共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 234 毫秒
1.
太湖上游低山丘陵地区不同用地类型氮、磷收支平衡特征 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
不同用地类型的土壤氮、磷收支平衡决定了氮、磷在土壤的富集,进一步影响氮、磷的流失强度,分析该过程有助于揭示不同用地类型对区域的环境效应.以位于太湖上游低山丘陵地区的天目湖流域为研究区,采用农户调查问卷、土壤和植被生物量实验分析、文献调研和氮、磷表观平衡模型的方法,选择研究区的茶园、水田、马尾松林和竹林四种典型用地类型,系统分析了氮、磷的输入要素,包括肥料输入、大气沉降、秸秆返田/枯枝落叶、生物固氮、人畜排泄物返田,以及输出要素,包括植物生长吸收、氨挥发、反硝化,并比较不同用地类型氮、磷收支特征.在此基础上进一步与土壤表层氮、磷含量比较,揭示太湖流域上游丘陵山区主要用地类型的水环境效应.研究结果显示:土壤氮、磷盈余量大小顺序为茶园 > 水田 > 马尾松林 > 竹林,分别是648.6、248.9、115.5、53.6 kgN/(hm2·a)和319.9、29.7、1.2和-3.4 kgP/(hm2·a);氮、磷利用效率以竹林最高,茶园的氮、磷利用效率均最低,仅为15.0%和3.1%;土壤氮盈余量与表层氮含量未能呈现出一致的关系,土壤磷盈余量与表层磷含量比较类似,并由此得出竹林比马尾松林更有利于水环境保护,而茶园对水环境的不利影响超过水田. 相似文献
2.
白洋淀是雄安新区的核心生态功能区,近几十年来面临水源不足、湿地萎缩等生态环境问题.选取白洋淀流域上游王快、西大洋及拒马河3个子流域开展河川径流演变研究,结合1969年以来18期白洋淀湿地遥感影像,揭示白洋淀流域河川径流驱动湿地演变的过程机制.结果表明：近60年来白洋淀流域山区径流量呈持续衰减趋势,从P1阶段（1961—1979年）至P3阶段（1997—2019年）,典型子流域年径流系数均值由0.29降至0.12,山区年径流总量由30.84×108 m3/a降至11.37×108 m3/a,降幅达63.1%,梯田修建、地下水开采等人类活动是导致径流衰减的主要原因;不同子流域产流和基流减少对径流衰减的贡献率存在差异,以变质岩为主的王快子流域径流衰减的主要原因是地表产流减少,碳酸盐岩分布较广的拒马河子流域径流衰减的主要原因是基流减少;白洋淀湿地面积变化受控于地表水位波动,近60年来白洋淀湿地退化的直接原因是入淀流量减少,根本原因是人类活动影响导致的山区径流衰减. 相似文献
3.
模拟暴雨条件下农田磷素迁移特征 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
开展三次重复人工暴雨试验,研究太湖流域平原河网区农田磷素在暴雨径流过程中的迁移输出特征,结果表明,地表径流是暴雨径流过程农田磷素迁移的主要途径,地表径流水相和侵蚀相磷素迁移量分别占总磷输出量的58.50%和34.69%;随壤中水流输移的磷素仅占总磷输出量的6.81%,磷素迁移以颗粒态为主,约占总磷输出量的60.73%,溶解态磷素以无机磷酸盐输出为主,溶解态磷素更易于在土壤中运动,地表径流与壤中流磷素输出特征对比分析显示,土壤对磷素具有较强的滤减作用,尤其对总颗粒态附着磷浓度的消减效果明显,可达80%以上,尽管暴雨径流过程中磷素迁移以地表径流为主,然而在降雨丰富的太湖地区,一般降雨条件下壤中流是产流的主要形式,同时壤中流溶解态磷流失占有较大的比例,对区域水环境恶化具有重要贡献,因此加强壤中流溶解态磷素输移和控制研究具有重要意义. 相似文献
4.
中国东南丘陵山区水质良好水库现状与天目湖保护实践 总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5
东南丘陵山区是我国水库分布最为集中的区域之一,这些水库在保障区域供水安全方面具有极其重要的作用,应该优先保护.然而,水库水环境保护正面临丘陵山区开发强度持续增加,开发方式和空间布局不合理,氮、磷污染及富营养化趋势严峻,缺乏完善监测和管理体系等众多问题.本文以2000年以来天目湖水库保护实践过程为例,从库体水环境治理、流域污染物削减和综合管理3个方面介绍天目湖沙河水库保护的措施和成效,在此基础上提出良好湖库优先保护的建议:建立具有部门协调能力的水库管理机构,实行基于湖库水生态目标的水质目标管理,治理丘陵山区茶果园的面源污染,注重流域生态系统整体的恢复,禁止上游水源涵养区和临湖地带的开发,划定生态保护红线,明确禁止和限制的开发类型与规模,加强湖库及流域的监测和预警,开展必要的水库水体治理工程,并针对性地制定湖库管理条例.天目湖十几年的保护实践中有效地解决了流域开发与水库水质保护之间的矛盾,使天目湖水质由快速恶化转为稳步好转,为东南丘陵山区经济发展过程中水库的环境保护探索了一条道路. 相似文献
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城镇化流域氮、磷污染特征及影响因素——以宁波北仑区小浃江为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
我国快速的城镇化过程造成了河流氮、磷等营养盐的污染和潜在的水体富营养化问题.对城镇流域水体氮、磷污染特征及其演变趋势的识别具有重要意义.本研究选取长三角典型城镇地区宁波市北仑区小浃江流域为研究对象，在流域内根据空间分布、土地利用类型、人类活动强度等情况布设样点，于2017年夏季和冬季采集水样，研究流域水体氮、磷污染的时空分布特征并分析其污染来源和评估其富营养化水平.结果表明：流域内铵态氮（NH4+-N）、；硝态氮（NO3--N）、亚硝态氮（NO2--N）、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）和叶绿素a（Chl.a）浓度范围分别为0.63~3.25 mg/L、0.52~3.75 mg/L、0.02~0.22 mg/L、1.61~12.86 mg/L、0.02~0.74 mg/L和0.6~60.57 μg/L.各个采样点氮、磷分布具有较大的空间异质性和季节变化规律.富营养化综合指数EI评估结果显示，整个流域富营养化程度属于贫至中营养级.氮、磷浓度与土地类型面积占比的Spearman相关性统计表明，100 m缓冲区建设用地面积占比与NH4+-N、NO2--N、TN、溶解氧（DO）浓度具有显著相关性，湿地面积占比与DO浓度呈显著正相关.汇水区域内林地面积占比与NH4+-N、NO2--N、TP、PO43--P、COD、Chl.a浓度呈显著负相关，与DO浓度呈显著正相关.相关性分析和冗余分析表明城镇化的面源污染及可能存在的点源污染是小浃江流域氮、磷污染的主要来源.因此，在小浃江流域100 m范围内，控制建设用地的规模和污染排放是减轻流域氮、磷污染的主要途径.在汇水区域内，增加林地植被的面积对减少氮、磷污染具有重要影响. 相似文献
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洱海流域低污染水类型、污染负荷及分布 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
为科学、合理地评估湖泊流域低污染水的类型及其污染负荷,以洱海流域为例,系统研究低污染水的概念及类型,确定了低污染水调查方法,并分析了洱海流域低污染水的来源、类型、产生量、污染物量和分布特征.结果表明,洱海流域低污染水主要包括污水处理厂处理尾水、城镇地表径流、农田排水(含村落地表径流)3种主要类型,产生量为20069×104m3/a.由低污染水带来的总氮(TN)负荷为1393 t/a,总磷(TP)负荷为77 t/a.从空间分布上看,洱海流域西部和北部片区低污染水TN、TP负荷比例最大,分别达到88%和87%,因此应主要针对西部和北部片区特点制定洱海流域低污染水控制措施. 相似文献
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根据1960-2000年间长江大通水文站记录的水、沙以及硅、氮、磷等数据,结合1954-2006年间长江流域库容大于108 m3的162座水库的库容、上游径流量、总磷等数据,利用Vollenweider模型分析了水库"过滤器效应"对入海溶解硅(DSi)通量的影响.结果表明:1)1990s相比1960s,长江入海DSi通量下降了约1.85×106 t/a,减少了大约25.3%;入海DSi通量的下降与流域径流波动、入海悬沙通量下降以及溶解无机氮通量的增加紧密相关.2)流域水库明显改变径流的自然过程,增加径流的滞留时间,流域90%以上的水库对上游径流的滞留时间超过0.05年,水库产生显著的DSi"生物过滤器"效应.模型计算显示流域大型水库对DSi的累计滞留量可达0.85×106 t/a,占年均入海DSi通量(1990-2000年)5.4×106 t的15.7%,是入海DSi通量减少量(1.85×106 t/a)的45.9%.3)根据保守估计,流域162座大型水库内泥沙累计淤积量达6.75×108 t/a,不仅使悬沙入海通量显著下降,而且造成大量颗粒吸附的外源和内源DSi颗粒沉淀,这对入海DSi通量减少也起到重要贡献.但目前对水库"泥沙过滤器"的滞留机理并不清楚,需要展开进一步的研究. 相似文献
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粤东五华河流域的化学风化与CO2吸收 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
基于对粤东五华河干流和支流水体的物理、化学组成测试数据,应用质量平衡法和相关分析法探讨湿热山地丘陵地区岩石化学风化过程对大气CO2的吸收.结果表明:五华河水体的总溶解性固体含量(77.11 mg/L)接近于世界河流的平均值(65 mg/L);离子组成以Ca2+、Na+和HCO3-为主,可溶性Si次之.五华河流域化学径流组成主要源自硅酸盐矿物化学风化过程的贡献,碳酸盐矿物的贡献较少;大气和土壤CO2是流域内岩石化学风化的主要侵蚀介质.与同一气候带其他河流相比较,五华河流域岩石化学风化过程对大气CO2的吸收通量(2.14×105mol/(km2·a))较低,这主要是由于流域内缺乏碳酸盐岩所导致. 相似文献
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引水等综合整治后杭州西湖氮、磷营养盐时空变化(1985-2013年) 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
经引水等综合整治后,西湖外湖、西里湖总磷(TP)浓度累计下降58%和78%,总氮(TN)浓度累计下降16.7%和7.7%,透明度提高100%~200%,富营养状态得到极大缓解.比较1986年治理前,西湖各湖区因来水、引水和排水格局差异较大,TP浓度的年内变化特点及驱动因素也存在较大差异:杨公堤以西的上游湖区因优质水源补充TP浓度总体较低,同时受流域降雨径流面源输入影响,呈现时段性升高;杨公堤和苏堤之间的中游湖区优质水源补充量最大,湖区水体更新最快,TP浓度最低且变化相对最为稳定;苏堤以东的外湖区水体更新相对最慢,在夏、秋高温季节因底泥污染释放,TP浓度出现峰值.因外来引水量大且未经脱氮处理,西湖各湖区TN年内变化基本与钱塘江取水口TN浓度变化一致,同时因流域降雨径流面源输入而出现时段性波动.基于TP质量平衡模型分析,各湖区水质空间差异主要受水体年交换次数影响,其次受单位水体的年污染负荷影响. 相似文献
11.
Many studies have defined the interrelationships between climate, forest disturbance, and runoff at small scales (<100 km2), but few have translated these relationships to large watersheds (>500 km2). In this study, we explore the relationship between climate, extreme forest fire seasons, mountain pine beetle (MPB) outbreaks, and runoff in eight large watersheds within the Fraser and Peace drainage basins in British Columbia (BC), Canada from 1981–2019. Using a climate index based on precipitation and air temperature anomalies, we find extreme forest fire seasons (those that burned >5% of a watershed's area) are most likely to occur when a warm/dry summer is preceded by multiple seasons of cool/wet conditions. Using the climate suitability class (CSC) model to explore the relationship between climate and MPB outbreaks, we validate previous findings that lower-than-average precipitation, warm growing season temperatures, and lack of extremely cold temperatures during winter are connected to MPB outbreaks within central BC. However, the CSC model needs improvements to accurately assess MPB suitability in northern watersheds that are located outside the model's calibration region, either through weighted variables or lower degree day thresholds. Minimal runoff response occurs from these forest disturbances, with the most prominent runoff change being related to the 2014 fire season in the Osilinka and Mesilinka watersheds. The limited effects of forest disturbance on annual runoff are likely related to large watershed sizes, low percentages of disturbed area in some study watersheds and post-MPB forest dynamics. These results provide valuable insight into the interrelationships of climate, forest disturbance and runoff in large Canadian boreal forested watersheds. 相似文献
12.
Lumped surface and sub‐surface runoff for erosion modeling within a small hilly watershed in northern Vietnam 
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下载免费PDF全文 Yen Tan Bui D. Orange S. M. Visser Chu Thai Hoanh M. Laissus A. Poortinga Duc Toan Tran L. Stroosnijder 《水文研究》2014,28(6):2961-2974
Developing models to predict on‐site soil erosion and off‐site sediment transport at the agricultural watershed scale represent an on‐going challenge in research today. This study attempts to simulate the daily discharge and sediment loss using a distributed model that combines surface and sub‐surface runoffs in a small hilly watershed (< 1 km2). The semi‐quantitative model, Predict and Localize Erosion and Runoff (PLER), integrates the Manning–Strickler equation to simulate runoff and the Griffith University Erosion System Template equation to simulate soil detachment, sediment storage and soil loss based on a map resolution of 30 m × 30 m and over a daily time interval. By using a basic input data set and only two calibration coefficients based, respectively, on water velocity and soil detachment, the PLER model is easily applicable to different agricultural scenarios. The results indicate appropriate model performance and a high correlation between measured and predicted data with both Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (Ef) and correlation coefficient (r2) having values > 0.9. With the simple input data needs, PLER model is a useful tool for daily runoff and soil erosion modeling in small hilly watersheds in humid tropical areas. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Few long-term studies have explored how intensively managed short rotation forest plantations interact with climate variability. We examine how prolonged severe drought and forest operations affect runoff in 11 experimental catchments on private corporate forest land near Nacimiento in south central Chile over the period 2008–2019. The catchments (7.7–414 ha) contain forest plantations of exotic fast-growing species (Pinus radiata, Eucalyptus spp.) at various stages of growth in a Mediterranean climate (mean long-term annual rainfall = 1381 mm). Since 2010, a drought, unprecedented in recent history, has reduced rainfall at Nacimiento by 20%, relative to the long-term mean. Pre-drought runoff ratios were <0.2 under 8-year-old Eucalyptus; >0.4 under 21-year-old Radiata pine and >0.8 where herbicide treatments had controlled vegetation for 2 years in 38% of the catchment area. Early in the study period, clearcutting of Radiata pine (85%–95% of catchment area) increased streamflow by 150 mm as compared with the year before harvest, while clearcutting and partial cuts of Eucalyptus did not increase streamflow. During 2008–2019, the combination of emerging drought and forestry treatments (replanting with Eucalyptus after clearcutting of Radiata pine and Eucalyptus) reduced streamflow by 400–500 mm, and regeneration of previously herbicide-treated vegetation combined with growth of Eucalyptus plantations reduced streamflow by 1125 mm (87% of mean annual precipitation 2010–2019). These results from one of the most comprehensive forest catchment studies in the world on private industrial forest land indicate that multiple decades of forest management have reduced deep soil moisture reservoirs. This effect has been exacerbated by drought and conversion from Radiata pine to Eucalyptus, apparently largely eliminating subsurface supply to streamflow. The findings reveal tradeoffs between wood production and water supply, provide lessons for adapting forest management to the projected future drier climate in Chile, and underscore the need for continued experimental work in managed forest plantations. 相似文献
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Effects of forest roads on the hydrological response of a small‐scale mountain watershed in Greece 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 The effects of land use changes on the ecology and hydrology of natural watersheds have long been debated. However, less attention has been given to the hydrological effects of forest roads. Although less studied, several researchers have claimed that streamflow changes related to forest roads can cause a persistent and pervasive effect on hillslope hydrology and the functioning of the channel system. The main potential direct effects of forest roads on natural watersheds hydrologic response are runoff production on roads surfaces due to reduced infiltration rates, interruption of subsurface flow by road cutslopes and rapid transfer of the produced runoff to the stream network through roadside ditches. The aforementioned effects may significantly modify the total volume and timing of the hillslope flow to the stream network. This study uses detailed field data, spatial data, hydro‐meteorological records, as well as numerical simulation to investigate the effects of forest roads on the hydrological response of a small‐scale mountain experimental watershed, which is situated in the east side of Penteli Mountain, Attica, Greece. The results of this study highlight the possible effects of forest roads on the watersheds hydrological response that may significantly influence direct runoff depths and peak flow rates. It is demonstrated that these effects can be very important in permeable watersheds and that more emphasis should be given on the impact of roads on the watersheds hydrological response. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Simultaneous field monitoring of runoff and suspended sediment loads from a 30 ha, artificially‐drained, mixed‐agricultural catchment in Herefordshire, UK indicates field drains are the dominant pathway for the transfer of runoff and sediment to the stream. Surface runoff pathways draining 6·2% of the catchment area transported around 1% of the catchment sediment load, while subsurface runoff in field drains draining 26·5% of the catchment transported around 24% of the sediment load. The explanations offered here for the dominance of drainflow—the spatial limitation of surface runoff generation and low hillslope‐stream connectivity of surface runoff compared with subsurface runoff—are also likely to apply to other artificially‐drained lowland agricultural catchments in the UK. These catchments are usually on poorly‐drained soils, and land management can have a considerable effect on the operation of runoff pathways and the transfer of sediment from hillslope to stream. As a result, subsurface inputs may also dominate sediment transfers in other underdrained catchments. The focus on sediment and pollutant losses via surface runoff pathways means that pollution inputs from subsurface, preferential pathways have been unfairly neglected, and it may be more important to focus on subsurface sediment and sediment‐associated pollution inputs for mitigation rather than inputs from surface pathways. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Timothy S. Fegel Claudia M. Boot Timothy P. Covino Kelly Elder Edward K. Hall Banning Starr James Stegen Charles C. Rhoades 《水文研究》2021,35(8):e14343
Headwater forest ecosystems of the western USA generate a large portion of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) transported in streams across North America. Land cover changes that alter forest structure and species composition affect the quantity and composition of DOM transferred to aquatic ecosystems. Clear-cut harvesting affects ~1% of the forest area of North America annually, leaving most western forests in varying stages of regrowth and the total area of old-growth forest is decreasing. The consequences of this widespread management practice on watershed carbon cycling remain unknown. We investigated the role of land cover change, because of clear-cut harvesting, from mixed-species old-growth to lodgepole pine-dominated second-growth forest on the character and reactivity of hillslope DOM exports. We evaluated inputs of DOM from litter leachates and export of DOM collected at the base of trenched hillslopes during a 3-year period (2016–2018) at the Fraser Experimental Forest in north-central Colorado, USA. Dissolved organic carbon and total dissolved nitrogen were higher in lateral subsurface flow draining old- versus second-growth forest. Fluorescence spectroscopy showed that the DOM exported from the old-growth forest was more heterogeneous and aromatic and that proteinaceous, microbially processed DOM components were more prevalent in the second-growth forest. Biological oxygen demand assays revealed much lower microbial metabolism of DOM in litter leachate and subsurface exports from the old-growth forest relative to second growth. Old-growth and second-growth forests are co-mingled in managed ecosystems, and our findings demonstrate that land cover change from a mixture of conifer species to lodgepole pine dominance influences DOM inputs that can increase the reactivity of DOM transferred from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems. 相似文献
17.
This brief paper indicates that forest fires may have short and longer term effects on runoff and thus, can influence trend studies on the response of watersheds to climate change. Twenty-two watersheds at the Experimental Lakes Area in northwestern Ontario were studied to view the impacts of climatic variability and forest fires on runoff. A roughly 30 year database demonstrated few trends in climatological variables and even fewer trends in runoff data at the 5% significance level. Daily maximum temperature increased by 0.053 °C per year, while precipitation in the months of February and March showed significant decreases. Total snow showed a significant decrease over a 30 year period at the 8% significance level. The Mann Kendall test for trend was applied to the runoff indices of 19 watersheds and it was revealed that only six exhibited trends. Of these, five had been burned during the test period. Virtually all burned watersheds showed initial increases in runoff, however, long term runoff trended lower in the burned watersheds, while the one watershed that was not burned showed an increasing trend. Forest fires alter the age distribution of trees with subsequent impacts on water yields in the short and longer term. 相似文献
18.
The Kiryu Experimental Catchment (KEW) is a small (5.99 ha) forest catchment located in Shiga Prefecture, central Japan (34°58′ N, 136°00′ E; www.bluemoon.kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiryu/contents.html ). Around this area, forest devastation occurred from ca. 1250 to ca. 150 years ago because of overuse of forest and timbers. Then, hillside forestation was carried out for more than 100 years to prevent soil erosion and support the timber industry, and consequently, most of this area is now covered with plantation forests mainly by Chamaecyparis obtusa Sieb. et Zucc. (Japanese cypress) planted around 1960's. This plantation forest is not actively managed. The KEW is one of the leading experimental forests with long-term monitoring data in Japan. Research in the KEW began in 1967 to elucidate the hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the forested catchment in relation to climate, geology, soil, and vegetation growth. Since then, the long-term hydrological data of precipitation, runoff and sediment transport are continuously monitoring. In this study, we provide the data and preliminarily discuss the rainfall–runoff patterns and sediment transport through 50 years in the KEW. The annual precipitation and the maximum daily rainfall have been greater than the average over the last decade. In response to the rainfall patterns, the ratio of annual direct runoff to precipitation was also larger in the last decade. The sediment transport in this decade was consequently larger than the preceding decades. Our data presented here suggest that a close relationship exists between the climate condition, rainfall–runoff response, sediment dynamics, as well as a slowly progressing change of forest condition. 相似文献
19.
To evaluate the effects of hillslope topography on storm runoff in a weathered granite mountain, discharge rate, soil pore water pressures, and water chemistry were observed on two types of hillslope: a valley‐head (a concave hillslope) and a side slope (a planar hillslope). Hydrological responses on the valley‐head and side slope reflected their respective topographic characteristics and varied with the rainfall magnitude. During small rainfall events (<35 mm), runoff from the side slope occurred rapidly relative to the valley‐head. The valley‐head showed little response in storm runoff. As rainfall amounts increased (35–60 mm), the valley‐head yielded a higher flow relative to the side slope. For large rainfall events (>60 mm), runoff from both hillslopes increased with rainfall, although that from the valley‐head was larger than that from the side slope. The differences in the runoff responses were caused by differences in the roles of lower‐slope soils and the convergence of the hillslope. During small rainfall events, the side slope could store little water; in contrast, all rainwater could be stored in the soils at the valley‐head hollow. As the amount of rainfall increased, the subsurface saturated area of the valley‐head extended from the bottom to the upper portion of the slope, with the contributions of transient groundwater via lateral preferential flowpaths due to the high concentration of subsurface water. Conversely, saturated subsurface flow did not contribute to runoff responses, and the subsurface saturated area at the side slope did not extend to the upper slope for the same storm size. During large rainfall events, expansion of the subsurface saturated area was observed in both hillslopes. Thus, differences in the concentration of subsurface water, reflecting hillslope topography, may create differences in the extension of the subsurface saturated area, as well as variability in runoff responses. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献