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《中国科学:地球科学》2015,(5)
地下裂缝是油气聚集和运移的重要通道,而裂缝岩石物理是裂缝参数与地震响应之间联系的桥梁.从裂缝岩石物理出发,探索利用地震数据预测地下裂缝的方法.首先通过构建裂缝岩石物理等效模型,弥补测井横波的缺失,并且实现裂缝岩石物理参数的预测;然后推导了裂缝岩石物理参数与地震响应之间的近似关系式,同时探索裂缝岩石弹性参数和岩石物理参数的地震直接反演方法;最后分别利用测井数据和实际工区地震数据对裂缝岩石物理等效模型的可靠性以及裂缝岩石物理参数直接反演方法的精度进行了验证.结果表明,构建的裂缝岩石物理等效模型可以实现裂缝岩石纵横波速度及岩石物理参数的可靠估测,而且裂缝岩石物理参数地震直接反演方法具有较高的抗噪性,在实际目标工区弹性参数和裂缝岩石物理参数的估算中具有较好的应用结果. 相似文献
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提出了各向异性页岩储层统计岩石物理反演方法.通过统计岩石物理模型建立储层物性参数与弹性参数的定量关系，使用测井数据及井中岩石物理反演结果作为先验信息，将地震阻抗数据定量解释为储层物性参数、各向异性参数的空间分布.反演过程在贝叶斯框架下求得储层参数的后验概率密度函数，并从中得到参数的最优估计值及其不确定性的定量描述.在此过程中综合考虑了岩石物理模型对复杂地下介质的描述偏差和地震数据中噪声对反演不确定性的影响.在求取最大后验概率过程中使用模拟退火优化粒子群算法以提高收敛速度和计算准确性.将统计岩石物理技术应用于龙马溪组页岩气储层，得到储层泥质含量、压实指数、孔隙度、裂缝密度等物性，以及各向异性参数的空间分布及相应的不确定性估计，为页岩气储层的定量描述提供依据. 相似文献
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《中国科学:地球科学》2015,(1)
地震流体识别指利用地震资料对储层含流体特征进行识别与描述.含流体储层地震岩石物理是地震流体识别的基础,是搭建储层弹性参数与物性参数的桥梁,是实现含油气储层流体定量表征的重要发展方向.岩石物理驱动下地震流体识别研究有助于认识地下油气储层含流体特征及分布规律.文章概述地震流体识别及相关基础研究中的关键科学问题,着重评述国内外岩石物理驱动下地震流体识别研究的主要进展,探究地震流体识别研究面临的机遇,挑战及未来的研究方向.理论研究和实际应用表明,地震流体识别要以岩石物理及数值模拟为理论基础,发展有效的流体敏感参数构建及评价方法;以地震资料为数据支撑,形成有效的地震资料品质评价方法;以地震反演为技术保障,发展可靠的地震反演策略. 相似文献
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地电阻率各向异性广泛存在地壳中,尤其是浅部.因地震、矿山开采、火山喷发以及大型地质构造运动会明显改变地应力场,从而导致裂隙优势排列及裂隙中充填的流体重新分布,最终导致明显的电阻率各向异性.通过监测其变化,不仅可研究和了解地应力场的动态演化过程,还可以作为预测地震,矿震、火山活动和灾害性地质构造运动的依据,并研究它们形成的物理过程和物理机制.本文从室内、野外实验和数值模拟方面对电阻率各向异性的研究进行了概述,阐述了其在地震监测预报研究中的应用.探讨了室内电阻率各向异性岩石实验研究的发展特点,提出了新手段--电成像技术实验研究岩石电阻率各向异性的思路,期望建立研究电阻率各向异性的阵列式观测系统. 相似文献
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流体替换即为从一种孔隙流体状态下的岩石物理参数计算出另一种流体状态下的岩石物理参数.流体替换对于地震属性分析具有重要作用，其为解释人员进行AVO(振幅随偏移距变化)及四维地震研究提供了正演模拟及定量分析的工具.通常流体替换都是采用基于wood方程的Gassmann流体替换方法.本文借鉴Patchy saturation模型,及Brie经验模型分别提出了针对流体不均匀分布的Patchy saturation模型流体替换方法,及基于经验关系的Brie经验模型流体替换方法.并基于岩石物理实验比较分析了以上三种流体替换方法.通过目标区岩石物理分析，可以从中优选出更合适的流体替换方法，从而为流体的地震响应分析提供正确的指导. 相似文献
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裂缝储层岩石物理参数的准确获得对地下裂缝预测具有重要意义,而叠前地震反演是获得裂缝岩石物理参数的有效手段.本文从裂缝岩石物理等效模型的构建出发,从测井数据上估测了裂缝岩石物理参数,通过推导含裂缝岩石物理参数的方位各向异性弹性阻抗公式,探讨了基于方位各向异性弹性阻抗的裂缝岩石物理参数地震反演方法.实际工区地震数据应用表明,基于方位各向异性弹性阻抗的裂缝岩石物理参数反演方法合理、可靠,可以降低裂缝岩石物理参数估测的不确定性,为地下裂缝预测提供有力的依据. 相似文献
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秦皇岛32-6油田明化镇组储层为河流相沉积,单砂体规模小,砂体间接触关系复杂,受到地震分辨率限制,对叠置砂体储层地震响应规律认识不明确,导致基于地震信息的储层砂体解释错误.通过数值正演模拟,可以正确认识砂体储层的地震响应规律,提高砂体储层预测的准确率.所以,在进行地震响应正演模拟前,非常有必要对该区储层地球物理参数影响因素展开研究,通过分析研究区14口测井资料,建立了岩石物理参数(孔隙度、泥质含量、合流体性)与地球物理参数(速度、密度、波阻抗等)之间的相关关系,分析了不同沉积微相对地球物理参数的控制作用,并给出了相应的数学表达式,为正确认识河流相储层砂体地震响应规律奠定了准确的地球物理参数基础. 相似文献
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《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2014,(9)
正SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences,an academic journal cosponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China,and published by Science China Press and Springer,is committed to publishing high-quality,original results in 相似文献
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《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2014,(12)
正SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences,an academic journal cosponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China,and published by Science China Press and Springer,is committed to publishing high-quality,original results in both basic and applied research. 相似文献
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In natural waters arsenic concentrations up to a few milligrams per litre were measured. The natural content of arsenic found in soils varies between 0.01 mg/kg and a few hundred milligrams per kilogram. Anthropogenic sources of arsenic in the environment are the smelting of ores, the burning of coal, and the use of arsenic compounds in many products and production processes in the past. A lot of arsenic compounds are toxic and cause acute and chronic poisoning. In aqueous environment the inorganic arsenic species arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)) are the most abundant species. The mobility of these species is influenced by the pH value, the redox potential, and the presence of adsorbents such as oxides and hydroxides of Fe(III), Al(III), Mn(III/IV), humic substances, and clay minerals. 相似文献
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Due to deleterious effects on non-target organisms, the use of organotin compounds on boat hulls of small vessels (<25 m) has been widely prohibited. The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) resolved that the complete prohibition on organotin compounds acting as biocides in antifouling systems should commence in 2008. As a result of restrictions on the use of organotin based paints, other antifouling formulations containing organic biocides have been utilised. This survey was conducted to assess the contamination of replacement biocides in the marine environment following the ban of TBT-based paints. Surface sediments samples were collected in the major ports and marinas along the France Mediterranean coastline (Cote d’Azur) and analysed for organotin compounds, Irgarol 1051, Sea-nine 211TM, Chlorothalonil, Dichlofluanid and Folpet. Every port and marina exhibited high levels of organotin compounds, with concentrations in sediments ranging from 37 ng Sn g−1dry wt in Menton Garavan to over 4000 ng Sn g−1dry wt close to the ship chandler within the port of Villefranche-sur-Mer. TBT degradation indexes suggested that fresh inputs are still made. Among the other antifoulants monitored, only Irgarol 1051 exhibited measurable concentrations in almost every port, with concentrations ranging from 40 ng g−1dry wt (Cannes) to almost 700 ng g−1dry wt (Villefranche-sur-Mer, ship chandler). 相似文献
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Ian R. Falconer 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2005,33(1):64-71
Microcystins are cyclic heptapeptide toxins produced by a range of cyanobacterial genera. These cyanobacteria occur naturally in drinking water reservoirs subject to eutrophication, and in rivers and natural lakes. Because of the diversity of organisms, the toxins occur, from oligo‐mesotrophic lakes in North Temperate latitudes, to hypertrophic tropical ponds. The toxins are responsible for numerous cases of injury and death of domestic animals, and human poisoning from drinking water. The initial poisoning includes hepatic cell death. This leads to secondary effects from liver deficiency, including jaundice and photosensitisation. The toxic effects are largely due to inhibition of phosphatase enzymes, acting to regulate protein phosphorylation. The consequences include structural damage, apoptosis and, at lower concentrations, cell cycle effects and tumour promotion. As there is no clear evidence for direct carcinogenesis by microcystins, they are classed as non‐carcinogenic toxins in drinking water. Guideline Values for safe drinking water are derived from data for subchronic rodent toxicity, using the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (the highest dose giving no toxicity). To this dose are applied uncertainty factors, to calculate a Tolerable Daily Intake. On the basis of a standard bodyweight and water consumption the Guideline Value is determined for drinking water. For microcystin‐LR the WHO have set a provisional Guideline Value of 1 μg/L for drinking water. 相似文献
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The geomagnetic field and secular variation exhibit asymmetrical spatial features which are possibly originating from an heterogeneous thermal control of the Earth's lower mantle on the core. The identification of this control in magnetic data is subject to several difficulties, some of which can be alleviated by the use of core surface flow models. Using numerical dynamos driven by heterogeneous boundary heat flux, we confirm that within the parameter space accessible to simulations, time average surface flows obey a simple thermal wind equilibrium between the Coriolis and buoyancy forces, the Lorentz, inertial and viscous forces playing only a secondary role, even for Elsasser numbers significantly larger than 1. Furthermore, we average the models over the duration of three vortex turnovers, and correlate them with a longer time average which fully reveals the signature of boundary heterogeneity. This allows us to quantify the possibility of observing mantle control in core surface flows averaged over a short time period. A scaling analysis is performed in order to apply the results to the Earth's core. We find that three vortex turnovers could represent between 100 and 360 years of Earth time, and that the heat flux heterogeneity at the core-mantle boundary could be large enough to yield an observable signature of thermal mantle control in a time average core surface flow within reach of the available geomagnetic data. 相似文献
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Richard McCreary John McGaughey Yves Potvin Dave Ecobichon Marty Hudyma Harald Kanduth Alain Coulombe 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1992,139(3-4):349-373
Located in northern Québec, the Lac Shortt Mine was a small gold mine consisting of a thin subvertical orebody which was mined in three main phases. High stress and rockbursting conditions were experienced when ore was extracted in the upper zone between the surface and a depth of 500 metres during the first two phases of mining. Severe rockbursts were experienced in late 1989 near the shaft and in the footwall development following a deepening of the mine shaft to a depth of 830 m and partial development of footwall drift access for the third phase of mining (the mining of the lower zone starting at a depth of 830 m moving upward toward a depth of 500 m). A 16-channel Electrolab MP250 microseismic system, with a Queen's University Full-Waveform piggy-back system, was installed underground at the site due to these problems.It was expected that the thinning sill would be subjected to an ever-increasing load as the thickness of the 500 m sill pillar decreased in the face of the mining excavation from below. A monitoring program consisting of the microseismic monitoring system, a range of conventional geomechanics monitoring tools as well as the undertaking of periodic seismic tomography surveys to assess the ongoing state of stress and rock mass condition within the sill was therefore warranted.The anomalously high-magnitude stress field and the brittle rockmass created a situation in which rockmass failure was common and violent. In the creation and thinning of the sill pillar, the location of banded microseismic activity was crucial in tracing rockmass failure and the associated ground control problems. Reliable source-location determination enabled the identification of areas of stress increase. The movement of the rockmass failure front could be followed, and was responsible for stope dilution, footwall and orebody development deterioration, and caving.Source-mechanism analyses gave accurate double-couple solutions for approximately forty percent of these events having at least ten recognizable polarities. Results suggested movement along vertical north-south striking or vertical east-west striking features. Underground observation of damaged access points showed that vertical north-south striking joints were experiencing failure.The microseismic activity, which was consistently concentrated close to the southwest and northeast corners of current production stopes, could be explained by a stress field oriented obliquely to the strike of the orebody, as measured prior to shrinkage of the sill pillar byin situ stress measurements and observed borehole overbreaks. The orientations of theP andT axes for the microseismic activity further confirmed that the stress field oriented obliquely to strike.While an increase in compressional-wave velocity of 2.3 percent, corresponding to a measured stress increase of approximately 10 MPa could be measured by repeated tomographic surveys, it was relatively small and only a factor of two or so above the velocity measured uncertainty. The relative insensitivity of thein situ rock mass modulus to the applied stress is believed to be largely due to the rockmass discontinuities being relatively closed prior to stress increase, as substantiated by the small deformations seen by the extensometer and borehole camera. This situation existed because of the very high pre-mining stress level.The experimental demonstration that the rock could not absorb substantially increased load through the mechanism of discontinuity closure or tightening (which would be reflected in the modulus) may be evidence in itself of potentially burst-prone ground, such as encountered at Lac Shortt. 相似文献
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The inability to detect the presence of viable Helicobacter pylori bacteria in environmental waters has hindered the public health community in assessing the role water may play in the transmission of this pathogen. This work describes a cultural enrichment method coupled with an H. pylori‐specific PCR to identify these bacteria in water. While far from perfected at the present time, this represents an exciting new approach to studying the significance of water as a transmission mechanism for H. pylori. Evidence is presented that indicates culturable H. pylori bacteria were found using this enrichment/PCR method in a local groundwater source. 相似文献
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Response spectrum predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong: rock sites 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
N. T. K. Lam A. M. Chandler J. L. Wilson G. L. Hutchinson 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2002,22(1)
To realistically assess the seismic risk relating to built infrastructures in Hong Kong and in the neighbouring coastal cities of southern Guangdong province, it is necessary to predict ground shaking induced by different earthquake scenarios with good accuracy. A companion paper has described the modelling of the spatial and temporal distribution of the diffused seismic activities in the region, based on the newly-developed ‘Expanding Circular Disc’ (ECD) method. Representative Magnitude–Distance (M–R) combinations for both near-field and far-field earthquakes (in relation to Hong Kong) have been derived using the ECD method. The present paper describes the modelling of the response spectrum on rock sites associated with the predicted M–R combinations, using the Component Attenuation Model (CAM) that was also developed recently by the authors, based on stochastic simulations of the seismological model. The significant effects of soil resonance on the response spectrum are described in a separate publication.The accuracy of CAM in modelling ground motion properties on rock sites has been tested here by comparisons with (i) strong motions recorded in Taiwan and South China from the 1999 ‘Chi-Chi’ earthquake in Taiwan (M=7.6), (ii) motions recorded in South China from another earthquake occurring in the southern Taiwan Strait in the same year (M=5.1), and (iii) historical seismic intensity data obtained within South China. The overall capability of CAM in modelling both near-field and far-field attenuation has been shown to be unmatched by existing empirical models. Results of the comparison studies confirm the accuracy of CAM, particularly within an epicentral distance of 300–400 km.This study shows that the developed serviceability response spectra (i.e. at short return periods) are controlled mainly by the earthquake recurrence behaviour of major distant seismic sources. In contrast, the ultimate response spectra (i.e. at long return periods) relate to events with magnitudes close to the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) limit, the effect of which may also be represented by the Characteristic Response Spectrum (CRS). Both types of earthquake scenario can be significantly affected by the regional crustal properties. The proposed response spectrum envelopes have been compared with previously developed recommendations, and a critical review has been conducted. The intrinsic advantages of the ECD–CAM modelling approach have been highlighted, emphasising its directness and transparency when compared with the more complex process required to implement traditional Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment (PSHA). 相似文献