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1.
河流是连接大陆和海洋两大碳库的桥梁,在全球碳循环中的作用举足轻重.金沙江作为长江的上游段,对区域碳循环及区域化学风化的影响非常重要.于2015年8月8-18日对金沙江下游水-气界面CO_2与CH_4通量特征进行监测与分析.采用顶空平衡法结合薄边界层模型估算法计算表层水体CO_2与CH_4的分压以及水-气界面的交换通量,并分析环境变量与其之间的相关性.研究发现,金沙江下游表层水体p(CO_2)平均值为2724.84±477.18μatm,表层水体p(CH_4)平均值为59.96±6.74μatm;水-气界面CO_2通量平均值为2.24±0.50 mmol/(m2·h),CH_4通量平均值为0.000163±0.00009 mmol/(m2·h),通量与分压趋势基本保持一致.表层水体p(CO_2)与溶解性无机碳浓度、碱度均呈显著正相关,而p(CH_4)与水温、叶绿素a浓度均呈显著正相关,CO_2通量与p(CO_2)、溶解性无机碳浓度、碱度均呈正相关,CH_4通量与p(CH_4)、风速均呈正相关,其他环境因素对通量的影响不明显,仍需进一步研究.金沙江下游水-气界面CH_4扩散通量较低,而CO_2扩散通量在世界主要河流中属于中等水平. 相似文献
2.
江西柘林水库是长江中游的大型峡谷型旅游性水库,库容79.2×10~8m~3,长115 km.2015年4月在56 km的中心库区走航和定点测量了水库表层水体浮游藻类、叶绿素a(Chl.a)浓度与溶解无机氮(DIN)浓度、溶解无机磷(DIP)浓度、溶解硅(DSi)浓度、水温、浊度和溶解氧浓度等环境因子的分布特征.结果表明:1)水库属于中营养水体,表层主要浮游藻类(细胞丰度1000 cells/L)有34种,平均生物量为0.41 mg/L.主要优势藻类(优势度≥0.02)为硅藻和蓝藻,藻类组成与DIN浓度、DIP浓度、DSi浓度和水温等环境因子关系密切,4种因子对藻类结构的解释水平达60%以上.2)水库水体Chl.a浓度具有显著的次表层叶绿素最大值(SCM)现象,SCM层深度为3~8 m,厚度为2~7 m,SCM层占整个水体的25.2%~74.1%.SCM层的藻类对营养盐吸收消耗致使DIN、DIP和DSi浓度下降,同时藻类的产氧使溶解氧浓度增加.3)水库对DSi具有显著的生物过滤器效应,中、上层约有11%~12%的DSi被生物吸收利用,从上游至下游,累积约有21%的DSi被藻类吸收沉降于库底.4)人类氮、磷排放对水库生态和水质有严重影响,毗邻县城区域水体的Chl.a和DIP浓度分别是自然河段的2.9倍和3倍左右. 相似文献
3.
珠江流域东江干流浮游植物叶绿素a时空分布及与环境因子的关系 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
为了解珠江流域东江干流水体叶绿素a的时空分布及与环境因子的关系,于2012年6月(丰水期)和12月(枯水期)对东江干流进行采样调查分析.结果表明,东江水体叶绿素a含量具有明显的时空分布特征,其全年变化范围为0.84~14.93μg/L,整体均值为3.60±2.45μg/L,丰水期叶绿素a含量显著高于枯水期;而丰、枯水期叶绿素a含量空间分布特征相似,上游河段显著低于下游河段.相关性与主成分分析结果显示,水体中总氮浓度、总磷浓度、有机物含量、水温和水流流速等都是影响东江浮游植物生长的重要因素,其中以总磷的影响最为显著,表明磷可能是东江浮游植物生长的限制因子. 相似文献
4.
河流及水库等水生态系统中的溶解性无机碳(DIC)是全球碳循环与大气、陆地和海洋之间碳相互作用的重要组成部分.以澜沧江云南段上游天然河段及下游梯级水库群形成的连续体为研究对象,分析了河库连续体表层水体中水化学特征、溶解性无机碳浓度及其碳同位素时空分布特征.研究结果表明:河库连续体水体中溶解无机碳(DIC)及其同位素(δ13 C DIC)组成特征总体表现为:DIC浓度丰水期较低,枯水期较高,平均值分别为2.59±0.44和3.30±0.37 mmol/L;δ13 C DIC值丰水期偏负、枯水期偏正,平均值分别为-8.52‰±0.38‰和-6.95‰±0.53‰,与自然河流的季节变化特征相似.水体DIC来源主要包括土壤及水体有机质分解生成的CO 2、碳酸盐风化和水气界面CO 2的交换过程.澜沧江河库连续体中DIC浓度及δ13 C DIC组成的时空异质性特征与流域岩性、土壤生物地球化学过程以及微生物活动强度等均有较大关系.当前,澜沧江梯级水库群建库时间短,梯级联合运行下调度复杂,水文条件多变,梯级水库对河流重要生源要素——碳累积影响方面的“水库效应”还不明显. 相似文献
5.
为探究引黄水源水库——门楼水库平水期和丰水期有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)的组成特征、来源及差异,运用紫外—可见光谱技术(UV-vis)和三维荧光光谱(EEMs)技术,结合平行因子分析法(PARAFAC)分析2022年5月(平水期)和2022年7月(丰水期)有色可溶性有机物含量及组分变化。研究结果表明:PARAFAC识别出2类荧光组分,分别是C1(Ex=355 nm,Em=476 nm,类腐殖质组分)和组分C2(Ex=225 nm,Em=320 nm,类蛋白组分);丰水期CDOM组分荧光强度显著高于平水期。CDOM光谱参数表明,门楼水库水体处于中营养状态,水体CDOM受新生内源和外源输入共同影响,以自生源为主;水库CDOM具有相对分子量小、腐殖化程度较弱的特点。丰水期水库富营养化水平和CDOM相对浓度低于平水期;丰水期CDOM疏水性组分比例和芳香化程度高于平水期。水质理化指标、CDOM组分和光谱参数相关性分析结果表明SUVA260和SUVA280与DOC呈显著负相关,说明紫外—可见光谱参数在一定程度上可以用来估算DOC的浓度;Chl.a浓度作为... 相似文献
6.
化学需氧量(COD)、五日生化需氧量(BOD_5)及溶解性有机碳(DOC)是指示湖泊水质的重要指标,然而上述指标测定通常耗费大量时间、试剂及人力物力且排放大量有害废液.有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)是溶解性有机物(DOM)中可以强烈吸收光谱中的紫外光和可见光的部分,数据测定耗时短、方便快捷,且样品处理过程环境友好,能在很大程度上反映湖泊水质.本研究基于2016年2、5和8月在太湖均匀布设的32个采样点进行样品采集,运用光谱吸收与三维荧光-平行因子分析(EEMs-PARAFAC)探究太湖CDOM的光谱吸收和荧光组分,探讨CDOM光谱指标对湖泊BOD_5、COD及DOC浓度等湖泊环境质量指标的可替代性.结果表明:(1)运用EEMs-PARAFAC方法解析出3种荧光组分:类腐殖酸C1、类酪氨酸C2和类色氨酸C3.(2) COD和BOD_5和DOC在空间上呈现出相似的分布趋势,不同水期的最高值均出现在竺山湾和梅梁湾,由西北湖区至中部敞水区、东南湖湾递减.(3)在不同水期,COD、BOD_5、DOC浓度和C1组分均表现为丰水期极显著大于枯水期和平水期,a_(254)在丰、平、枯水期间无显著性差异,最大值出现在丰水期;C2与C3组分均在枯水期和平水期极显著大于丰水期.(4)在不同水文时期,COD、BOD_5和DOC浓度均与a_(254)、类腐殖酸C1呈显著正相关,丰水期太湖COD、BOD_5和DOC浓度与CDOM光谱指标的线性相关性要优于枯水期和平水期.(5) CDOM光谱指标在不同水文时期均能很好地替代COD、BOD_5和DOC等作为反映太湖水体中有机物污染程度及湖泊水质的指标. 相似文献
7.
为揭示岩溶湿地表层水体二氧化碳分压(pCO2)的时空分布规律及其扩散通量,以我国最大的岩溶湿地贵州威宁草海为研究对象,分别于2019年7月(丰水期)和12月(枯水期)通过网格布点法,系统采集草海表层湿地水体,测定水样理化指标和离子组成,利用PHREEQCI软件计算水体pCO2,并基于Cole提出的气体扩散模型估算水-气界面二氧化碳(CO2)的扩散通量.结果表明:草海湿地表层水体丰水期pCO2的变化范围为0.44~645.65μatm,平均值为(55.94±124.73)μatm;枯水期变化范围为35.48~707.95μatm,平均值为(310.46±173.54)μatm;丰水期水体整体pCO2低于枯水期,空间上两期水体均呈现东部区域及河流入湖口处pCO2较高,而中西部区域pCO2欠饱和的特征.水-气界面CO2的扩散通量在丰水期变化范围为-43.27~27.16 mmol/(m2·d),平均值(-34.49±12.93)mmol/(m2·d),枯水期变化范围为-33.36~28.15 mmol/(m2·d),平均值(-8.02±15.85)mmol/(m2·d),与其他岩溶湖库相比,水生植物丰富的草海在两个极端水文期CO2扩散通量相对较低,总体表现为大气CO2的汇. 相似文献
8.
土地利用方式影响下的赣江硝态氮浓度和氮稳定同位素分布特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
赣江硝态氮(NO-3-N)是鄱阳湖氮素输入的主要来源,查明赣江NO-3-N来源对鄱阳湖的富营养化防治具有重要意义.基于2013年1月和6月对赣江干流和主要支流NO-3-N浓度和δ15N-NO-3的测定,通过不同空间尺度和土地类型等级划分,分析土地利用方式影响下的赣江NO-3-N浓度和δ15N-NO-3分布特征.结果表明,赣江枯水期和丰水期NO-3-N浓度分别为0.52~4.58 mg/L和0.81~2.60 mg/L,均值没有显著性差异;枯水期和丰水期的δ15N-NO-3范围分别为-1.31‰~8.60‰和2.49‰~8.51‰,枯水期均值显著小于丰水期.较大空间尺度的土地利用类型与NO-3-N浓度和δ15N-NO-3有更显著的相关性.赣江NO-3-N浓度、δ15N-NO-3与水田、居民建设用地和水域呈显著正相关,与林地、草地呈显著负相关,这种相关性在丰水期减弱.与一级土地利用分类相比,二级土地利用分类能更好地体现土地利用类型与NO-3-N浓度的相关性,但对土地利用类型与δ15N-NO-3的相关性没有显著提高.农业用地,特别是丘陵水田和平原旱地,是赣江NO-3-N主要的污染来源;与长江流域其它地区相比,赣江流域NO-3-N的生活污水来源比例较小. 相似文献
9.
为研究河流溶解性CO_2(二氧化碳)对城镇化的响应,于2018年8月对三峡库区3条具有不同城镇化强度的河流——汝溪河、南河和桃花溪进行野外在线监测及取样分析,测定了样品有机质(溶解性有机碳DOC)、营养元素(溶解性总氮DTN、溶解性总磷DTP);利用Arc GIS解译各流域的土地利用组成,并利用碳酸盐平衡方程,通过p H、Alk(碱度)、水温计算不同城镇化梯度河流的p CO_2(CO_2分压).结果表明:建设用地占比从低到高依次为:汝溪河南河桃花溪,河流p CO_2依次为1790±1210、2006±3546、4094±4218μatm,与河流的城镇化梯度变化一致,河流水-气界面呈现为CO2源;DOC、DTN浓度、Alk、电导率在各河流间呈现显著性差异.DOC、DTN、DTP浓度和Alk的变化规律与河流的城镇化梯度一致.研究发现城镇化进程增加水体的p CO_2,引起区域城镇扩张进程中河流CO_2释放通量的增加,结论支持强人为活动影响增加河流碳释放的假设. 相似文献
10.
亚热带河口区水库DOC和DIC浓度时空变化特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
沿海水库汇聚并埋藏着大量的碳,是全球碳循环的重要区域.水体溶解有机碳(DOC)和溶解无机碳(DIC)的生物地球化学行为是水库碳循环研究的重要组成部分,对其系统生物过程和生态环境变化具有重要的影响.为了解亚热带河口区文武砂水库表层水体DOC和DIC的时空分布特征,本研究于2018年11月、2019年3月和6月分别对库区表层水进行多空间点位采样分析.结果表明,研究期间,文武砂水库表层水体DOC和DIC浓度变化范围分别介于0.10～21.13和0.38～34.94 mg/L,其均值分别为(4.09±0.18)和(15.83±0.24) mg/L,最大值分别出现在夏季和秋季;空间分布趋势,整体表现为北库区南库区,且由库区周边的浅水区向库区中心的深水区域呈现出递减的趋势;浮游植物光合作用强度是影响库区DOC和DIC浓度的季节变化的重要因素,而外源污染输入强度是引起库区DOC和DIC浓度空间变化的重要因素.本文结果扩展对水库碳循环的认知,对提高水库水质也提供了有益参考. 相似文献
11.
A. V. Pavlov 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1988,127(2-3):529-544
Theoretical and experimental aspects of the production, transformation, diffusion and loss of N2 in the upper atmosphere are considered. The N2-CO2 near-resonant system in theD andE regions is taken into account. We describe our understanding of the methods necessary to find the vibrational populations of N2 and CO2 (asymmetric mode of CO2). The calculations of the vibrational temperatures in theD, E, andF regions for the mid-latitude ionosphere and an aurora are presented. The connection between the excited species and the 4.26-m radiation intensities is considered. The models for the rate coefficient of the reaction of O+ with N2 and the electron density decrease resulting from N2 in the F region are discussed. 相似文献
12.
Ying-Ya Hsu Tung-Li Hsiung H. Paul Wang Yasuhiro Fukushima Yu-Ling Wei Juu-En Chang 《Marine pollution bulletin》2008,57(6-12):873
The nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanotube (N-TNT) thin films were synthesized using ZnO nanorods as the template and doped with urea at 623 K. Under ultraviolet (UV) and visible light irradiation, the efficiencies for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue is as high as 30%. About 10% of toluene (representing aromatics in the spill oils) in sea water can be photocatalytically degraded under visible light radiation for 120 min. The aliphatic model compound (1-hexadecene) has, on the contrary, a less efficiency (8%) on the N-TNT photocatalyst. On the average, under visible light radiation, the effectnesses of the N-TNT for photocatalytic degradation of model compounds in the spill oils in sea water are 0.38 mg toluene/gN-TNT h and 0.25 mg 1-hexadecene/gN-TNT h. It is expected that spill oils in the harbors or seashores can be adsorbed and photocatalytically degraded on the N-TNT thin films that are coated onto levee at the sea water surface level. 相似文献
13.
A numerical simulation was conducted to predict the change of pCO2 in the ocean caused by CO2 leaked from an underground aquifer, in which CO2 is purposefully stored. The target space of the present model was the ocean above the seafloor. The behavior of CO2 bubbles, their dissolution, and the advection-diffusion of dissolved CO2 were numerically simulated. Here, two cases for the leakage rate were studied: an extreme case, 94,600 t/y, which assumed that a large fault accidentally connects the CO2 reservoir and the seafloor; and a reasonable case, 3800 t/y, based on the seepage rate of an existing EOR site. In the extreme case, the calculated increase in ΔpCO2 experienced by floating organisms was less than 300 ppm, while that for immobile organisms directly over the fault surface periodically exceeded 1000 ppm, if momentarily. In the reasonable case, the calculated ΔpCO2 and pH were within the range of natural fluctuation. 相似文献
14.
三峡水库澎溪河消落区土-气界面CO2和CH4通量初探 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
水库近岸湿地(消落区)温室气体(CO2、CH4)产汇是水库温室气体效应问题的重要组成部分.本文以三峡水库支流澎溪河的白家溪、养鹿两处大面积消落区为研究对象,于2010年6 9月水库低水位运行期间,对近岸消落区土-气界面CO2、CH4通量进行监测.白家溪消落区土-气界面CO2通量均值为12.38±2.42 mmol/(m2·h);CH4通量均值为0.0112±0.0064 mmol/(m2·h).养鹿消落区CO2、CH4通量均值分别为10.54±5.17、0.14±0.16 mmol/(m2·h).总体上,6 9月土-气界面CO2通量呈增加趋势,而CH4通量水平呈现显著的递减趋势.消落区土地出露后植被恢复,在一定程度上促进了土壤有机质含量的增加,使得6 9月CO2释放通量的总体趋势有所增加.消落区退耕后,其甲烷氧化菌的活性得到恢复,加之在土地出露曝晒过程中土壤透气性增强,使得消落区土壤对大气中CH4吸收氧化潜势增强.尽管如此,仍需进一步的研究以明晰消落区土-气界面CO2、CH4产汇的主要影响因素. 相似文献
15.
M. L. Carapezza B. Badalamenti L. Cavarra A. Scalzo 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2003,123(1-2):81
The northwestern flank of the Colli Albani, a Quaternary volcanic complex near Rome, is characterised by high pCO2 values and Rn activities in the groundwater and by the presence of zones with strong emission of gas from the soil. The most significant of these zones is Cava dei Selci where many houses are located very near to the gas emission site. The emitted gas consists mainly of CO2 (up to 98 vol%) with an appreciable content of H2S (0.8–2%). The He and C isotopic composition indicates, as for all fluids associated with the Quaternary Roman and Tuscany volcanic provinces, the presence of an upper mantle component contaminated by crustal fluids associated with subducted sediments and carbonates. An advective CO2 flux of 37 tons/day has been estimated from the gas bubbles rising to the surface in a small drainage ditch and through a stagnant water pool, present in the rainy season in a topographically low central part of the area. A CO2 soil flux survey with an accumulation chamber, carried out in February–March 2000 over a 12 000 m2 surface with 242 measurement points, gave a total (mostly conductive) flux of 61 tons/day. CO2 soil flux values vary by four orders of magnitude over a 160-m distance and by one order of magnitude over several metres. A fixed network of 114 points over 6350 m2 has been installed in order to investigate temporal flux variations. Six surveys carried out from May 2000 to June 2001 have shown large variations of the total CO2 soil flux (8–25 tons/day). The strong emission of CO2 and H2S, which are gases denser than air, produces dangerous accumulations in low areas which have caused a series of lethal accidents to animals and one to a man. The gas hazard near the houses has been assessed by continuously monitoring the CO2 and H2S concentration in the air at 75 cm from the ground by means of two automatic stations. Certain environmental parameters (wind direction and speed; atm P, T, humidity and rainfall) were also continuously recorded. At both stations, H2S and CO2 exceeded by several times the recommended concentration thresholds. The highest CO2 and H2S values were recorded always with wind speeds less than 1.5 m/s, mostly in the night hours. Our results indicate that there is a severe gas hazard for people living near the gas emission site of Cava dei Selci, and appropriate precautionary and prevention measures have been recommended both to residents and local authorities. 相似文献
16.
以三峡水库香溪河库湾为研究对象,采用原位加密采样(2021年5月)和室内培养方法,结合沉积物特性与水环境因子分析,探讨了香溪河库湾沉积物甲烷(CH4)释放潜力、沉积物-水界面CH4产生和氧化通量空间分布规律及其影响因素。结果表明:三峡水库泄水期间,香溪河库湾沉积物CH4释放潜力的变化范围是6.35-2029.37 mg/(kg·d),沉积物-水界面CH4产生通量和氧化通量的变化范围分别为0.04～0.73、0.03～0.62 mmol/(m2·d);空间上,沉积物CH4释放潜力、沉积物-水界面CH4产生及氧化通量在香溪河库湾和各典型横切面(XX02、XX05和XX06)间表现出空间差异性,主要受水深、TOC和温度的影响。垂向上,CH4产生速率随沉积物深度的增加而减小,表层20 cm沉积物CH4释放潜力占整柱沉积物的70%,可以用于估算库湾沉积物CH4释放潜力。此外,沉积... 相似文献
17.
Estimation of Maximum Earthquakes in Northeast India 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
We attempt to estimate possible maximum earthquakes in the northeast Indian region for four seismic source zones, namely EHZ,
MBZ, EBZ, and SHZ, which encapsulates the various seismogenic structures of the region and also for combined source zones
taken as a single seismic source regime. The latter case exhibits a high maximum earthquake estimate of MW 9.4 (±0.85) through Bayesian interpretation of frequency magnitude distribution with Gamma function implicating a moderate
deviation from the standard Gutenberg Richter model at the higher magnitudes. However, tapering Gutenberg Richter models with
corner magnitudes at MW 8.01, 8.7 and 9.1, respectively indicated maximum values corresponding to MW 8.4, 9.0, and 9.3. The former approach was applied to each of the source zones wherein the data are presented in parts according
to the data completeness, thereof. EHZ, MBZ, EBZ and SHZ are seen with maximum earthquakes of MW 8.35 (±0.59), 8.79 (±0.31), 8.20 (±0.50), and 8.73 (±0.70), respectively. The maximum possible earthquakes estimated for
each individual zone are seen to be lower than that estimated for the single regime. However, the pertaining return periods
estimated for the combined zone are far less than those estimated for the demarcated ones. 相似文献
18.
Hiroshi Ishida Lars G. Golmen Julia West Martin Krüger Patricia Coombs John Arthur Berge Tastuo Fukuhara Michimasa Magi Jun Kita 《Marine pollution bulletin》2013
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) methods, either sub-seabed or in ocean depths, introduces risk of CO2 leakage and subsequent interaction with the ecosystem. It is therefore important to obtain information on possible effects of CO2. In situ CO2 exposure experiments were carried out twice for 10 days during 2005 using a Benthic Chamber system at 400 m depth in Storfjorden, Norway. pCO2 in the water above the sediment in the chambers was controlled at approximately 500, 5000 and 20,000 μatm, respectively. This article describes the experiment and the results from measured the biological responses within the chamber sediments. The results show effects of elevated CO2 concentrations on biological processes such as increased nanobenthos density. Methane production and sulphate reduction was enhanced in the approximately 5000 μatm chamber. 相似文献
19.
Expeditions during the summers of 2002 and 2003 implemented continuous monitoring of near-surface (2 m height) atmospheric
CO2 and H2O concentrations at the 4500 m elevation on Muztagata. The resultant data sets reveal a slight decrease of CO2 concentrations (of about 5 μmol·mol-1) and changes in the diurnal variations from the end of June to the middle August. The daily maximum CO2 concentrations occur between 02:30-05:30 AM (local time) and the minimum levels occur between 12:00-15:30 PM. The atmospheric
CO2 concentrations in the summer of 2002 were around 5 μmol·mol-1 lower than those during the same period of 2003, whereas the diurnal amplitude was higher. In contrast, we found that the
daily mean atmospheric H2O content in 2003 was much lower than that in 2002 and there exists a striking negative correlation between CO2 and H2O concentrations. We therefore suggest that the near-surface atmospheric CO2 concentration is affected not only by photosynthesis and respiration, but also by the air H2O content in the glaciated region around Muztagata. 相似文献
20.
Edoardo Daly A. Christopher Oishi Amilcare Porporato Gabriel G. Katul 《Advances in water resources》2008
Near-surface soil CO2 gas-phase concentration (C) and concomitant incident rainfall (Pi) and through-fall (Pt) depths were collected at different locations in a temperate pine forest every 30 min during the 2005 and 2006 growing seasons (and then averaged to the daily timescale). At the daily scale, C temporal variations were well described by a sequence of monotonically decreasing functions interrupted by large positive jumps induced by rainfall events. A stochastic model was developed to link rainfall statistics responsible for these jumps to near-surface C dynamics. The model accounted for the effect of daily rainfall variability, both in terms of timing and amount of water, and permitted an analytical derivation of the C probability density function (pdf) using the parameters of the rainfall pdf. Given the observed positive correlation between daily C and soil CO2 fluxes to the atmosphere (Fs), the effects of various rainfall regimes on the statistics of Fs can be deduced from the behavior of C under different climatic conditions. The predictions from this analytical model are consistent with flux measurements reported in manipulative experiments that varied rainfall amount and frequency. 相似文献