太湖流域上游西苕溪支流的营养状态特征及成因分析     

王欢  袁旭音  陈海龙  许海燕  李正阳 《湖泊科学》2015,27(2):208-215

为了解太湖流域上游支流水体的营养状态特征及流域附近土地利用对水质的影响,选取了入湖水系西苕溪的10条主要支流进行了野外采样和实验室研究.研究结果表明,支流总磷(TP)、颗粒磷(PP)、总溶解性磷(TDP)、总氮(TN)、铵态氮(NH+4-N)、硝态氮(NO-3-N)含量季节间差异较大,TP含量范围为0.033~0.205 mg/L,PP含量范围为0.007~0.104 mg/L,TN含量范围为2.014~5.921 mg/L,NH+4-N含量范围0.021~1.659 mg/L,NO-3-N含量范围1.082~3.415mg/L,COD范围为6.5~15.5 mg/L.总体上呈现为枯水期平水期丰水期.部分支流受到不同程度的氮污染.利用水质参数进行聚类分析,可以将10条支流分成4类,其水体营养特征与周围环境相联系.支流营养盐、COD的通量明显受流量控制,表现为丰水期平水期枯水期.土地利用类型的差异是导致其水质变化的主要原因,耕地和居民地主要起源的作用,林地和草地主要起汇的作用.在丰水期和枯水期,对各指标影响最大的土地利用类型为耕地和林地;在平水期,对TP影响最大的是居民地,而对TN影响最大的是林地.  相似文献   

淮河流域瓦埠湖流域水体污染研究与现状评价(2011-2015年)          下载免费PDF全文

李凯  汪家权  李堃  胡淑恒  黄芸梦 《湖泊科学》2017,29(1):143-150

瓦埠湖位于淮河中游南岸，属于淮河流域最大的湖泊.根据2011年8月-2015年12月对瓦埠湖湖区3个监测点位、入（出）湖河流4个监测断面的水质监测数据，选用内梅罗水污染指数法和单因子指数法，以总氮、总磷、铵态氮和高锰酸盐指数为评价指标对瓦埠湖湖区水体和主要入（出）湖河流水质现状进行评价，结果表明：瓦埠湖湖区总体水质状况为轻度污染、Ⅳ类水质，其主要污染源为农业面源污染和生活污染；部分入湖河流受农业氮、磷污染的影响水质较差，其中庄墓河污染情况最为严重.因此，必须加强流域的水环境综合整治工作，控制农业面源污染对流域水环境的影响.  相似文献   

辽宁省大伙房水库及入库河流水质空间特征与河库水质关系   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

王琼  李法云  范志平  胡莹莹  刘杰  鞠文鹏 《湖泊科学》2016,28(4):775-784

入库河流与水库存在空间上的连续性,河流污染物输入是水库水质恶化的主要原因,对大伙房水库及其入库支流61个采样点的水质状况进行调查,并运用聚类分析和主成分分析对大伙房水库及入库支流的水质空间特性和主要污染物进行分析.聚类分析显示,按照水质相似性将大伙房水库及入库支流水质可分为上游区、下游区和库区3个典型空间区域.分别对3个区域进行主成分分析,结果显示:入库支流上游区和下游区水质主要影响因素为氨氮、总氮和化学需氧量,库区影响水质的主要因素为温度、p H值、浊度、溶解氧、电导率、氨氮和总氮.对上游、下游和库区水质均有显著影响的因子为氨氮和总氮,上游区、下游区和库区氨氮浓度均值分别为0.06、0.10和0.19 mg/L,总氮浓度均值分别为0.13、0.16和0.26 mg/L.入库河流下游区对水库水质影响较大,受社河和浑河污染物输入的影响,大伙房水库水质在空间上呈现社河入库区水质优于浑河入库区水质.并且库区氨氮和总氮浓度均与距岸边距离呈负相关,溶解氧和p H值均与距入库口距离呈负相关,表明入库河流污染物输入和环库区面源污染均对大伙房水库水质产生一定影响.  相似文献   

太湖上游水源区河流水质对景观格局变化的响应关系——以东苕溪上游为例   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

范雅双  于婉晴  张婧  李雪  李小玉 《湖泊科学》2021,33(5):1478-1489

景观格局演变作为人类活动的综合表征,通过改变水文过程和径流路径,从而影响非点源污染物的发生位置、迁移路径和转化过程,进而对流域水环境产生深刻影响.苕溪作为太湖的主要入湖河流之一,对太湖水环境有着关键的影响作用.本文以发源于杭州市临安区太湖源镇的东苕溪上游区域作为研究对象,在对河流水质进行两个时期监测的基础上,运用相关性分析、冗余分析和逐步回归分析等方法,综合景观组分指数和景观空间配置指数,在子流域尺度上量化景观指数对河流不同水质指标的解释能力,探讨河流水质对流域景观格局的响应规律.结果表明:1)东苕溪上游大部分监测点总氮浓度远超地表水V类水质标准限值,但氨氮和总磷浓度整体较低,部分监测点可达Ⅰ类水质标准.2)在汛期,景观组成中流域的"源"景观比例是影响水质的重要因素,农业用地占比与硝态氮、总氮浓度呈显著正相关,建设用地占比对氨氮、总磷浓度影响显著;而在非汛期,景观配置因子,特别是表征斑块形状的周长—面积分形维数(PAFRAC)对河流水质的影响极显著.3)无论是汛期还是非汛期,林地和草地对河流中污染物均具有显著的削减作用,是流域河流污染防治的关键"汇"景观.4)从整体上来看,河流氮、磷污染与人类活动强度密切相关,增加景观连通性、降低自然景观的破碎化程度可有效改善河流水环境.  相似文献   

2016—2020年长江中游典型湖泊水质和富营养化演变特征及其驱动因素          下载免费PDF全文

赵晏慧  李韬  黄波  冯艳玲  雷明军  卓海华  吴云丽 《湖泊科学》2022,34(5):1441-1451

“十三五”时期，长江流域水环境质量改善明显，但湖泊水质和富营养化状况改善滞后. 长江中游作为我国淡水湖泊集中分布区域之一，部分湖泊存在水环境质量恶化和富营养化加重问题. 本文以长江中游区域国家开展监测的洪湖、斧头湖、梁子湖、大通湖、洞庭湖和鄱阳湖这6个典型湖泊为研究对象，科学评价其2016—2020年水质和富营养化时空变化特征及关键驱动因素，探讨其成因及治理对策. 结果表明，“十三五”时期长江中游湖泊水质和富营养化程度存在较大差异，与2016年相比，2020年大通湖水质改善最为明显，梁子湖水质变差，总磷是影响长江中游湖泊水质类别的主要因子; 洪湖富营养程度恶化最为严重，斧头湖次之，TLI(SD)对长江中游湖泊富营养化评价贡献最大. 目前长江中游湖泊呈有机污染加重和叶绿素a浓度升高现象，洪湖、斧头湖和梁子湖主要与氮、磷营养盐浓度升高有关，而大通湖、洞庭湖和鄱阳湖受水文过程、流域纳污量和湖泊管理等非营养盐因素影响较大. 总氮和总磷仍然是影响“十三五”时期长江中游湖泊水质和富营养化的最主要驱动力，且各湖泊总氮和总磷浓度变化均具有较强正相关性，建议开展河湖氮、磷标准衔接工作，提出河湖氮、磷标准限值或考核目标，以完善河湖水环境质量标准和生态健康影响评价技术规范. 同时，建议长江中游湖泊在开展截污控源、内源控制和生态修复的同时，进一步深化流域管理，特别是对洞庭湖、鄱阳湖、梁子湖和斧头湖等跨行政区湖泊，以提高湖泊治理与修复的系统性和整体性.  相似文献   

基于湖库水质目标的流域氮、磷减排与分区管理——以天目湖沙河水库为例   总被引：9，自引：3，他引：6  

李恒鹏  陈伟民  杨桂山  聂小飞 《湖泊科学》2013,25(6):785-798

湖库水环境保护在保障生产与生活用水、维系生态平衡、发展旅游等方面发挥着重要的作用.水质目标管理是保护湖库水质的最佳管理办法.本文以天目湖地区沙河水库及其流域为研究区域,建立模型模拟沙河水库流域的水文与水质,评估入库污染通量和主要来源;依据水质目标测算氮、磷污染的容量和减排量,结合土地的生态保护与开发适宜性评估,提出氮、磷污染分区减排和土地管控的对策和措施.研究结果表明,沙河水库氮、磷污染物入库通量分别为206.01和3.29 t/a,面源总氮和总磷分别占总入库量的85.7%和67.5%.不同土地利用类型氮、磷输出强度有显著差异,总氮输出强度依次为茶园 >耕地 >建筑用地 >裸地 >草地 >退耕地 >林地 >河湖漫滩,总磷输出强度与地表覆盖度有关,依次为裸地 >建筑用地 >茶园 >耕地 >草地 >退耕地 >林地和河湖漫滩.从氮、磷输移过程来看,沙河水库流域总氮排放量为321.64 t/a,进入河流的为255.53 t/a,在河道输送过程中损失19.4%,最终有206.01 t/a进入水库;沙河水库流域总磷排放量为13.42 t/a,进入河流的为7.90 t/a,在河道输送过程中损失58.3%,最终有3.29 t/a进入水库.不同分区河流氮、磷滞留降解率有很大的差异,中田河总氮、总磷滞留降解能力最强,分别为34.71%和84.31%.2009年的通量计算结果显示,沙河水库总氮达到Ⅳ类水质目标需要的入湖减少量为32.01 t/a,入湖削减比例为15.50%,总氮达到Ⅲ类水质目标需要的入湖减少量为59.66 t/a,入湖削减比例为29.00%;总磷达到Ⅲ类水需要的入湖减少量为0.682 t/a,入湖削减比例为20.70%,总磷达到Ⅱ类水需要的入湖减少量为1.479 t/a,入湖削减比例为44.90%.为了实现基于土地利用的面源污染减排管控,选定植被覆盖度、水源涵养能力、地形坡度、土地利用、氮磷分区贡献量、与道路和村落距离等指标综合评估生态保护价值和开发适宜性,并划定禁止开发区、限制开发区和保护性开发区3个管理分区,最终确定各分区的开发强度限制和管控方式.  相似文献   

太湖流域上游平原河网区水质空间差异与季节变化特征   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

张涛  陈求稳  易齐涛  王敏  黄蔚  冯然然 《湖泊科学》2017,29(6):1300-1311

在太湖流域上游的宜溧—洮滆水系主要河道设置67个监测点,分别于2014年1月(冬季)、4月(春季)、8月(夏季)、11月(秋季)进行水质监测,采用多元统计方法分析了水质的空间差异性和季节性变化,并利用水质标识指数法对水环境质量进行评价.结果表明,宜溧—洮滆水系污染程度较严重,总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)浓度年均值分别为4.93、0.26和7.63 mg/L;单因素多元方差分析和聚类分析显示污染物浓度具有显著时空差异性,时间上冬、春季污染程度较高而夏、秋季较低,空间上无锡和常州氮、磷污染较为严重,宜兴和溧阳市有机污染程度较高;水质标识评价结果显示流域内水质基本为IV类或V类,其中TN、TP及CODMn是关键污染指标.  相似文献   

天津中心城区河网氮磷污染与富营养化特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

郑剑锋  焦继东  孙力平  张硕  王少坡 《湖泊科学》2018,30(2):326-335

2013年底天津中心城区河道全部连通,形成中心城区河网.为了掌握河网形成后的水质状况,于2014年3月-2015年2月进行了为期1年的定点水质监测,并对其水体氮、磷时空分布及富营养化特征进行分析.结果表明,河网水体氮污染严重,以铵态氮(NH+4-N)为主;磷污染程度较轻,主要形态为磷酸盐(PO3-4-P);河网水体中氮、磷浓度顺水流方向均呈上游高、下游低的空间分布特征;氮、磷各项指标浓度时间变化趋势基本一致,3月均最高,10月均最低,冬季处于相对较低水平;与河网形成前相比,海河干流NH+4-N、总磷(TP)和PO3-4-P浓度年平均值分别下降6.5%、14.7%和16.4%,津河总氮、NH+4-N、硝态氮、TP和PO3-4-P浓度年平均值分别降低18.6%、34.5%、12.9%、31.6%和32.5%,表明河网形成后氮、磷污染程度较之前有所改善,其中津河改善较为明显;河网水体全年处于中度富营养状态,主要为磷限制性状态;河网富营养化防治应遵循以控制营养盐为主的控源、截污、水环境增容和生态补水策略.  相似文献   

土地利用方式影响下的赣江硝态氮浓度和氮稳定同位素分布特征   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

王鹏  齐述华  陈波 《湖泊科学》2015,27(6):1011-1019

赣江硝态氮(NO-3-N)是鄱阳湖氮素输入的主要来源,查明赣江NO-3-N来源对鄱阳湖的富营养化防治具有重要意义.基于2013年1月和6月对赣江干流和主要支流NO-3-N浓度和δ15N-NO-3的测定,通过不同空间尺度和土地类型等级划分,分析土地利用方式影响下的赣江NO-3-N浓度和δ15N-NO-3分布特征.结果表明,赣江枯水期和丰水期NO-3-N浓度分别为0.52~4.58 mg/L和0.81~2.60 mg/L,均值没有显著性差异;枯水期和丰水期的δ15N-NO-3范围分别为-1.31‰~8.60‰和2.49‰~8.51‰,枯水期均值显著小于丰水期.较大空间尺度的土地利用类型与NO-3-N浓度和δ15N-NO-3有更显著的相关性.赣江NO-3-N浓度、δ15N-NO-3与水田、居民建设用地和水域呈显著正相关,与林地、草地呈显著负相关,这种相关性在丰水期减弱.与一级土地利用分类相比,二级土地利用分类能更好地体现土地利用类型与NO-3-N浓度的相关性,但对土地利用类型与δ15N-NO-3的相关性没有显著提高.农业用地,特别是丘陵水田和平原旱地,是赣江NO-3-N主要的污染来源;与长江流域其它地区相比,赣江流域NO-3-N的生活污水来源比例较小.  相似文献   

丰水期鄱阳湖水体中氮、磷含量分布特征   总被引：12，自引：7，他引：5  

陈晓玲  张媛  张琍  陈莉琼  陆建忠 《湖泊科学》2013,25(5):643-648

以2011年7月份鄱阳湖实测数据为参考,对鄱阳湖丰水期总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)空间分布特征及其影响因素进行了分析,并就鄱阳湖氮、磷营养盐结构特征及其与叶绿素a的相关性进行了探讨.结果表明:鄱阳湖氮、磷含量已经达到了发生富营养化的条件,且TN含量呈现由东向西、由南向北逐渐降低的趋势;TP在几个主要的采砂区,尤其是南北湖交界处污染最严重.鄱阳湖以磷限制为主,氮污染相对比较严重,且氮、磷不是鄱阳湖藻类生长的限制性因素.TN同时受悬浮泥沙和水流作用的影响,在上游航道受水流影响较大,在入江水道则主要受陆源污染的影响.TP含量则主要受悬浮泥沙和采砂活动的影响,受水流作用影响相对较小.  相似文献   

The Colorado East River Community Observatory Data Collection     

Zarine Kakalia  Charuleka Varadharajan  Erek Alper  Eoin L. Brodie  Madison Burrus  Rosemary W. H. Carroll  Danielle S. Christianson  Wenming Dong  Valerie C. Hendrix  Matthew Henderson  Susan S. Hubbard  Douglas Johnson  Roelof Versteeg  Kenneth H. Williams  Deborah A. Agarwal 《水文研究》2021,35(6):e14243

The U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Colorado East River Community Observatory (ER) in the Upper Colorado River Basin was established in 2015 as a representative mountainous, snow-dominated watershed to study hydrobiogeochemical responses to hydrological perturbations in headwater systems. The ER is characterized by steep elevation, geologic, hydrologic and vegetation gradients along floodplain, montane, subalpine, and alpine life zones, which makes it an ideal location for researchers to understand how different mountain subsystems contribute to overall watershed behaviour. The ER has both long-term and spatially-extensive observations and experimental campaigns carried out by the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (SFA), led by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and researchers from over 30 organizations who conduct cross-disciplinary process-based investigations and modelling of watershed behaviour. The heterogeneous data generated at the ER include hydrological, genomic, biogeochemical, climate, vegetation, geological, and remote sensing data, which combined with model inputs and outputs comprise a collection of datasets and value-added products within a mountainous watershed that span multiple spatiotemporal scales, compartments, and life zones. Within 5 years of collection, these datasets have revealed insights into numerous aspects of watershed function such as factors influencing snow accumulation and melt timing, water balance partitioning, and impacts of floodplain biogeochemistry and hillslope ecohydrology on riverine geochemical exports. Data generated by the SFA are managed and curated through its Data Management Framework. The SFA has an open data policy, and over 70 ER datasets are publicly available through relevant data repositories. A public interactive map of data collection sites run by the SFA is available to inform the broader community about SFA field activities. Here, we describe the ER and the SFA measurement network, present the public data collection generated by the SFA and partner institutions, and highlight the value of collecting multidisciplinary multiscale measurements in representative catchment observatories.  相似文献   

A century of change: Reconstructing the biogeochemical history of Hubbard Brook     

Gene E. Likens  Donald C. Buso  Emily S. Bernhardt  Emma Rosi 《水文研究》2021,35(6):e14256

Ecosystems constantly adjust to altered biogeochemical inputs, changes in vegetation and climate, and previous physical disturbances. Such disturbances create overlapping ‘biogeochemical legacies’ affecting modern nutrient mass balances. To understand how ‘legacies’ affected watershed-ecosystem (WEC) biogeochemistry during five decades of studies within the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF), we extended biogeochemical trends and hydrologic fluxes back to 1900 to provide an historical framework for our long-term studies. This reconstruction showed acid rain peaking at HBEF in the late 1960s-early 1970s near the beginning of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The long-term, parabolic arc in acid inputs to HBEF generated a corresponding arc in the ionic strength of stream water, with acid inputs generating increased losses of H⁺ and soil base cations between 1963 and 1969 and then decreased losses after 1970. Nitrate release after disturbance is coupled with previous N-deposition and storage, biological uptake, and hydrology. Sulfur was stored in soils from decades of acid deposition but is now nearly depleted. Total exports of base cations from the soil exchange pool represent one of the largest disturbances to forest and associated aquatic ecosystems at the HBEF since the Pleistocene glaciation. Because precipitation inputs of base cations currently are extremely small, such losses can only be replaced through the slow process of mineral weathering. Thus, the chemistry of stream water is extremely dilute and likely to become even more dilute than pre-Industrial Revolution estimates. The importance of calculating chemical fluxes is clearly demonstrated in reconstruction of acid rain impacts during the pre-measurement period. The aggregate impact of acid rain on WEC exports is far larger than historical forest harvest effects, and even larger than the most severe deforestation experiment (Watershed 2) at HBEF. A century of acid rain had a calcium stripping impact equivalent to two W2 experiments involving complete deforestation and herbicide applications.  相似文献   

流域综合管理方法与技术   总被引：13，自引：2，他引：13  

李恒鹏  陈雯  刘晓玫 《湖泊科学》2004,16(1):85-90

流域作为一个具有明确边界的地理单元,流域以水为纽带,将上、中、下游组成一个普遍具有因果联系的复合生态系统,是实现资源和环境管理的最佳单元.流域综合管理已经被认为是实现资源利用和环境保护相协调的最佳途径.然而,由于流域综合管理涉及多学科,多部门,内容非常广泛.近年的流域管理还主要停留在一个目标.本文在流域模拟管理研究及实践的相关经验基础上,系统地讨论了流域综合管理实施方法、关键技术以及主要技术问题.  相似文献   

Hydrograph responses to geomorphic model watershed characteristics and precipitation variables     

Peter E. Black 《Journal of Hydrology》1972

The primary objective of the Watershed Model Studies Project, reported herein, was to ascertain the effect of selected watershed characteristics on hydrograph parameters under a rainfall simulator. Since most of the runoff contributing to the peak flow was found to emanate from the lower half of the drainage, a measure of watershed eccentricity utilizing easily measured properties in that area is derived and evaluated as a reliable predictor of peak magnitude. In the process of isolating watershed shape, slope, size, drainage pattern, and soil depth were isolated and, along with rainfall intensity, direction of storm movement, and antecedent moisture conditions, evaluated for the models. Studies were made into the similarities between the models and real world watersheds. Three of the several conclusions are 1) the models exhibit hydrologic responses similar to those of a wide range of real watersheds; 2) watershed shape, of itself, does not have a tremendous effect on peak magnitude, and 3) watershed eccentricity is an effective, easily measured, meaningful, and useful expression of watershed shape insofar as that characteristic affects maximum peak flows and certain time parameters of the hydrograph.  相似文献   

基于SWAT模型的南四湖流域非点源氮磷污染模拟   总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5  

李爽  张祖陆  孙媛媛 《湖泊科学》2013,25(2):236-242

本文利用SWAT模型结合实测数据,对南四湖流域2001-2010年年均非点源氮磷污染进行模拟,分析了南四湖流域非点源氮磷负荷空间分布特征,计算各河流流域对南四湖湖区污染的贡献率,并对非点源氮磷污染严重的关键区进行识别.研究表明:(1)先模拟湖东和湖西的两个典型小流域的非点源氮磷污染,并将模型推及整个南四湖流域,该方法不仅提高了计算效率,且得到了较好的模拟结果.通过对比发现,湖东的模拟效果要好于湖西,一定程度上说明SWAT模型在起伏较大的地区能取得更高的精度.(2)南四湖流域非点源氮磷污染严重,几乎所有区域的氮负荷超标,40%以上的区域磷负荷超标严重.湖东非点源氮磷污染较湖西严重,其中洸府河流域是南四湖湖区非点源氮磷污染的主要贡献者.(3)通过对径流量、泥沙负荷、氮负荷、磷负荷的相关分析可以得出,南四湖流域非点源氮负荷以溶解态为主,随径流进入水体;非点源磷负荷以吸附态为主,随泥沙进入水体.  相似文献   

Comparative hydrology: analysis of a semiarid and a humid tropical watershed   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

José Carlos de Araújo  Julio Iván González Piedra 《水文研究》2009,23(8):1169-1178

This paper analyses measured data from two small tropical watersheds: one in a semiarid (Aiuaba, Brazil, 12·0 km², 5 years of measurements) and another in a humid environment (Jaruco, Cuba, 43·5 km², 21 years of measurements). The watersheds are similar with respect to catchment area (tens of km²), potential evaporation (2·1–2·6 m year^?1), temperature (22–30 °C) and relief (mild hillslope steepness); but show considerable hydrological discrepancies: average precipitation in the humid watershed is two times higher; average river discharge (mm year^?1) is five times higher; and surface water availability (mm year^?1) is 14 times higher than in the semiarid watershed. Long‐term operation of hypothetical surface reservoirs in both basins is simulated. The analysis shows that 73% of the average river discharge are available (with 90% annual reliability) in the humid watershed, against only 28% in the semiarid. The main cause of this difference is the excess evaporation, which consumes 55% of the stored water in the semiarid reservoir, but only 12% in the humid one. The research concludes that: (1) although precipitation indicators are higher in the humid area, they are of the same order of magnitude as in the semiarid; and (2) fluvial‐regime and water‐availability variables are more than one order of magnitude higher in the humid basin, which shows a multiplication effect of these hydrological processes. Such major hydrological differences, despite the similarities between the two tropical watersheds, show the importance of further investigations in the field of comparative hydrology. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Investigation of the model complexity required in runoff simulation at different time scales / Etude de la complexité de modélisation requise pour la simulation d'écoulement à différentes échelles temporelles     

《水文科学杂志》2013,58(5):872-885

Abstract

The “optimal” model complexity is defined as the minimum watershed model structure required for realistic representation of runoff processes. This paper examines the effects of model complexity at different time scales, daily and hourly. Two watershed models with different levels of complexity were constructed and their capability to simulate runoff from a watershed was evaluated. Both models were tested on the same watershed using identical meteorological input, thereby assuring that any difference between model outputs is due only to their model structure. It is demonstrated that, at a daily time scale, a simple model gives good results. For the mountain situation, in which snowmelt is a dominant influence, the nonlinearity of the runoff processes is moderate, and therefore a simple model works well. The model produced good results over a period of 28 years of continuous simulation. However, this simpler model was inadequate when tested on an hourly time scale due to greater nonlinear effects, especially when modelling high-intensity rainfall events. Therefore, the hourly simulation benefited from the more complex model structure. These model results show that optimal watershed model complexity depends on temporal resolution, namely the simulation period and the computational time step. It was shown that certain process representations and model parameters that appeared unimportant during the long-term simulation had significant effects on the short-term extreme event model simulation.  相似文献   

Spatial discretization of large watersheds and its influence on the estimation of hillslope sediment yield          下载免费PDF全文

Virginia I. González  Athena B. Carkovic  Gabriel P. Lobo  Dennis C. Flanagan  Carlos A. Bonilla 《水文研究》2016,30(1):30-39

The combined use of water erosion models and geographic information systems has facilitated soil loss estimation at the watershed scale. Tools such as the Geo‐spatial interface for the Water Erosion Prediction Project (GeoWEPP) model provide a convenient spatially distributed soil loss estimate but require discretization to identify hillslopes and channels. In GeoWEPP, the TOpographic PArameteriZation (TOPAZ) model is used as an automated procedure to extract a watershed boundary, hillslopes and channels from a digital elevation model (DEM). Previous studies in small watersheds have shown that the size of the hillslopes and the channel distribution affect the model estimates, but in large watersheds, the effects on the soil loss estimates have yet to be tested. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of discretization on the hillslope sediment yield estimates using GeoWEPP in two large watersheds (>10 km²). The watersheds were selected and discretized varying the TOPAZ parameters [critical source area (CSA) and minimum source channel length (MSCL)] in a 30‐m resolution digital elevation model. The drainage networks built with TOPAZ were compared with each other using the drainage density index. The results showed that the discretization affected hillslope sediment yield estimates and their spatial distribution more than the total runoff. The drainage density index and the hillslope sediment yield were proportional but inversely related; thus, soil loss estimates were highly affected by the spatial discretization. As a result of this analysis, a method to choose the CSA and MSCL values that generates the greatest fraction of hillslopes having profile lengths less than 200 m was developed. This slope length condition is particularly crucial when using the WEPP and GeoWEPP models, in order for them to produce realistic estimates of sheet and rill erosion. Finally, and as a result of this analysis, a more reliable method was developed for selecting the TOPAZ channel network parameters (CSA and MSCL). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Effects of urbanization variables on model parameters for watershed divisions     

Rong-song Chen  Shin-jen Cheng 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(6):1167-1183

Abstract

A semi-distributed model with a parallel connection was applied to examine the effects of urbanization variables. Data were obtained from watershed divisions that were characterized by various degrees of urbanization. The mean rainfall was calculated using the kriging method. The model inputs were obtained by subtracting mean rainfall from Ф-index values, based on the spatially uniform loss assumption. Regression analysis was applied to determine the relationship between the parameters of 64 calibrations and urbanization variables among the divisions. The results showed that overland parameters produced more consistent change in response to imperviousness than to population. Conversely, the channel parameter was unaffected by changes in urbanization. The verification results of 46 cases showed that power linkage was a potential option for linking division parameters with the corresponding imperviousness based on four evaluation criteria. The changes in imperviousness on overland parameters show the hydrological effects of division urbanizations.