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1.
长江流域降水径流的年代际变化分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
沈浒英 《湖泊科学》2003,15(Z1):90-96
应用1951-2001年长江流域年、季降水量资料、1885-2001年梅雨量资料以及一百多年以来长江重要控制站宜昌、汉口、大通年径流量资料,对长江流域降水径流的年代际变化、气候转折以及降水径流的变化趋势进行了分析研究.反映出长江流域夏季降水将有更加集中的趋势,即降水时间更集中、强度趋向于更大,对防洪不利.据趋势预测,宜昌、汉口径流量有减少的趋势,大通径流量有增加的趋势.  相似文献   

2.
1990s长江流域降水趋势分析   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
依据国家气象局提供的实测月降水和日降水资料,运用Mann-Kendall(M-K)非参数检验法验证了降水趋势,并通过空间插补法,由点扩展到面,分析了1990s长江流域降水变化特征,发现1990s长江流域降水变化以降水在时间和空间分布上的集中度的增加为主要特点:时间上,年降水的增加趋势以冬季1月和夏季6月降水的集中增加为主;一日降水量大于等于50mm的暴雨日数和暴雨量在1990s也有了较明显的增加.空间上,年降水、夏季降水、冬季降水的增加都以中下游区的增加为主,尤其以鄱阳湖水系、洞庭湖水系的降水增加为主.1990s长江流域春季和秋季降水的减少以5月和9月两个汛期月份的降水减少为主,除金沙江水系和洞庭湖水系等少数地区外,流域大部分地区降水呈减少趋势.上述1990s出现的降水趋势明显与近年来全球变暖背景下长江流域各地区不同的温度及水循环变异有关.  相似文献   

3.
长江流域近50年降水变化及其对干流洪水的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
根据我国长江流域气象观测站近42年的资料,分析了整个流域年和季节平均面雨量、暴雨日数和暴雨量的变化特征,以及降水对流域径流和洪水的影响.长江流域年和夏季平均面雨量存在明显的年际和年代变化特征,也表现出比较显著的趋势变化特点.大部分测站年平均面雨量呈增加趋势,夏季和冬季平均面雨量的增加趋势尤其明显;秋季平均面雨量呈显著下降趋势.同时,年和夏季暴雨日数和暴雨量也在较大范围内呈显著增加趋势.长江流域的降水对干流平均流量具有重要影响.1973年、1983年和1998年的洪水主要是由明显高于平均的流域面雨量引起的;长江下游平均流量变化趋势也同流域年平均面雨量、夏季平均面雨量变化趋势基本一致,特别是70年代末以来,下游平均流量和流域面雨量的上升趋势更加明显,并同时在1998年达到最高值.长江流域大的丰水年一般对应El Nino年或El Nino次年,表明E1 Nino对长江较大洪水可能具有一定影响.  相似文献   

4.
Qi HU 《湖泊科学》2003,15(Z1):97-104
在最近的30a里,中国长江流域夏季洪水频繁,直接影响该流域经济发展和生态环境在致力于解决洪水灾害和努力减轻其影响的同时,我们常面临如下三个问题:洪水频繁发生的原因,将来几十年的洪水频率将如何变化,还会这样频繁吗?本文将从局部气候的自然变化规律中来试图回答这三个问题.文中报告主要结果指出:长江流域夏季降水具有一个明显的自然尺度的变化,且该变化最近由一个偏干的气候态(从1910年到(30年代末期)转化为一个偏湿的气候态(自60年代末以来).伴随着这种变化,长江流域夏季降水表现出增加趋势(平均增加率为30mm/10a),夏季地表水蒸发呈现出减少趋势(平均减少率为10mm/10a),以及这两种作用共同造成的地表水增加和洪水频繁.由于目前偏湿的气候态将持续,预计在今后10-20a里这些变化以及相联系的频繁洪水的趋势将在长江流域持续.  相似文献   

5.
黄河与长江流域水资源变化原因   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
利用1951~2008年黄河与长江流域逐月降水和径流资料,对流域年径流变化进行趋势性检验,分析年降水量和径流量的相关关系变化,比较不同时段流域降水和径流的变化趋势和双累积曲线,以及径流对降水的敏感性变化.结果表明,黄河干流上游年降水量微弱下降,中下游降水减少趋势显著,为8.8~9.8mm/10a;而全流域径流量均呈现显著递减的趋势,为7.8~10.8mm/10a(通过95%置值度检验);径流系数也明显下降,下降范围为0.013~0.019/10a,流域产流能力下降,径流减少趋势在20世纪80年代末至90年代初发生突变.长江流域大部降水减少趋势显著,为18.2~24.7mm/10a;上游(寸滩站,宜昌站)径流减少趋势显著,为9.9~7.2mm/10a,中游(汉口站)和下游(大通站)径流呈微弱下降趋势,为2.9~2.1mm/10a;长江流域上游径流系数增加不显著,中下游径流系数呈显著增加趋势,速率分别0.005/10a和0.005/10a,表明中下游产流能力增强.根据水文参数公式计算,与1951~1969年相比,1970~2008年,降水减少和人类活动引起的下垫面变化对黄河流域径流减少量的贡献率分别为11%和83%;在长江流域,降水减少对径流量变化的贡献占29%,人类活动引起的径流量增加占71%.1980~2008年,黄河流域由于下垫面变化造成径流量减少的比例在兰州、三门峡、花园口、利津分别为97%,83%,83%和91%,降水引起的径流量减少比例分别为3%,17%,17%和9%.长江流域降水减少对寸滩、宜昌、汉口、大通径流量减少的贡献分别为89%,74%,43%和35%,下垫面变化对径流增量的贡献分别为11%,26%,57%和65%.人类活动的作用强度逐年增大,2000年之后,下垫面变化对黄河、长江流域径流变化量的贡献率上升到84%和73%.下垫面变化引起了黄河下游径流减少和长江下游径流增加,在干旱区和湿润区对径流变化的作用相反.造成这一现象的原因是:黄河流域人类的活动用水量的增加直接造成径流减少;长江流域因太阳辐射下降引起实际蒸发量下降,同时湖泊面积减少,下垫面硬化也在一定程度上造成产流能力增加.  相似文献   

6.
1998年中国特大洪涝时期的环流特征   总被引:14,自引:3,他引:11  
研究了 1 998年我国特大洪涝的环流特征 ,长江流域洪涝年全国有两种降水分布型 :即长江流域大水全国降水偏多型及长江流域大水其南北降水偏少型 .进而 ,研究了这两类分布型的环流特征 ,并指出北半球 50 0hPa位势高度场有着显著的差异 .鄂霍茨克海高压的建立是长江流域多雨的重要条件 ,南海高压的强弱在全国降水分布型中起着重要的作用  相似文献   

7.
本文利用经过均一化订正的长江流域共669个气象站近60年(1961—2020年)逐日观测资料,采用相对阈值和绝对阈值相结合的极值分析方法,对长江流域近60年极端高温事件、极端低温事件、极端干旱事件和极端降水事件进行识别,分析了年发生频率和线性变化趋势.在此基础上,考虑到全国极端气候事件发生情况,构建了多个极端气候事件综合危险性等级指标,比较客观地给出了长江流域极端气候事件综合危险性等级.研究结果表明,相对于全国其他地区,长江流域大部分地区极端气候综合危险性等级较高,虽然自1961年以来综合年发生频率呈现弱的线性减少趋势,但自20世纪90年代以来,长江流域极端气候事件发生的危险性相对于全国其他地区明显偏高.通过对不同极端气候事件危险性和变化规律研究,结果表明:长江流域近60年极端干旱事件年发生频率呈现线性减少趋势,与全国他其区域相比较,长江流域大部分地区极端干旱发生的危险性等级都在中级以上,说明长江流域容易发生极端干旱事件;长江流域近60年极端降水事件年发生频率呈现弱的增加趋势,危险性等级指数分析表明,高危险区主要位于长江中下游地区,湖南西部、江西大部、湖北南部等地发生极端降水事件的危险...  相似文献   

8.
2020年6~7月我国长江中下游地区遭受了超强持续性梅雨的侵袭,其累积降水量打破了1961年以来的历史记录.通过分析1979~2020年长江流域梅雨期降水,发现相比于7月而言, 6月长江流域梅雨呈现出更加显著的年代际变化特征. 21世纪初期以来,热带西印度洋海温经历了明显的年代际增暖.观测分析和模式试验均表明, 5~6月热带西印度洋海温异常与6月长江流域降水存在显著的年代际相关.热带西印度洋异常增暖可以有效调制并加强西北太平洋反气旋,其西北侧异常强的西南风将大量水汽输送至长江流域,为超强梅雨的发生提供有利的大尺度环流条件. 21世纪初热带西印度洋海温异常由冷位相转为暖位相,使2020年5月的海温异常高达0.7℃,约为1.8倍标准差,显著提高了2020年梅雨期内强降水过程的发生概率.  相似文献   

9.
基于观测资料和CMIP5多模式的历史试验(考虑所有驱动因子)以及单因子强迫气候归因试验结果,估算了温室气体、气溶胶、土地利用及自然因素等外强迫在中国区域气候变化中的相对贡献.结果表明,人为和自然外强迫的共同作用可解释近30年观测气温变化的95%~99%,其中温室气体引起的温度变化是观测增温的2~3倍,而气溶胶起到了显著的冷却降温作用;人为和自然因素外强迫对近几十年观测降水的变化的可能贡献约为65%~78%,其中,气溶胶和温室气体是中国区域降水的主要外强迫因子,尤其气溶胶主导着中国东部降水变化的分布型,而自然因素外强迫的贡献主要体现在干旱半干旱区.人类活动主导了近60年来中国区域气温的长期非线性趋势,特别是从20世纪60年代开始温室气体的影响强度逐渐增大,是中国区域气候变暖最主要的贡献者;不同外强迫因子对中国区域降水长期非线性趋势的影响具有明显的区域差异,温室气体是20世纪70年代以后干旱半干旱区降水逐渐增加的主要贡献者,而气溶胶的主要影响使湿润半湿润区降水有较为明显下降趋势,土地利用和自然因素外强迫也会造成降水呈减少的趋势.通过最优指纹法(Optimal Fingerprinting)的检测可知,人类活动能够很好地解释近60年来中国区域特别是湿润半湿润区观测气温的变化,其中温室气体的单独作用能够清晰地从观测结果中检测出来;由于多模式结果的不确定性,观测降水变化的归因目前还无法通过残余一致性检测.需要指出的是,尽管本文的研究结果还存在着一定的不确定性,但仍可为中国区域气候变化成因研究及其预测提供科学依据.  相似文献   

10.
本文研究了中国南方春季降水在1979~2004年期间的年代际变化特征,结果表明无论在年际还是在年代际时间尺度上,中国南方东南和西南地区降水都具有反相变化的特征,并分别呈现出显著的减少趋势和增加趋势.中国南方春季降水在20世纪80年代末出现了一次明显的年代际气候转型.东南地区的春季降水明显减少,降水量在80年代末以后比80年代末之前减少了30%;而西南地区的春季降水则明显增加,80年代末之后的降水量是80年代末之前的两倍.伴随着这次年代际转型,欧亚大陆西伯利亚上空对流层中低层位势高度增强,对流层低层中国东部北风增强,造成中国东部西南风减弱,使得降水在东南地区减少,西南地区增多.中国南方春季降水在20世纪80年代末出现的年代际气候转型与欧亚大陆春季积雪的年代际转型有密切联系.从20世纪80年代末开始欧亚大陆春季积雪明显减少,与欧亚大陆春季积雪变化所伴随的大气环流变化,是造成春季我国东南地区降水减少和西南地区降水增多的一个重要原因.  相似文献   

11.
Abstract

Abstract Monthly precipitation and temperature trends of 51 stations in the Yangtze basin from 1950–2002 were analysed and interpolated. The Mann-Kendall trend test was applied to examine the monthly precipitation and temperature data. Significant positive and negative trends at the 90, 95 and 99% significance levels were detected. The monthly mean temperature, precipitation, summer precipitation and monthly mean runoff at Yichang, Hankou and Datong stations were analysed. The results indicate that spatial distribution of precipitation and temperature trends is different. The middle and lower Yangtze basin is dominated by upward precipitation trend but by somewhat downward temperature trend; while downward precipitation trend and upward temperature trend occur in the upper Yangtze basin. This is because increasing precipitation leads to increasing cloud coverage and, hence, results in decreasing ground surface temperature. Average monthly precipitation and temperature analysis for the upper, middle and lower Yangtze basin, respectively, further corroborate this viewpoint. Analysis of precipitation trend for these three regions and of runoff trends for the Yichang, Hankou and Datong stations indicated that runoff trends respond well to the precipitation trends. Historical flood trend analysis also shows that floods in the middle and lower Yangtze basin are in upward trend. The above findings indicate that the middle and lower Yangtze basin is likely to face more serious flood disasters. The research results help in further understanding the influence of climatic changes on floods in the Yangtze basin, providing scientific background for the flood control activities in large catchments in Asia.  相似文献   

12.
Precipitation trends in the Yangtze River catchment (PR China) have been analyzed for the past 50 years by applying the Mann-Kendall trend test and geospatial analyses. Monthly precipitation trends of 36 stations have been calculated. Significant positive trends at many stations can be observed for the summer months, which naturally show precipitation maxima. They were preceded and/or followed by negative trends. This observation points towards a concentration of summer precipitation within a shorter period of time. The analysis of a second data set on a gridded basis with 0.5° resolution reveals trends with distinct spatial patterns. The combination of classic trend tests and spatially interpolated precipitation data sets allows the spatiotemporal visualization of detected trends. Months with positive trends emphasize the aggravation of severe situation in a region, which is particularly prone to flood disasters during summer. Reasons for the observed trends were found in variations in the meridional wind pattern at the 850 hPa level, which account for an increased transport of warm moist air to the Yangtze River catchment during the summer months.  相似文献   

13.
秦年秀  姜彤  原峰 《湖泊科学》2003,15(Z1):138-146
利用M-K相关分析方法和大通站1950-2000年逐月径流资料,研究了长江下游干流径流的趋势变化.研究结果表明:1950s以来长江下游径流量呈增加趋势,1990s平均径流量(30415.3 m3/s)比所有其他年代平均径流都大,为近50a以来的最大值;就季节和月份而言,秋季径流明显减少;夏、冬两季径流量,增加的趋势明显,尤以冬季枯水季节径流增加最为突出.洪水、枯水季节径流增加明显,但以枯水季节径流增加占优势.冬季枯水径流的增加,可能在一定程度上能够缓解长江口生态环境的巨大压力.1990s径流量的增加与全球变暖、水循环加快、长江流域降水量增加密切相关.  相似文献   

14.
Huai River Basin, as the sixth largest river basin in China, has a high‐regulated river system and has been facing severe water problems. In this article, the changing patterns of runoff and precipitation at 10 hydrological stations from 1956 to 2000 on the highly regulated river (Shaying River) and less‐regulated river (Huai River) in the basin are evaluated at the monthly, seasonal and annual scales using the Mann–Kendall test and simple linear regression model. The results showed that: (1) No statistically significant trends of precipitation in the upper and middle Huai River Basins were detected at the annual scale, but the trend of annual runoff at Baiguishan, Zhoukou and Fuyang stations in Shaying River decreased significantly, whereas the others were not. Moreover, the decreasing trends of runoff for most months were significant in Shaying River, although the trend of monthly precipitation decreased significantly only in April in the whole research area and the number of months in the dry season having significantly decreasing trends in runoff was more than that in the wet season. (2) The rainfall–runoff relationship was significant in both highly regulated river and less‐regulated river. In regulated river, the reservoirs have larger regulation capacity than the floodgates and thus have the smaller correlation coefficient and t‐value. In Huai River, the correlation coefficients decreased from upper stream to downstream. (3) The regulation of dams and floodgates for flood control and water supply was the principal reason for the decreasing runoff in Huai River Basin, although the decreasing precipitation in April in this basin was statistically significant. The findings are useful for recognizing hydrology variation and will provide scientific foundation to integrated water resources management in Huai River Basin. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

15.
利用美国NCEP再分析月平均资料及我国华北地区26个测站月降水资料,采用奇异值分解(SVD)方法,研究了华北降水的年代际和年际变化特征与北半球大气环流的联系.结果表明,首先对降水和大气变量资料作相应时间尺度的分离是非常必要的,否则所得到的SVD结果不能反映年代际变化特征而只能反映年际变化特征;华北降水年代际和年际变化对应的大气环流异常有明显的差异;对应发生在20世纪70年代后期华北降水的一次年代际跃变,环流场均存在明显的跃变,而且有一个从地面向对流层上层传播的过程.  相似文献   

16.
Water resources and soil erosion are the most important environmental concerns in the Yangtze River basin, where soil erosion and sediment yield are closely related to rainfall erosivity. The present study explores the spatial and temporal changing patterns of the rainfall erosivity in the Yangtze River basin of China during 1960–2005 at annual, seasonal and monthly scales. The Mann–Kendall test is employed to detect the trends during 1960–2005, and the T test is applied to investigate possible changes between 1991–2005 and 1960–1990. Meanwhile the Rescaled Range Analysis is used for exploring future trend of rainfall erosivity. Moreover the continuous wavelet transform technique is using studying the periodicity of the rainfall erosivity. The results show that: (1) The Yangtze River basin is an area characterized by uneven spatial distribution of rainfall erosivity in China, with the annual average rainfall erosivity range from 131.21 to 16842 MJ mm ha?1 h?1. (2) Although the directions of trends in annual rainfall erosivity at most stations are upward, only 22 stations have significant trends at the 90 % confidence level, and these stations are mainly located in the Jinshajiang River basin and Boyang Lake basin. Winter and summer are the seasons showing strong upward trends. For the monthly series, significant increasing trends are mainly found during January, June and July. (3) Generally speaking, the results detected by the T test are quite consistent with those detected by the Mann–Kendall test. (4) The rainfall erosivity of Yangtze River basin during winter and summer will maintain a detected significant increasing trend in the near future, which may bring greater risks to soil erosion. (5) The annual and seasonal erosivity of Yangtze River basin all have one significant periodicity of 2–4 years.  相似文献   

17.
Water storage depletion is an increasing hydrological threat to agricultural production and social stability across the globe. It is fast approaching threshold levels especially in arid/semiarid regions with low precipitation and excessive evapotranspiration (ET). This study analyses water storage dynamics in the North China Region (NCR) – an important grain‐production base in China. It uses monthly Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) and field‐measured precipitation data products for 2002–2009. The datasets are analysed in a basin‐scale water balance equation to determine the state of storage in the NCR study area. Based on the validated satellite‐based data products with field‐measured values, average error/bias in the datasets is <10%. The analysis also shows favourable agreements among the GRACE‐derived and flux‐based storage changes at various temporal scales. Whereas the amplitudes and phases of the precipitation and ET fluxes are largely stable for 2002–2009, those of GLDAS runoff and GRACE total water storage anomaly apparently narrow out. The linear trends in the monthly, seasonal and annual storage changes are negative for the study period, suggesting storage loss. There is an apparent seasonality of storage change in the study area; with summer storage gain, winter storage loss and an overall storage loss that is on the average of 16.8 mm/yr. Storage loss is most severe in the central floodplain region (the main irrigated production zone) of the study area. Storage depletion in this important agro‐based semi‐arid region could have negative implications for the millions of people in the region and beyond in terms of water supply, crop production, food security and social stability. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

18.
We analyzed seasonal and annual variations of the whole layer atmospheric moisture budget and precipitation during 1961–2005 and their associations with large-scale circulation in the Yangtze River basin, China. The results indicated increasing moisture budget in summer and winter, but decreasing moisture budget in spring and autumn. Positive correlations between moisture budget and precipitation illustrate tremendous impacts the moisture budget has on the precipitation changes across the Yangtze River basin. In terms of seasonal variations, significant correlations were observed between precipitation and moisture budget in spring and autumn in the upper Yangtze River basin. Besides, we also analyzed changes of geopotential height. The positive trends of the geopotential height (850 hPa) were observed in the East Asia and the negative trends in the middle and west Pacific Ocean, indicating increasing geopotential height from south to north in east Asia which largely limited the moisture propagation to north China. While decreasing meridional geopotential height from west to east along the Yangtze River basin caused more moisture propagation from the west to the east parts of the study region, which may benefit more precipitation in the middle and lower Yangtze River basin.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

The spatial distribution and trends in the frequency of precipitation extremes over the last 44 years (1960–2003), especially since 1990, have been analysed using daily precipitation data from 147 stations in the Yangtze River basin. The research results are as follows: (1) The 15 mm precipitation isohyet approximately divides the precipitation extremes (corresponding to the 95th percentile) of the stations in the middle and lower Yangtze reaches (higher) from those of the upper Yangtze reaches (lower). Also the starting time of the precipitation extremes in the middle and lower Yangtze reaches is earlier than of those in the upper Yangtze reaches. Precipitation extremes are concentrated mostly in June in the middle and lower Yangtze reaches, and July in the upper Yangtze reaches. (2) During the period 1960–2003, the first two decades had fewer precipitation extremes than the last two decades. There have been significant increasing trends and step changes in frequency of annual total precipitation extremes and precipitation extremes with a 1–5 day gap in the middle and lower Yangtze reaches. Precipitation extremes occur more frequently in shorter periods, separated by a few days. Precipitation extremes are also becoming more concentrated in the month with the highest frequency of extremes (June) in the middle and lower Yangtze reaches. In the upper Yangtze reaches, there is an upward tendency of extreme events in June. Increasing precipitation extremes in June for both the middle and lower, and the upper Yangtze reaches will increase the probability of flooding if the observed trends of the last 40 years continue into the future.  相似文献   

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