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试样采用 2 0 0mm× 2 0 0mm× 15mm云南大理产粗粒花岗岩 ,其上切割出雁列式断层组成的V形块体边界 ,切缝以石膏填充。按构造特征 ,把样品分为几个区 ,其中A区为断层交汇区 ;B区为左行左列岩桥区 ;C区为右行左列岩桥区。采用双轴加压。文中详细讨论了岩样受压破坏过程中的声发射特征。微破裂定位表明 ,声发射有区域群发性和成群的迁移性。微破裂从A区向B区迁移最后到C区。在迁移初期 ,声发射在原发生地与迁移地两处交替发生。相对较大的声发射 ,每个时期每个区域均有发生 ,但C区即最后发生地相对集中 ,该处岩桥区断裂后试样崩溃。定点应变结果也出现了 3次突跳 ,与声发射A ,B ,C区的声发射移动特征相吻合。用“累计频度 -能级”关系对局部b值的分析显示 :主破裂前 ,C区b值明显减小。从构造特征上看 ,三区为不同构造的相交处 ,为事件发生敏感地段 ,这就导致了不同的破裂顺序 ,甚至产生不同的破裂前兆现象 相似文献
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识别断层活动和失稳的热场标志——实验室的证据 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
利用一套双向伺服系统对含压性和张性雁列断层的标本进行变形实验,实验中应用红外热像仪和接触式测温仪同步记录岩石变形过程中热红外辐射的亮度温度场和温度场的变化;使用数字CCD相机同步采集标本表面的数字图像,并利用数字散斑方法对采集到的图像进行分析得到位移场和应变场的演化过程。实验结果表明:1)在断层贯通前压性雁列岩桥区温度最高,而张性雁列岩桥区温度最低;数字散斑结果显示压性岩桥区平均应变最高,而张性岩桥区平均应变最低。温度场对两类雁列断层在岩桥区相反的受力状态有清晰的响应,可以为判断断层应力状态提供标志。2)雁列断层经历了从岩桥区应力积累、破坏到断层失稳错动两个变形阶段,升温机制也由应变升温变为摩擦升温;伴随升温机制的转变,在岩桥区观测到断层失稳错动前的破坏降温、温度快速起伏以及升温脉冲等现象,是观测失稳前兆的最佳部位。3)在雁列岩桥区裂纹端点附近观测到升温脉冲,表现为温度快升快降,随后即出现断层带的快速升温。升温脉冲现象可能与裂纹端部的应力奇异集中和破裂扩展引起的应力释放有关。裂纹端部的扩展是断层失稳错动的条件,随后断层带的升温正是断层失稳错动造成的。断层带开始升温发生在失稳前2～3s内,岩桥区的降温发生在失稳 相似文献
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Y形块体交界处多点大破裂的模拟实验研究 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
采用有机玻璃试样,在其上用激光刻划出雁列式断层组成的Y形块体边界.用特殊加载方式,使夹在Y形上部中间的块体能相对于两边向下移动.用实时全息干涉计量方法(激光)、焦散阴影光学法和微破裂(声发射)信息采集分析技术研究块体交界处多点大破裂的特征.结果显示:随着加载,在切缝端点处的条纹逐步变密,进而形成有明显边界的阴影区.这些阴影区会随荷载增加变大,随卸载而减小.荷载再增大,相邻两切缝端点处的阴影区会连成一片.这些阴影区为强烈应变或应力集中区,即应变核或应力核.微破裂定位资料同时证实:阴影区达到足够大后会有破裂发生;并且先变大并达到额定值(如破裂强度)的阴影区先发生破裂.荷载再增大,多个阴影区先后达到额定值,以后,大破裂在各个阴影区交替发生. 相似文献
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雁列式断层变形过程中物理场演化的实验研究（一） 总被引：21，自引：3，他引：21
在双轴压缩条件下对挤压型和拉张型雁列式断层变形破坏过程中声发射、断层位移及应变场的时空演化进行了实验研究。研究表明，两类雁列式断层具有类似的变形破坏过程，即前期以雁列区的破裂贯通为主，后期以沿断层的滑动为主。但挤压型雁列区内可积累较高的应变能，有较强的应变释放和声发射活动，雁列区对滑动始终起着阻碍作用；而拉张型雁列区内难以产生快速的应变释放和较强的声发射活动，雁列区对后期的滑动也无明显的阻碍作用。两类雁列区贯通所引起的失稳均有明显的前兆，而在随后滑动过程中失稳前兆的出现，取决于断层不同部位或段落之间是否有应变传递 相似文献
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针对唐山等大地震前出现的形变空区现象，依据实验和理论对应变空区进行了探讨． 实验过程中采用焦散线法、实时全息干涉计量方法(激光)图像摄影记录，同时进行微破裂(声发射)记录．依据固体损伤理论，结合微破裂定位对应变空区进行研究，得出两点结论:①应变空区在线弹性情况下出现是一种必然现象，且应变空区的位置相对稳定，与裂纹端部的应力集中相对应；②应变空区内几乎不发生微破裂．微破裂总是从高应力区产生，且几乎就发生在应力集中区与应变空区相联的条带内，最终表现为微破裂(声发射)的带状或成丛分布．主破裂总是从应变核(焦散阴影区)开始，然后向应变空区急剧发展，形成主大破裂，最终导致试样崩溃． 相似文献
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在实验室使用红外热像仪和接触式测温仪同步观测记录了压性和张性雁列断层失稳错动前后的热场变化过程.从实验记录中发现，在断层失稳引起温度场和热红外辐射亮温温度场上升之前，在两断层段之间的岩桥区发生降温变化.断层带开始升温发生在失稳前2～3 s内，岩桥区的降温却发生在失稳前约20s，这两个超前时间长度相差近一个量级.此类热场先降后升变化过程在雁列构造变形中有一定的普遍性，可能作为雁列断层失稳错动的热场前兆模式.根据实验观测结果，详细描述了上述热场变化的时间过程及其空间分布特征，分析了产生此种失稳前兆模式的机制，显著异常出现的条件及有利观测部位，讨论了它在地震前兆探索等研究中的意义. 相似文献
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雁列断层变形过程中的声发射特征 总被引：12，自引：4，他引：12
对拉张型、挤压型雁列断层变形过程中岩桥区和主断层上的声发射特征进行了对比研究，结果表明，雁列断层变形中的声发射对应着多种机制：拉张型雁列岩桥区的声发射为单一事件组成，波振幅小、持续时间短、主频高、震源机制为张裂型；挤压型雁列岩桥区的声发射也是单一事件，波振幅较大、持续时间短、主频较低、震源机制为双剪型；而雁列主干断层上的声发射由多事件组成，波振幅大、持续时间长、主频低、震源机制与挤压型雁列岩桥区的声发射机制不同。这些特点与各区域所处力学状态有关 相似文献
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慢地震慢前兆的机制研究 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：12
通过岩石高温高压破裂实验与有机玻璃破裂试验的应力—应变曲线对比、地震波形记录(观测资料)与试样破裂波形(实验资料)对比、地震前后定点应变与主破裂前后应变形态变化的对比，认为慢地震是临界或亚临界破裂或预先滑动所致，是低频应变波动。它是材料屈服、弱化或塑性变化的必然结果。而慢前兆则是临近大地震(大破裂)前出现的诸如形变、低频地震波(破裂弹性波)等的短期及临震前兆现象，它比较可靠。但由于许多岩石主破裂前并无明显的临界破裂或预滑动现象，也并非所有岩石都一定出现明显屈服，所以也并非每个地震前都有慢地震，因此，也就不一定都出现低频波动。从而，也并不一定都出现相同的短期、临震前兆现象。 相似文献
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Structure and deformational character of strike-slip fault zones 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Strike-slip fault zones observed either in the field or in model experiments generally consist of several subparallel faults which make these zones complicated in geometry and kinematics. The geometry of a strike-slip fault or shear zone is dependent on arrangement (pinnate or en echelon), on step (left step or right step), and on the rank )smaller faults within larger faults) of the subparallel fault. The relations and interactions of these three factors create a variety of dynamic circumstances and tectonic settings within the strike-slip fault zones. These include pull-aparts in the release area between subparallel faults, push-ups in the jogs where the subparallel faults overlap, and pivotal movements, or rotation, of single faults along the whole fault zone. Each kind of tectonic setting is in itself characteristic, each setting consists of many subtypes, which are controlled chiefly by the geometric parameters of the subparallel faults. One of the most important phenomena revealed in the field work is two different kinds of evolution of strike-slip fault zones: one is the evolution of a zone with a tensile component, which is related to the growth of rock bridges, and the other, of one with a compressional component, which develops by the destruction of rock bridges. In this paper we discuss, on the basis of recent research on four strike-slip fault zones in China, the essential characteristics of strike-slip faults and the possible causes of the observed structural phenomena. Attention is focussed on the deformation, development, and distribution of horizontal displacements within strike-slip fault zones. 相似文献
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郯庐断裂带莱州湾段的构造特征 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
本文利用海上浅层地震勘探剖面分析了郯庐断裂带莱州湾段的上更新统、全新统和活动构造的某些特征。晚更新世末期发生的构造运动使上更新统产生断裂与褶皱,沿郯庐断裂带东主干断裂发育了狭长的背斜构造,在西主干断裂两侧次级横向(东西向)断裂十分发育,这些横向断裂是一些高角度的张性正断层。 相似文献
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E. A. Rogozhin A. N. Ovsyuchenko S. S. Novikov A. V. Marakhanov 《Seismic Instruments》2011,47(4):295-306
Resulting from the seismotectonic study of the Sambian Peninsula based on the interpretation of remote sensing data (satellite
images and digital elevation maps), lineaments have been identified. They may be interpreted as active faults and flexure-fracture
zones. These active faults, which are expressed in the form of gentle linear swells or steps in the relief, have been found
and studied during the carried out field works. There are many discovered paleoseismic dislocations in the studied areas of
active faults: fracture displacements, marks of liquefaction (sand dykes), near-fault folds. These seismic dislocations may
indicate seismic shocks of 7–8 intensity points occurring in the neighborhood of a modern Kaliningrad city in recent geological
history. The identified active structures (Yantarny Fault Zone and Bakalino flexure-fracture zone) could control sources of
the 2004 Kaliningrad earthquakes. 相似文献
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On the basis of comprehensive analyses of fault textures and geometry, the active methods, stress field, mechanism and time of the Yishu Fault Zone during the neotectonic period are discussed in this paper. The results show that the Yishu Fault Zone is a major mobile belt since the Quaternary. It consists of four major active faults with reverse dextral slip. Their active intensity increases eastwards and southwards. Fault-slip data from many active faults in the fault zone demonstrate that ENE-WSW compression predominated in the neotectonic period. Detailed field investigation shows that formation mechanism of shallow, active faults in the Yishu Fault Zone includes direct boundary fault reactivity, buried fault propagation, and reactivity of antithetic and truncating faults. In most cases, shallow, active faults in the fault zone are developed through direct reactivity or upward propagation of the previous four graben boundary faults. 相似文献
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Salvatore Giammanco Sergio Gurrieri Mariano Valenza 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2006,163(4):853-867
Soil CO2 flux measurements were carried out along traverses across mapped faults and eruptive fissures on the summit and the lower
East Rift Zone of Kilauea volcano. Anomalous levels of soil degassing were found for 44 of the tectonic structures and 47
of the eruptive fissures intercepted by the surveyed profiles. This result contrasts with what was recently observed on Mt.
Etna, where most of the surveyed faults were associated with anomalous soil degassing. The difference is probably related
to the differences in the state of activity at the time when soil gas measurements were made: Kilauea was erupting, whereas
Mt. Etna was quiescent although in a pre-eruptive stage. Unlike Mt. Etna, flank degassing on Kilauea is restricted to the
tectonic and volcanic structures directly connected to the magma reservoir feeding the ongoing East Rift eruption or in areas
of the Lower East Rift where other shallow, likely independent reservoirs are postulated. Anomalous soil degassing was also
found in areas without surface evidence of faults, thus suggesting the possibility of previously unknown structures.
Received: November 2003, revised: January 2005, accepted: January 2005 相似文献
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山东汤头断层全新世右旋走向滑动的新证据 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
汤头断层的断层陡坎长36公里,坎高1至3米,东升西降。断层陡坎与白垩系砂岩和太古界片麻岩之间的断层位置大致吻合。汤头断层居泉庄处,长1.1公里范围内,有12条近东西向冲沟被三条左阶羽列断层右旋扭错,出现冲沟直角扭曲及断头断尾现象,扭错距离3至25米。断层的扭错量中间大,两端小。位于一冲沟水平扭错处距现今沟底2米处淤泥层的发现,表明该断层的最新走滑活动发生在距今3681年以后 相似文献
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An MS 6.4 earthquake occurred near Yangbi County, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, at 21:48 on May 21, 2021. The earthquake location is characterized by complex geological structures, with multiple active faults distributed around the epicenter that is located at the west edge of the Sichuan-Yunnan rhombic block (25.67°N, 99.87°E). A total of 42 ground cracks are found by earthquake field investigations. The cracks are mainly concentrated in the Ⅷ degree area on the west side of the Yangbi River. Among these, 9 coseismic tectonic ground cracks generated by shear fractures are found in three villages (i.e., Akechang, Meijia-Lijia, and Huajiazhuang), which are distributed along the strike of the northwest-trending linear folds, showing the tectonic characteristics of right-lateral tension or left-stepping cracks. The structural attribute of ground cracks sustains the kinematic properties of the Weixi-Qiaohou fault, namely right-lateral strike-slip. 相似文献
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High-resolution sea floor imaging (narrow beam sediment profiler) yields evidence for an offshore rupture along a strand of
the Carboneras Fault Zone (CFZ) in the Gulf of Almería off southern Spain. The observed faults affect the seafloor and cut
the Late Holocene sedimentary cover, hence the faults are regarded as active and the escarpments as relatively fresh. Seafloor
faulting is associated with escarpments, fissures, pressure ridges, folds, and reverse faults indicating sinistral strike-slip
faulting with a significant vertical displacement. Adjacent to the major fault zone secondary phenomena such as submarine
slumps and slides are observed. The observed fresh escarpments imply an offshore rupture during a major earthquake along the
CFZ. The southern Iberian margin and the Afro-Eurasian convergence zone form an area of moderate seismicity. However, some
major events occurred, such as the 1522 Almería earthquake (EMS IX; [IGN (2005) Instituto Geografico Nacional, www.ign.es]),
which affected large areas in the western Mediterranean. Different epicentral areas have been suspected, mainly along the
50 km long sinistral CFZ; however, no on-shore surface ruptures and paleoseismological evidences for this event have been
found. Based on our data, a new epicentral area is proposed in the Gulf of Almería precisely along the observed sea floor
rupture area, where the CFZ extend at least for 100 km offshore. Our findings suggest a specific seismic hazards and tsunami
potential for offshore active and seismogenic faults in the Alborán Sea. 相似文献