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1.
板块绝对运动(即岩石圈板块相对于深部地幔的运动)导致软流圈深度存在较强的剪切作用,为软流圈呈现较强的地震波速各向异性提供了一种物理解释.相应地,软流圈地震各向异性的实测数据为反演板块绝对运动提供了一种定量的约束.本文利用前人发表的由474个剪切波分裂数据组成的全球软流圈地震各向异性方向数据集,结合板块相对运动模型MORVEL,通过加权最小二乘法反演板块绝对运动.计算结果表明,由实测数据约束的板块绝对运动模型不能将观测数据拟合到原始数据测量误差要求的统计水平上,反映出以地震各向异性方向指示板块绝对运动方向存在原始数据测量误差之外的系统性误差.该误差或可归因于板块绝对运动控制软流圈地震各向异性的物理机制复杂性以及小尺度地幔流动的区域复杂性.因此,地震各向异性方向只能从统计平均的意义上约束板块绝对运动方向,两者间的差别除了测量误差外还应包含复杂物理成因的模型误差.在原始数据测量误差的基础上增加20°的模型误差并且剔除一个离群数据后,本文得到了最优拟合剪切波分裂数据集的SKS473模型,并与由热点数据反演得到的板块绝对运动模型进行对比.由于约束板块绝对运动的地震各向异性数据和热点数据都存在误差较大、地理分布不均的局限性,结合两类数据的联合反演或可成为未来建立更高精度板块绝对运动模型的有效途径. 相似文献
2.
研究全球板块的运动对于地球动力学、地幔流动等具有非常重要的意义.目前常用来推断板块绝对运动模型的方法主要分为基于地质和地球物理的地学方法和空间大地测量方法.地学方法主要包括热点参考系框架,岩石圈无整体旋转、剪切波分裂法、古地磁及古气候资料推断古纬度变化法、海岭海沟法等;空间大地测量方法主要是包括采用VLBI、SLR、GPS以及DORIS等技术手段得到的观测数据进行计算推到全球板块的运动.随着观测技术的不断提高,数据的来源、数量、精度的到了不断的改善和优化,板块的划分也更加精细,不论是反应时间尺度在百万年量级的板块运动地学方法,还是能够反应现今板块运动的空间大地测量方法,给出的模型都随着数据的改善进行了不断的更新,本文综述了迄今为止这些板块绝对运动研究方法的发展历史以及最新进展,分析不同参考基准的特点,认为结合地学方法和空间测量两种方法对全球岩石圈板块的绝对运动研究具有重要意义. 相似文献
3.
本文以板块绝对运动AM1-2模型为边界条件探讨了不同的瑞利数下地幔热对流模型.结果表明,瑞利数小于10000（529.41）时,地幔对流呈现以板块驱动图式,运动的极型场和环型场由板块运动激发,两种场占有差不多相同的功率.当瑞利数增加到接近或略超过最低临界值时（约1.5倍）,对流呈现出复杂状态:1.板块运动速率小于下伏地幔对流速率;2.区域性的双层对流环出现;3.对流谱成分发生变化;4.环型场仅在地幔很浅的区域中起作用,而在地幔深部对流图式中影响很小. 相似文献
4.
对于大地测量应用来说,目前IERS机构在定义地球参考系时推荐采用岩石圈无整体旋转(No-Net-Rotation-NNR)约束条件,然而对于地球物理应用来说,相对于NNR参考基准的绝对板块运动数据可能会对地幔对流等研究结果产生误导.考虑到热点的运动,提出建立平均热点(MHS-Medial HotSpot)参考基准的方法,给出建立该基准的约束准则,分别以地学模型NNR-NUVEL1A和实测模型ITRF2005VEL为基础,建立了平均热点参考基准MHS-NUVEL1A和MHS-ITRF2005,并与其它基于热点的绝对板块运动模型进行了比较和分析;讨论了岩石圈的西向漂移,给出了岩石圈相对于下地幔整体旋转的更精确的定量估计,即基于实测的热点参考架MHS-ITRF2005和地学模型NNR-NUVEL1A之间的整体旋转为0.26°/Ma,旋转极在(50°S, 62°E),这与由板块的受力模型给出的岩石圈的整体旋转的旋转极很接近,旋转速率大致快了10%. 相似文献
5.
世界应力图(WSM，World Stress Map)计划的应力指标，目前已累积数据共计10 920个，这些应力指标代表了该地区最大水平主应力的实际观测方向；与此同时，可以假定全球各个板块的绝对运动方向表征了相应各板块的最大水平主应力方向的长波分量．根据应力场的叠加原理，得到由该地区局部构造运动等因素贡献的短波分量的相对大小和方向．将全球划分成2.52.5的基本单元，对每个单元的WSM数据进行加权统计分析，得到其平均应力观测取向，利用HS2-NUVEL1全球绝对板块运动模型计算应力场的长波分量；平均观测应力取向和长波分量取向之间的夹角，决定了相应短波分量相对于观测应力场的大小及其取向的范围，并反映了特定研究地区局部应力场对总应力场的贡献程度．本文的计算结果表明，全球板块的绝大部分地区及各板块的平均效果，长波分量与短波分量对观测应力场的贡献程度相当．对于某些大陆板块内部，局部构造活动对观测应力场的贡献起到重要作用，因而控制着地震的孕育与发生． 相似文献
6.
利用全球重力大地水准面异常、板块绝对运动及全球地震层析成像数据,计算了青藏高原-天山地区岩石层下部地幔大尺度对流格局以及此种尺度对流驱动下岩石层内应力场分布;同时,利用区域均衡重力异常数据反演青藏高原中、北部到天山地区上地幔小尺度对流模型．结果表明,大尺度的地幔物质运移过程可能驱动着中国大陆岩石层整体从西部以南北方向为主的运动转向东部地区以北东和南东方向的运动;而该区域上地幔小尺度上升流动支持了现代青藏高原和天山地区的抬升运动．提出和讨论了青藏高原隆升的“断离隆升-挤压隆升-对流隆升”三阶段模式,并探讨了大陆岩石层构造运动的地幔深部动力学背景． 相似文献
7.
全球地表热流是反映地球内部热与动力学过程的一种主要能流.本文在三维球坐标框架下，就几个不同的粘度模型分别研究地幔内部密度异常(基于全球地震层析结果)以及板块运动激发的地幔流动的热效应及其对于观测地表热流产生和分布特征的贡献.由于地幔动力系统具有较高的Pe数，可以期望由板块运动激发的地幔流动将强烈地扰动地幔内部初始传导状态下的温度场以及地表热的热流分布.结果表明，与地幔内部密度异常产生的热效应相比，运动的板块及其激发的地幔流动在全球地表观测热流的产生和分布特征上起着更为重要的作用.观测到的大洋中脊处的高热流在很大程度上可以归因于板块激发的地幔流动的热效应.计算的平均温度剖面较好地揭示了岩石圈和D″层的温度特征，即温度随深度的剧烈变化，这与我们目前通过其他手段对岩石圈和D″层的温度结构了解是一致的.一个下地幔粘度比上地幔高出30倍的粘度结构(文中使用的粘度模型2)较之其余模型的拟合程度似乎更好. 相似文献
8.
给出了由近震和远震数据确定的海南地幔柱上地幔高分辨率层析成像结果。远震到时数据是由海南岛和雷州半岛9个固定地震台站记录的地震波形中精确提取的。我们的结果显示,在海南热点下方从地表到250km深度,地壳中存在高达-5％而在地幔仅-2％的明显低速异常。海南地幔柱被成像为西北-东南向倾斜的、直径约80km的连续低速柱状异常体。由于较密集数据覆盖和精细模型参数化,我们的结果相对于先前的局部和全球层析成像研究有了明显的改进。海南地幔柱的这种倾斜可以用数值模拟的结果来解释。地幔柱在上地幔中的倾斜可能与海洋板块的俯冲有关,特别是与菲律宾海板块和欧亚板块的挤压有关。但最可能的是,这种倾斜是地幔柱在下地幔扭曲后靠浮力上浮至上地幔形成的。 相似文献
9.
地震波速度结构层析成像和地震各向异性分析,是推测现今地幔流动的主要观测依据．从已有研究结果看,全球尺度的地幔流动的两个主要边界驱动力是顶部的冷却和底部的加热,地幔的密度和粘度控制流动速率．沿海沟由消减板带动的地幔下沉,和沿热点下面幔柱及洋中脊的地幔上升,是地幔垂直向流动的表现．GPS等测量显示的全球板块运动在一定条件下反映地幔顶部的水平流动．地幔柱可能有不同的根源深度,沿幔柱上升的地幔流在200—350km深度转变为水平流动．消减带附近有复杂的地幔流动格局,表明局部构造条件对地幔流动的影响．大陆下一般出现两个地幔各向异性层,较深的可能反映地幔流动,并与大陆根的状态有关．在不同构造环境下,地幔流动与板块构造之间有不同形态的相互作用关系,它可能驱动板块运动,也可能对板块运动产生阻力。 相似文献
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11.
The Comores Islands together with the Tertiary volcanic province of northern Madagascar form a sublinear trend of alkali olivine basalt shield volcanoes across the northern entrance of the Mozambique Channel. Potassium-argon dating of shield-building lavas confirms an eastward increase in age of volcanism along the chain, consistent with a hotspot origin for the lineament. The velocity of the Somali plate over the mantle magma source is 50 mm/yr.
We use the distribution of ages along the Comores-Madagascar chain in conjunction with existing age data for the Reunion-Mascarene Plateau hotspot track to model the absolute motion of the Somali plate for the last 10 m.y. We calculate the relative motion across the East African Rift by subtracting the Somali plate absolute motion from African plate absolute motion during this period. The model predicts 320 km of total separation across the East African Rift during the past 10 m.y. which is greater than has been estimated from surface geological evidence
The geometry of older portions of the Comores and Reunion trends indicates that there was no significant relative motion between the African and Somali plates prior to about 10 m.y. ago. 相似文献
12.
华北克拉通破坏动力机制研究导致了全球动力系统及“板块动力模型”研究.板块运动最有可能的动力是地幔物质流动,但由于地幔物质流动的成因至今尚未查明,所以板块构造学说研究仍处于“运动模型”阶段,而没有进入“动力模型”阶段.如果地幔密度异常是驱动地幔物质流动的成因,那么就有可能基于重力学方法以“板块动力模型”的形式建立地幔密度异常驱动模式;软流圈中可能存在着动力特性不同的区块,地幔密度正异常代表物质盈余、区块内的物质要向区块外移动,地幔密度负异常代表物质亏损、区块外的物质要向区块内移动.本项目采用重力和地震资料相结合研究地球的整体分层,根据重力大地水准面联合地震波速度结构反演求解地幔密度异常,再根据地球正常密度假说和板块运动重力学机制的观点并与现有“板块运动模型”相结合,分析地幔密度异常动力区块,初步建立“基于重力学机制的板块动力模型”;为最终建立多学科机制的“全球板块动力模型”,迈出重要一步. 相似文献
13.
Previous studies have shown that the Pacific geoid and gravity fields exhibit lineated anomalies, trending approximately in the direction of absolute plate motion over the underlying mantle. Because the undulations obliquely cross fracture zones they have often been attributed a convective origin. Recently, lithospheric boudinage caused by diffuse extension has been proposed as a possible mechanism. We have examined the undulations in the free-air anomalies, geoid and bathymetry over a portion of the Pacific Plate to determine quantitatively how the undulations are related to plate motion. We compare the observed data to an axisymmetric, sinusoidal undulation defined in an arbitrary frame of reference; in particular, we seek the north pole of this reference frame that maximizes the correlation between data and model. Poles that are close to the Pacific hotspot pole represent copolar undulations possibly related to plate motion. The distance between the best-fitting poles and the hotspot pole is determined as a function of undulation wavelength and reveals several minima (with distance < 10°) for discrete geoid wavebands centered on wavelengths of 160 km, 225 km, 287 km, 400 km, 660 km, 850 km, 1000 km and 1400 km. Bathymetry data have copolar bathymetric expressions as well, giving an implied admittance of 2–3 m/km. The most co-polar geoid/bathymetry undulations (with poles within 2–3° of the average Pacific Euler pole) have wavelengths of 280 km and 1050 km, respectively. The latter could have a convective origin or be related to the spacing of hotspot swells. The former may reflect lithospheric boudinage formed in response to diffuse extension, but could also have a dynamic origin since flexural dampening may only have attenuated the bathymetric amplitude by 50% or less. Radiometric dating of volcanic ridges found in the troughs of prominent gravity lineations gives ages that correlate well with documented changes in Pacific and Indo/Australian Plate motion, suggesting the ridges formed in response to intermittent plate boundary stresses and not as a direct consequence of small-scale convection or diffuse extension. 相似文献
14.
T.H TorsvikAuthor Vitae R Van der VooAuthor VitaeT.F RedfieldAuthor Vitae 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2002,202(2):185-200
The fixity of hotspots and mantle plume locations has long been axiomatic. If the assumption of fixed hotspots is granted, ‘absolute’ plate motions and movements of the spin axis with respect to the hotspot framework, defined by some as True Polar Wander (TPW), can be determined. However, this assumption can be tested by paleomagnetic data, and such tests are gradually raising some doubts about the fixity of hotspots. The result is that discrepancies between Cretaceous and Tertiary hotspot and paleomagnetic reference frames are now beginning to be interpreted as the result of plume drift within a convective mantle. In the Indo-Atlantic, hotspots have remained relatively stationary with respect to the spin axis for the last 95 million yr. However, the Pacific hotspots, notably Hawaii, appear to have undergone large-scale southward drift with respect to the spin axis during the Early Tertiary. Global paleomagnetic data do not indicate that any TPW occurred during the Late Cretaceous or Tertiary. Although the Early Cretaceous paleomagnetic and hotspot frames for the Indo-Atlantic realm can be interpreted as slow TPW, direct estimates of paleolatitude and hotspot motion, in particular the Kerguelen hotspot, challenge TPW as a global phenomenon. At present, we consider that the large Early Cretaceous discrepancy between hotspot and paleomagnetic data is best explained by southward drift of the Atlantic hotspots prior to ∼95 Ma. 相似文献
15.
Clement G. Chase 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1978,37(3):355-368
Euler vectors (relative angular velocity vectors) have been determined for twelve major plates by global inversion of carefully selected sea-floor spreading rates, transform fault trends, and earthquake slip vectors. The rate information comes from marine magnetic anomalies less than 5 m.y. old, so the motions are valid for post-Miocene times. Plate motions in a mean hotspot frame of reference have also been determined, and statistical confidence limits for all the Euler vectors estimated. Among the consequences of the global motion model is the conclusion that fast-spreading ridges (separation rates greater than 3 cm/yr) have plate motion nearly perpendicular to the strike of the ridge and magnetic anomalies. Four more slowly separating ridges have an average obliquity of spreading of almost 20°.For several plate boundaries, results that differ from previous studies are in agreement with geological evidence. The North and South American plates converge slowly about a pole east of the Antilles and near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The results for Africa versus Somalia imply slow east-west extension on the East African Rift Valleys. The pole for motion of Eurasia relative to North America is located near Sakhalin, in accordance with evidence from Siberia and Sakhalin. 相似文献
16.
Fiona Simpson 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2002,203(1):535-547
It has been hypothesised that seismic and electrical anisotropy at the base of the lithosphere are caused by strain-induced lattice-preferred orientation (LPO) of olivine [100] axes parallel to present-day plate motion. This would imply that seismic and electrical anisotropy observations can provide geodynamicists with fundamental information for characterising mantle flow. The qualitative agreement between the fast direction of SV-waves and direction of maximum electrical conductance modelled deeper than 150 km below the North Central craton of Australia appear to support a common alignment mechanism, and the observed, anisotropic electrical conductances can be generated by hydrogen diffusivity in a water-poor (<1000 ppm H/Si) olivine mantle. A quantitative test is proposed for the hypothesis that electrical anisotropy is generated by anisotropic hydrogen diffusion rates (D) in olivine. Electrical anisotropy factors are computed using random resistor network models assuming that D[100]≈20×D[010]≈40×D[001]. Electrical and seismic anisotropies calculated from olivine LPO angular distribution functions modelled for a range of shear strains under a simple shear deformation demonstrate that the intensity of olivine [100] alignments (and associated shear strains) that would be required to explain the electrical anisotropy in the mantle below central Australia are significantly greater than predicted by Rayleigh wave anisotropies. The poor agreement between the observed electrical anisotropies and the electrical anisotropies that would be predicted from the Rayleigh wave anisotropies indicates that either (i) electrical anisotropy in the upper mantle below central Australia is not generated by hydrogen diffusivity alone or (ii) the seismic anisotropy is underestimated. The orientation of the olivine [100] axes maxima is inferred to be ∼30° rotated relative to the direction of present-day absolute plate motion (APM) that is determined relative to the hotspot reference frame (HS2-NUVEL1). Both the APM direction that is determined relative to a reference frame defined by requiring no-net rotation of the lithosphere (NNR-NUVEL1) and GPS-derived plate motion vectors fit the geophysical observations of upper mantle anisotropy better. This may support the contention that hotspots are not stationary relative to the deep mantle. 相似文献
17.
—We examine the possibility of seismic anisotropy in the asthenosphere due to present plate motion using SKS splitting results. The fast directions of anisotropy correlate weakly with the directions of the absolute plate motion (APM) for all APM models. Weak correlation indicates the possibility of asthenospheric anisotropy as well as frozen anisotropy in the lithosphere. Detection of strain rate dependence of anisotropy is helpful to further conclusion of the problem. The selection of reference frame is important to describe shear deformation in the asthenosphere beneath continent due to plate motion. The behavior of hot spots to the mesosphere, fixed or drifted by mantle return flow, is a key of the selection of the reference frame. For the NNR-NUVEL1 model, APM correlated anisotropy appears only at plate velocity faster than 1.4 cm/yr. It suggests the new possibility of the formation of asthenospheric anisotropy in addition to frozen anisotropy in the lithosphere. A critical plate velocity for the formation of anisotropy can be caused by the dislocation-diffusion transition as a function of strain rate on a deformation mechanism map of the upper mantle olivine. 相似文献