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1.
我们发展了一种模拟复杂地表下含裂缝介质地震波场的方法,这对于解释山地地区的地震资料具有重要意义。基于Coates-Schoenberg方法,把裂缝引入到有限差分法(FD)中,从而使包含裂缝的单元里的弹性介质就具有了局部的各向异性。为了模拟起伏的地表地形,我们借助于贴体网格,将笛卡尔坐标系的具有水平对称轴的横向各向同性介质(HTI)的弹性波方程和自由边界条件变换到曲线坐标系中,采用一种稳定的、显式的二阶精度的有限差分方法离散(曲线坐标系)HTI介质中的弹性波方程。数值实例充分地展现了在不规则地球表面的影响下裂缝介质中地震波传播的复杂性。合成地震记录和波场快照表明裂缝端点产生的散射波在地表处会受不规则地表地形的作用,再次被散射;同理,地表地形产生的散射波,经过裂缝端点时也会被再次散射,尤其是瑞利面波产生的散射波,因其能量很强,严重污染了地震记录,使得识别地下裂缝等产生的有效信息变得异常困难。这对山地地震勘探中资料的解释具有重要意义。  相似文献   

2.
本文以基于改进BISQ模型的二维双相各向同性介质一阶速度-应力方程为基础,推导出了曲线坐标系下对应的方程,然后采用低频散、低耗散的同位网格MacCormack有限差分法来离散方程,并采用紧致的单边MacCormack差分格式结合牵引力镜像法来施加自由地表边界条件,实现了地震波场数值模拟.曲线网格有限差分法采用贴体网格来描述自由表面,地表的网格线紧贴地形,避免了台阶近似造成的数值散射.数值模拟结果表明,在双相介质起伏自由地表和分界面处,各类波型复杂的反射透射规律可以清晰展现,曲线网格有限差分法可以精确地解决地震波在含起伏地表的双相各向同性介质中的传播问题.  相似文献   

3.
本文基于弹性波动方程,从其弱形式出发,利用Galerkin变分原理,通过对方程进行空间和时间上的离散,在空间域中引入预条件共轭梯度的逐元算法,在时间域中引入时间积分的交错网格预处理/多次校正算法,发展了弹性波模拟的Chebyshev谱元算法。针对均匀固体介质和具有倾斜分层的分区均匀固体介质模型,通过与有限差分算法结果相比较验证其精度的可信性,同时利用该算法模拟了弹性波在具有水平分层的任意起伏自由表面模型中的传播,并分析了其传播特点。研究表明,我们提出的交错网格预处理/多次校正算法的Chebyshev谱元算法,保留了有限元法的优势,并且采用了具有最优张量乘积技术的元到元的算法,能够处理带有起伏自由表面的复杂介质模型,它具有比有限元法收敛快,计算效率较高等优点,特别适合于复杂结构和复杂介质中的弹性波传播的数值模拟。  相似文献   

4.
旋转轴对称介质中的qP波射线追踪   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
本文使用qP波一阶射线追踪方程(FORT)计算光滑、非均匀旋转轴对称弱各向异性介质中qP波传播的路径和走时.此FORT方程只依赖于15个弱各向异性参数,而非标准射线方程中的21个弹性参数.通常弹性参数模型是在局部坐标系中给定的,而在实际中需要的是全局坐标系下的弹性参数,因此为了解决两个坐标系下弹,性参数的变换问题,本文...  相似文献   

5.
双相各向异性介质中弹性波传播伪谱法数值模拟研究   总被引:22,自引:4,他引:18       下载免费PDF全文
刘洋  李承楚 《地震学报》2000,22(2):132-138
当地下介质存在各向异性时,在观测坐标系下的弹性参数与自然坐标系下的弹性参数不一定相同.首先,根据势能密度和耗散能密度与坐标轴无关的原理,推导出了双相各向异性介质中观测坐标系下弹性参数与自然坐标系下弹性参数之间的关系;然后,从任意双相各向异性中弹性波波动方程出发,得出了该方程的伪谱法数值解法;最后,通过数值模拟,观测到了存在于双相各向异性介质中的4类波,即快纵波、慢纵波、快横波和慢横波.在双相各向异性介质中,SV波传播的波前面上仍然存在波面尖角,这些尖角在界面上要发生反射和透射.另外,数值模拟结果中可见转换慢纵波和慢纵波的转换波.   相似文献   

6.
为克服各向异性介质弹性波数值模拟中存在着计算量大和波场分离困难等局限,研究了声学近似的VTI介质和TTI介质一阶qP波数值模拟方法.首先对VTI介质弹性波方程进行声学近似,推导了VTI介质一阶qP波方程;然后基于精确的TTI介质频散关系,引入一个包含各向异性控制参数σ的新辅助波场,推导了稳定的TTI介质二阶耦合qP波波动方程,并通过引入波场的伪速度分量,推导了等价的一阶应力-速度形式.结合旋转交错网格有限差分(RSGFD)和基于最小二乘优化的有限差分(LS-FD)两种各具优势的方法,研究了最小二乘旋转交错网格有限差分(LS-RSGFD)方法,并用其数值求解VTI和TTI介质一阶qP波方程,然后通过构造其LS-RSGFD格式,实现了高精度的各向异性介质qP波波场数值模拟.数值模拟结果表明:TI介质一阶qP波方程能够准确地模拟各向异性介质中qP波的运动学特征,引入控制参数σ能够有效地减弱不稳定性问题,保证非均匀TTI介质中qP波场的稳定传播;利用优化的LS-RSGFD方法可以得到高精度的合成地震记录,同时还可以相对地提高计算效率.  相似文献   

7.
为克服各向异性弹性波动方程正演模拟的局限,本文研究了各向异性介质拟声波方程的交错网格有限差分数值解法.首先,从VTI介质胡克定律和qP-qSV波频散关系两种思路出发,通过声假设近似,给出了两种不同形式的VTI介质一阶拟声波方程,并通过引入波场的伪速度分量,推导了一种新的VTI介质一阶应力-速度方程,并通过旋转坐标系将其推广到TTI介质中;其次,构造了一阶拟声波方程的交错网格高阶有限差分格式,并推导了相应的PML边界条件;最后,对本文方法中固有的qSV人为干扰波的产生机制和压制方法进行了简单讨论.数值结果表明:3种一阶拟声波方程在运动学和动力学上是等价的,相对于各向异性弹性波正演模拟,其节省了内存,提高了计算效率;各向异性因素会影响反射波旅行时和振幅等波场特征,在后续的处理、反演和解释中不可忽略;VTI介质HESS模型的逆时偏移结果也验证了本文方法的合理性.   相似文献   

8.
分层坐标变换法起伏自由地表弹性波叠前逆时偏移   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0       下载免费PDF全文
传统有限差分方法在处理起伏地表时存在一些困难,而坐标变换法可将起伏地表映射为水平地表以克服此缺点.但同时,地下构造被变换得更加复杂,导致了波传播和成像的不准确.本文提出了一种分层的坐标变换方法,并应用到了弹性波逆时偏移中,此方法既可以克服起伏地表的影响,又可以不破坏地下构造.波场正向延拓、逆时延拓和分离是在辅助坐标系下完成的,而成像是在笛卡尔坐标系下完成的.通过对简单起伏模型和中原起伏模型的试算证明了本文提出方法的准确性.同时,对两种极端起伏地层高程不准确的情况进行测试可以看出:分层坐标变换逆时偏移方法的成像效果远好于传统坐标变换方法.  相似文献   

9.
曲线坐标系程函方程的求解方法研究   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
笛卡尔坐标系中经典的程函方程在静校正、叠前偏移、走时反演、地震定位、层析成像等许多地球物理工作都有应用,然而用其计算起伏地表的地震波走时时却比较困难.我们通过把曲线坐标系中的矩形网格映射到笛卡尔坐标系的贴体网格推导出了曲线坐标中的程函方程,此时,曲线坐标系的程函方程呈现为各向异性的程函方程(尽管在笛卡尔坐标系中介质是各向同同性的).然后尝试用求解各向同性程函方程的快速推进法和Lax-Friedrichs快速扫描算法来分别求解该方程.数值试验表明未加考虑各向异性程函方程与各向同性程函方程的差别而把求解各向同性程函方程的快速推进法直接拓展到曲线坐标中的程函方程的做法是错误的,而Lax-Friedrichs快速扫描算法总能稳定地求解曲线坐标系的程函方程,进而有效地处理了地表起伏的情况,得到稳定准确的计算结果.  相似文献   

10.
采用曲线网格有限差分法描述复杂起伏地形(或不规则波阻抗界面)时,波场正演中可以避免因阶梯近似导致的虚假散射,进而波场逆时偏移可对起伏地表模型进行准确成像.文中以弹性波逆时偏移理论为基础,求解一阶速度-应力方程,推导出了弹性波正向传播和逆时传播的曲线网格差分格式,使用完全匹配吸收边界压制边界反射,采用互相关成像条件,实现了起伏层状介质中的波场逆时偏移.三层起伏、尖灭模型,以及起伏地表条件下的部分盐丘模型结果表明:曲线网格有限差分法逆时偏移法是一种高效、准确的逆时偏移法.  相似文献   

11.
New alternative formulations of exact boundary conditions for arbitrary three-dimensional (3D) free-surface topographies on seismic media have been derived. They are shown to be equivalent to previously published formulations, thereby verifying the validity of each set of formulations. The top of a curved grid represents the free-surface topography while the interior of the grid represents the physical medium. We assume the velocity–stress version of the viscoelastic wave equations to be valid in this grid before transforming the equations to a rectangular grid. In order to perform the numerical discretization we apply the latter version of the equations for seismic wave propagation simulation in the medium. The numerical discretization of the free-surface topography boundary conditions by second-order finite differences (FDs) is shown, as well as the spatially unconditional stability of the resulting system of equations. The FD order is increased by two for each point away from the free surface up to eight, which is the order used in the interior. We use staggered grids in both space and time and the second-order leap-frog and Crank– Nicholson methods for wavefield time propagation. An application using parameters typical of teleseismic earthquakes and explosions is presented using a 200 × 100 km2 area of real topography from southwestern Norway over a homogeneous medium. A dipping plane wave simulates a teleseismic P-wave incident on the surface topography. Results show conversion from P- to Rg- (short period fundamental mode Rayleigh) waves in the steepest and/or roughest topography, as well as attenuated waves in valleys and fjords. The codes are parallelized for simulation on fast supercomputers and PC-clusters to model high frequencies and/or large areas.  相似文献   

12.
We present a finite difference (FD) method for the simulation of seismic wave fields in fractured medium with an irregular (non-flat) free surface which is beneficial for interpreting exploration data acquired in mountainous regions. Fractures are introduced through the Coates-Schoenberg approach into the FD scheme which leads to local anisotropic properties of the media where fractures are embedded. To implement surface topography, we take advantage of the boundary-conforming grid and map a rectangular grid onto a curved one. We use a stable and explicit second-order accurate finite difference scheme to discretize the elastic wave equations (in a curvilinear coordinate system) in a 2D heterogeneous transversely isotropic medium with a horizontal axis of symmetry (HTI). Efficiency tests performed by different numerical experiments clearly illustrate the influence of an irregular free surface on seismic wave propagation in fractured media which may be significant to mountain seismic exploration. The tests also illustrate that the scattered waves induced by the tips of the fracture are re-scattered by the features of the free surface topography. The scattered waves provoked by the topography are re-scattered by the fractures, especially Rayleigh wave scattering whose amplitudes are much larger than others and making it very difficult to identify effective information from the fractures.  相似文献   

13.
Recently, an effective and powerful approach for simulating seismic wave propagation in elastic media with an irregular free surface was proposed. However, in previous studies, researchers used the periodic condition and/or sponge boundary condition to attenuate artificial reflections at boundaries of a computational domain. As demonstrated in many literatures, either the periodic condition or sponge boundary condition is simple but much less effective than the well‐known perfectly matched layer boundary condition. In view of this, we intend to introduce a perfectly matched layer to simulate seismic wavefields in unbounded models with an irregular free surface. We first incorporate a perfectly matched layer into wave equations formulated in a frequency domain in Cartesian coordinates. We then transform them back into a time domain through inverse Fourier transformation. Afterwards, we use a boundary‐conforming grid and map a rectangular grid onto a curved one, which allows us to transform the equations and free surface boundary conditions from Cartesian coordinates to curvilinear coordinates. As numerical examples show, if free surface boundary conditions are imposed at the top border of a model, then it should also be incorporated into the perfectly matched layer imposed at the top‐left and top‐ right corners of a 2D model where the free surface boundary conditions and perfectly matched layer encounter; otherwise, reflections will occur at the intersections of the free surface and the perfectly matched layer, which is confirmed in this paper. So, by replacing normal second derivatives in wave equations in curvilinear coordinates with free surface boundary conditions, we successfully implement the free surface boundary conditions into the perfectly matched layer at the top‐left and top‐right corners of a 2D model at the surface. A number of numerical examples show that the perfectly matched layer constructed in this study is effective in simulating wave propagation in unbounded media and the algorithm for implementation of the perfectly matched layer and free surface boundary conditions is stable for long‐time wavefield simulation on models with an irregular free surface.  相似文献   

14.
In this paper, we deduced the corresponding first-order velocity–stress equation for curvilinear coordinates from the first-order velocity–stress equation based on the modified Biot/squirt model for a two-dimensional two-phase medium. The equations are then numerically solved by an optimized high-order non-staggered finite difference scheme, that is, the dispersion relation preserving/optimization MacCormack scheme. To implement undulating free-surface topography, we derive an analytical relationship between the derivatives of the particle velocity components and use the compact finite-difference scheme plus a traction-image method. In the undulating free surface and the undulating subsurface interface of two-phase medium, the complex reflected wave and transmitted wave can be clearly recognized in the numerical simulation results. The simulation results show that the curvilinear-grid finite-difference method, which uses a body-conforming grid to describe the undulating surface, can accurately reduce the numerical scattering effect of seismic wave propagation caused by the use of ladder-shaped grid to fit the surfaces when undulating topography is present in a two-phase isotropic medium.  相似文献   

15.
复杂地表边界元-体积元波动方程数值模拟   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
复杂近地表引起来自深部构造的地震反射信号振幅和相位的异常变化,是影响复杂近地表地区地震资料品质的主要原因.本文采用边界元-体积元方法,通过求解含复杂地表的波动积分方程,来模拟地震波在复杂近地表构造中的传播.其中,边界元法模拟地形起伏和表层地质结构对地震波传播的影响;体积元法模拟起伏地表下非均质低降速层的影响.与其他数值...  相似文献   

16.
We have pursued two-dimensional (2D) finite-difference (FD) modelling of seismic scattering from free-surface topography. Exact free-surface boundary conditions for the particle velocities have been derived for arbitrary 2D topographies. The boundary conditions are combined with a velocity–stress formulation of the full viscoelastic wave equations. A curved grid represents the physical medium and its upper boundary represents the free-surface topography. The wave equations are numerically discretized by an eighth-order FD method on a staggered grid in space, and a leap-frog technique and the Crank–Nicholson method in time.
In order to demonstrate the capabilities of the surface topography modelling technique, we simulate incident point sources with a sinusoidal topography in seismic media of increasing complexities. We present results using parameters typical of exploration surveys with topography and heterogeneous media. Topography on homogeneous media is shown to generate significant scattering. We show additional effects of layering in the medium, with and without randomization, using a von Kármán realization of apparent anisotropy. Synthetic snapshots and seismograms indicate that prominent surface topography can cause back-scattering, wave conversions and complex wave patterns which are usually discussed in terms of inter-crust heterogeneities.  相似文献   

17.
New formulations of boundary conditions at an arbitrary two-dimensional (2D) free-surface topography are derived. The top of a curved grid represents the free-surface topography while the grid's interior represents the physical medium. The velocity–stress version of the viscoelastic wave equations is assumed to be valid in this grid. However, the rectangular grid version attained by grid transformation is used to model wave propagation in this work in order to achieve the numerical discretization. We show the detailed solution of the particle velocities at the free surface resulting from discretizing the boundary conditions by second-order finite-differences (FDs). The resulting system of equations is spatially unconditionally stable. The FD order is gradually increased with depth up to eighth order inside the medium. Staggered grids are used in both space and time, and the second-order leap-frog and Crank–Nicholson methods are used for time-stepping. We simulate point sources at the surface of a homogeneous medium with a plane free surface containing a hill and a trench. Applying parameters representing exploration surveys, we present examples with a randomly realized surface topography generated by a 1D von Kármán function of order 1. Viscoelastic simulations are presented using this surface with a homogeneous medium and with a layered, randomized medium realization, all generating significant scattering.  相似文献   

18.
During seismic wave propagation on a free surface, a strong material contrast boundary develops in response to interference by P- and S- waves to create a surfacewave phenomenon. To accurately determine the effects of this interface on surface-wave propagation, the boundary conditions must be accurately modeled. In this paper, we present a numerical approach based on the dynamic poroelasticity for a space–time-domain staggeredgrid finite-difference simulation in porous media that contain a free-surface boundary. We propose a generalized stess mirror formulation of the free-surface boundary for solids and fluids in porous media for the grid mesh on which lays the free-surface plane. Its analog is that used for elastic media, which is suitable for precise and stable Rayleigh-type surface-wave modeling. The results of our analysis of first kind of Rayleigh (R1) waves obtained by this model demonstrate that the discretization of the mesh in a similar way to that for elastic media can realize stable numerical solutions with acceptable precision. We present numerical examples demonstrating the efficiency and accuracy of our proposed method.  相似文献   

19.
高精度频率域弹性波方程有限差分方法及波场模拟   总被引:14,自引:4,他引:14       下载免费PDF全文
有限差分方法是波场数值模拟的一个重要方法,但常规的有限差分法本身存在着数值频散问题,会降低波场模拟的精度与分辨率,为了克服常规差分算子的数值频散,本文采用25点优化差分算子,再根据最优化理论求取的优化系数,建立了频率空间域中弹性波波动方程的差分格式;为了消除边界反射,引入最佳匹配层,构造了各向同性介质中弹性波方程在不同边界和角点处的边界条件. 最后由弹性波波动方程和边界条件,通过频率域有限差分法,分别利用不同震源对弹性波在均匀各向同性介质、层状介质及凹陷模型中的传播过程进行了数值正演模拟,得到了单频波波场、时间切片和共炮点道集,为下一步的研究工作(如成像、反演)提供了研究基础.  相似文献   

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