方法和Maxwell半空间介质流变特性对地表垂直位移和重力的影响．研究结果表明，Maxwell半空间介质流变特性对地表垂直位移和重力的空间分布和量级都有影响，尤其当源处于岩石层的地壳以下时，介质流变特性对位移和重力有较大影响；当膨胀和岩浆侵入地壳内时，半空间流变特性的影响较小．并且，地表重力与垂直位移的比值不是常数，而是随时间变化．本文的模型和数值方法，可以用于模拟火山区、地壳隆起区、地震区和地热场等长期地表形变和重力观测结果． 相似文献
7.
利用云南腾冲火山地区15个固定台站记录到的7923次地震的P波到时资料，采用双差层析成像方法，反演得到腾冲火山及周边地区地壳及上地幔顶部三维P波速度结构和地震重定位结果.研究发现，腾冲火山区域地壳内存在明显的地震波低速区，P波速度低于整个区域地壳速度平均值超过15%，上地幔顶部存在规模较大的低速异常区.推测腾冲火山地区存在较大规模的地幔热物质上涌以及向地壳的侵入，热物质在地壳内以岩浆囊形式存储，并且壳内岩浆囊之间可能存在岩浆通道.通过联合反演获得的地震重定位结果显示，丛集地震位置更加集中，其展布特征与断裂构造具有显著的对应关系，表明研究区域断裂构造比较活跃.获得的高分辨率三维P波层析成像结果，为进一步认识火山地区岩浆存储特征以及地震分布与区域构造之间的关系提供了新的地震学依据. 相似文献
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断层活动方式与地震地表变形分布特征研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
基于断层弹性位错理论及断层滑动非均匀模型,用三维有限元方法计算了发震断层逆断、正断和水平走滑三种不同活动方式下的地表变形,探讨了断层不同活动方式下的地震应变与位移的分布规律及震级、断层倾角对地震地表变形分布的影响。研究结果表明,地震地表变形影响因素很多,如地质构造条件、岩性介质特征、断层活动强度、断层产状和区域构造应力场等,但分布形态最终决定于断层活动方式,变形大小则决定于断层活动强度,其它均为局地因素,只影响分布形态的局部扭曲。断层不同活动方式下的地震地表变形分布各有其自身的规律和特点,这些分布特征可作为地震研究及近活动断层建筑工程抗震设计或加固防护参考。 相似文献
10.
《地球物理学进展》2015,(3)
利用地球物理资料分析了腾冲火山区的深部构造特征,针对岩浆囊的数量、规模、传输通道以及地幔源区等问题进行了讨论.分析表明,腾冲火山区存在三个尚未完全固结的岩浆活动区域,它们分别位于黑空山、热海以及五合-团田一带.其中黑空山和热海附近的岩浆囊深度在5~25km之间,水平方向达到15~20km,而五合-团田一带岩浆囊的构造特征尚不能确定.上述岩浆囊通过浅部通道与黑空山、小空山以及热海相连,目前还不能判明打鹰山、马鞍山、老龟坡、来凤山等最新一期的火山下方是否存在类似的岩浆囊,也不清楚它们通过怎样的传输通道与已知的壳内岩浆囊相连.一些重要断裂如腾冲断裂、大盈江断裂和龙陵断裂,特别是这些断裂的交汇部位有可能成为连接壳内岩浆囊和上地幔源区的通道.与周边地区相比,腾冲火山区的岩石圈厚度明显减薄,高热活动与印缅块体向东俯冲有密切的联系:岩石圈板片下沉导致地幔上涌和弧后扩张,热流物质穿过壳幔边界进入地壳形成岩浆囊,也不排除中生代以来Sagaing断裂右旋剪切产生的深部效应.尽管腾冲火山区深部动力过程的构造轮廓日渐清晰,仍需开展高分辨地球物理探测才能揭示壳内岩浆系统和传输通道的细节,以便合理建立火山区岩浆活动的构造模型. 相似文献
11.
The behaviour of a magma plumbing system during a cycle of volcanic edifice growth is investigated with a simple physical model. Loading by an edifice at Earth's surface changes stresses in the upper crust and pressures in a magma reservoir. In turn, these changes affect magma ascent from a deep source to the reservoir and from reservoir to Earth's surface. The model plumbing system is such that a hydraulic connection is maintained at all times between the reservoir and a deep magma source at constant pressure. Consequently the input rate of magma into the reservoir is predicted by the model rather than imposed as an input parameter. The open hydraulic connection model is consistent with short-term measurements of deformation and seismicity at several active volcanoes. Threshold values for the reservoir pressure at the beginning and end of eruption evolve as the edifice grows and lead to long-term changes of eruption rate. Depending on the dimensions and depth of the reservoir, the eruption rate follows different trends as a function of time. For small reservoirs, the eruption rate initially increases as the edifice builds up and peaks at some value before going down. The edifice size at the peak eruption rate provides a constraint on the reservoir shape and depth. Edifice decay or destruction leads to resumption of eruptive activity and a new eruption cycle. A simple elastic model for country rock deformation is valid over a whole eruptive cycle extending to the cessation of eruptive activity. For large reservoirs, an elastic model is only valid over part of an eruptive cycle. Long-term stress changes eventually lead to reservoir instability in the form of either roof collapse and caldera formation or reservoir enlargement in the horizontal direction. 相似文献
12.
The vertical structure of the crustal block of the Songliao Basin can be divided into upper, middle and low Earth’s crust
according to density. There is an about 3-km-thick low density interval between the upper crust and the middle crust. This
interval may be a magma chamber accumulated in crust by “fluid phase” which is precipitated and separated from upper mantle
meltmass. The abiogenetic natural gas, other gaseous mass and hydrothermal fluids are provided to the Songliao rifted basin
through crustal faults and natural earthquakes. This is a basic condition to form an abiogenetic gas reservoir in the Songliao
Basin. On both flanks of the upper crust (or named basin basement) fault there are structural traps in and above the basement
and unconformity surface or lateral extended sand, which contains communicated pores, as migration pathway and natural gas
reservoir; up to gas reservoirs there is shale as enclosed cap rock, and the suitable arrangement of these conditions is the
basic features of abiogenetic gas reservoir.
Project supported by the National Natural Sc~ence Foundation of China. 相似文献
13.
David A. Clague 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1987,49(4):577-587
Hawaiian volcanoes pass through a sequence of four eruptive stages characterized by distinct lava types, magma supply rates, and xenolith populations. Magma supply rates are low in the earliest and two latest alkalic stages and high in the tholeiitic second stage. Magma storage reservoirs develop at shallow and intermediate depths as the magma supply rate increases during the earliest stage; magma in these reservoirs solidifies as the supply rate declines during the alkalic third stage. These magma storage reservoirs function as hydraulic filters and remove dense xenoliths that the ascending magma has entrained. During the earliest and latest stages, no magma storage zone exists, and mantle xenoliths of lherzolite are carried to the surface in primitive alkalic lava. During the tholeiitic second stage, magma storage reservoirs develop and persist both at the base of the ocean crust and 3–7 km below the caldera; only xenoliths of shallow origin are carried to the surface by differentiated lava. During the alkalic third stage, magma in the shallow subcaldera reservoir solidifies, and crustal xenoliths, including oceanic-crustal rocks, are carried to the surface in lava that fractionates in an intermediate-depth reservoir. Worldwide xenolith populations in tholeiitic and alkalic lava may reflect the presence or absence of subvolcanic magma storage reservoirs. 相似文献
14.
《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》1999,91(1):65-78
The tectonic stresses can significantly affect the propagation of a magma-filled crack. It has been pointed out that the rheological boundaries control the emplacement of magmas through the effect of stress. However, it has not been clarified how the role of rheological boundaries depends on the regional tectonic and thermal states. We have evaluated the role of rheological boundaries under various tectonic and thermal conditions and found that the level of magma emplacement may jump according to the changes in the tectonic force or the surface heat flow. The stress profiles were estimated by a simple model of lithospheric deformation. We employed a three-layer model of the lithosphere; the upper crust, the lower crust and the upper mantle have different rheological properties. A constant horizontal force is applied to the lithosphere, and the horizontal strain is assumed to be independent of depth. When realistic tectonic forces (>1011 N/m) are applied, the rheological boundaries mainly control the emplacement of magma. The emplacement is expected at the MOHO, the upper–lower crust boundary, and the brittle–ductile boundary. For lower tectonic forces (<1011 N/m), the tectonic stress no longer plays an important role in the emplacement of magmas. When the tectonic stress controls the emplacement, the roles of rheological boundaries strongly depend on the surface heat flow. When the surface heat flow is relatively high (>80 mW/m2), the stress in the mantle is quite low and the MOHO cannot trap ascending magmas. For relatively low heat flow (<80 mW/m2), on the other hand, the MOHO acts as a magma trap, and the upper–lower crust boundary acts as a magma trap only when the magma supply rate is sufficiently high. Our results suggest that the emplacement depth can change responding to the change in the tectonic force and/or that in the surface heat flow. This may provide us a key to understand the relation between the evolution of a volcanic region and its tectonic and/or thermal history. 相似文献
15.
The Izmir-Karaburun region is located on the West coast of Turkey. In this area volcanic rocks of the late Miocene-Pliocene age outcrop. On the basis of the collected petrographic and geochemical data it has been possible to subdivide these rocks in to three series:a) calc-alkaline series of Karaburun-Koca dag-Izmir (quantitatively the most important). This series is formed by latite-andesites-dacites-rhyodacites.b) Silicic series of Izmir-Lebedos, mainly constituted by alkali rhyolitic rocks.c) Urla series, formed by alkali trachytes and alkali rhyolites, associated with scarce basic lavas of hawaiitic type. A different genesis is assumed for these series. In a first phase the latite-andesitic magma was formed by a partial melting in the lower crust or in the upper mantle. Afterwards a subcrustal magma with alkali basaltic affinity rose slowly through the crust forming an intermediate reservoir and differentiating predominantly towards alkali trachytic terms. Finally silicic magma of Izmir-Lebedos was formed by an anatectic process. It is possible that the fusion has been favoured by the presence of basic magma in the upper crust. 相似文献
16.
Daniel Dzurisin Robert Y. Koyanagi Thomas T. English 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》1984,21(3-4)
Shallow crustal magma reservoirs beneath the summit of Kilauea Volcano and within its rift zones are linked in such a way that the magma supply to each can be estimated from the rate of ground deformation at the volcano's summit. Our model builds on the well-documented pattern of summit inflation as magma accumulates in a shallow summit reservoir, followed by deflation as magma is discharged to the surface or into the rift zones. Magma supply to the summit reservoir is thus proportional to summit uplift, and supply to the rift zones is proportional to summit subsidence; the average proportionality constant is 0.33 × 106 m3/γrad. This model yields minimum supply estimates because it does not account for magma which escapes detection by moving passively through the summit reservoir or directly into the rift zones.Calculations suggest that magma was supplied to Kilauea during July 1956– April 1983 at a minimum average rate of 7.2 × 106 m3/month. Roughly 35% of the net supply was extruded; the rest remains stored within the volcano's east rift zone (55%) and southwest rift zone (10%). Periods of relatively rapid supply were associated with the large Kapoho eruption in 1960 and the sustained Mauna Ulu eruptions in 1969–1971 and 1972–1974. Bursts of harmonic tremor from the mantle beneath Kilauea were also unusually energetic during 1968–1975, suggesting a close link between Kilauea's deep magma supply region and shallow storage reservoirs. It remains unclear whether pulses in magma supply from depth give rise to corresponding increases in shallow supply, or if instead unloading of a delicately balanced magma transport system during large eruptions or intrusions triggers more rapid ascent from a relatively constant mantle source. 相似文献
17.
轴地壳岩浆房是活动扩张中心海洋地壳结构的一个重要组成部分，轴地壳岩浆房通过深部岩浆源的补充，内部岩浆的同化熔融、结晶分异等岩浆房过程，其中的岩浆会破裂上覆的岩石层形成岩浆破裂，并沿岩浆破裂继续向上迁移。本文建立了岩浆迁移的层流模型，从理论上对岩浆迁移问题进行了探讨，并将遗传算法引入到该问题中来，用遗传算法求解了描述岩浆驱动破裂传播的积分方程。如果假设岩浆破裂在远离破裂末梢处的权限宽度为1M，则靠近末梢，破裂的宽度逐渐加大，在末梢处宽度为2m左右。并根据文献对岩浆流体的一些观测参数计算得出，岩浆破裂权限宽度不会很大，一般在1m左右的量级。 相似文献
18.
Yoji Arakawa Mie Kurosawa Kaori Takahashi Yoji Kobayashi Masashi Tsukui Hiroshi Amakawa 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》1998,80(3-4)
Sr and Nd isotope and geochemical investigations were performed on a remarkably homogeneous, high-silica rhyolite magma reservoir of the Aira pyroclastic eruption (22,000 years ago), southern Kyushu, Japan. The Aira caldera was formed by this eruption with four flow units (Osumi pumice fall, Tsumaya pryoclastic flow, Kamewarizaka breccia and Ito pyroclastic flow). Quite narrow chemical compositions (e.g., 74.0–76.5 wt% of SiO2) and Sr and Nd isotopic values (87Sr/86Sr=0.70584–0.70599 and Nd=−5.62 to −4.10) were detected for silicic pumices from the four units, with the exception of minor amounts of dark pumices in the units. The high Sr isotope ratios (0.7065–0.7076) for the dark pumices clearly suggest a different origin from the silicic pumices. Andesite to basalt lavas in pre-caldera (0.37–0.93 Ma) and post-caldera (historical) eruptions show lower 87Sr/86Sr (0.70465–0.70540) and higher Nd (−1.03 to +0.96) values than those of the Aira silicic and dark pumices. Both andesites of pre- and post-caldera stages are very similar in major- and trace-element characteristics and isotope ratios, suggesting that the both andesites had a same source and experienced the same process of magma generation (magma mixing between basaltic and dacitic magmas). Elemental and isotopic signatures deny direct genetic relationships between the Aira pumices and pre- and post-caldera lavas. Relatively upper levels of crust (middle–upper crust) are assumed to have been involved for magma generation for the Aira silicic and dark pumices. The Aira silicic magma was derived by partial melting of a separate crust which had homogeneous chemistry and limited isotope compositions, while the magma for the Aira dark pumice was generated by AFC mixing process between the basement sedimentary rocks and basaltic parental magma, or by partial melting of crustal materials which underlay the basement sediments. The silicic magma did not occupy an upper part of a large magma body with strong compositional zonation, but formed an independent magma body within the crust. The input and mixing of the magma for dark pumices to the base of the Aira silicic magma reservoir might trigger the eruptions in the upper part of the magma body and could produce a slight Sr isotope gradient in the reservoir. An extremely high thermal structure within the crust, which was caused by the uprise and accumulation of the basaltic magma, is presumed to have formed the large volume of silicic magma of the Aira stage. 相似文献
19.
Basaltic volcanism which forms the oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges is the result of pressure release melting associated with ascending mantle convection. We present a model that gives the distribution of melting beneath the ridge and the subsequent migration of magma through the asthenosphere. In order to produce the degree of partial melting associated with the basaltic rocks making up the ocean crust, melting must extend to a depth of at least 70 km. Small degrees of partial melting are expected to result in an interconnected permeability along grain intersections. Due to the differential buoyancy of the magma relative to the residual solid the magma will be rapidly driven upwards. Solid-state creep allows the solid matrix to collapse as the magma migrates upwards and the lithostatic pressure in the matrix is nearly equal to the fluid pressure in the magma. The percentage partial melt present is only slightly greater than that necessary for the development of interconnected permeability and is much less than the degree of partial melting. The first partial melt fraction produced at the greatest depths migrates upwards and mixes with the later partial melt fractions produced at shallower depths. The uniformity of this mixing will have a profound effect on the chemistry of the basalts of the oceanic crust. 相似文献
20.
Intrusion of ultramafic magmatic bodies into the continental crust: Numerical simulation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Intrusions of ultramafic bodies into the lower density continental crust are documented for a large variety of tectonic settings spanning continental shields, rift systems, collision orogens and magmatic arcs. The intriguing point is that these intrusive bodies have a density higher by 300-500 kg m−3 than host rocks. Resolving this paradox requires an understanding of the emplacement mechanism. We have employed finite differences and marker-in-cell techniques to carry out a 2D modeling study of intrusion of partly crystallized ultramafic magma from sublithospheric depth to the crust through a pre-existing magmatic channel. By systematically varying the model parameters we document variations in intrusion dynamics and geometry that range from funnel- and finger-shaped bodies (pipes, dikes) to deep seated balloon-shaped intrusions and flattened shallow magmatic sills. Emplacement of ultramafic bodies in the crust lasts from a few kyr to several hundreds kyr depending mainly on the viscosity of the intruding, partly crystallized magma. The positive buoyancy of the sublithospheric magma compared to the overriding, colder mantle lithosphere drives intrusion while the crustal rheology controls the final location and the shape of the ultramafic body. Relatively cold elasto-plastic crust (TMoho = 400 °C) promotes a strong upward propagation of magma due to the significant decrease of plastic strength of the crust with decreasing confining pressure. Emplacement in this case is controlled by crustal faulting and subsequent block displacements. Warmer crust (TMoho = 600 °C) triggers lateral spreading of magma above the Moho, with emplacement being accommodated by coeval viscous deformation of the lower crust and fault tectonics in the upper crust. Strong effects of magma emplacement on surface topography are also documented. Emplacement of high-density, ultramafic magma into low-density rocks is a stable mechanism for a wide range of model parameters that match geological settings in which partially molten mafic-ultramafic rocks are generated below the lithosphere. We expect this process to be particularly active beneath subduction-related magmatic arcs where huge volumes of partially molten rocks produced from hydrous cold plume activity accumulate below the overriding lithosphere. 相似文献