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1.
利用中美合作在青藏高原布设的11台 PASSCAL 宽频带数字地震仪记录到的瑞利面波资料,测得青藏高原内不同块体的瑞利面波相速度(周期为10——120s),并反演了不同路径的地壳上地幔 S 波速度结构,发现青藏高原 S 波速度结构的横向变化显著.亚东——安多裂谷带的面波频散与相邻的块体差异最大,温泉至日喀则路径的相速度比其它路径的相速度明显偏高.该路径的地壳平均速度为3.79km/s,比其它路径的地壳平均速度3.40——3.50km/s高得多.青藏高原内不同块体的地壳中均有低速层存在,但低速层的厚度和速度不尽相同.位于北部的松潘甘孜块体。其地壳较薄约为65km,Sn 速度为4.48km/s,而且在约120km 深处的上地幔中存在一厚度为60km,速度为4.15km/s 的上地幔低速层.其它路径的上地幔速度相近,均没有明显的上地幔低速层出现.羌塘块体与拉萨块体的瑞利波相速度和 S 波速度结构极为相似,上地幔顶部的速度较松潘甘孜块体略高.在青藏高原广大地区中,地壳的平均速度低,普遍存在地壳低速层;上地幔顶部的横波速度为4.50——4.65km/s,上地幔中或者没有低速层或者低速层埋藏较深. 相似文献
2.
羌塘盆地是我国最大的海相盆地.本文根据在羌塘盆地内布设的27个宽频带地震观测台站记录的远震波形数据,利用非线性复谱比反演算法得到各台站下方100 km深度范围内S波速度结构.结果表明.羌塘地区Moho深度较为平缓,平均深度为61 km;北羌塘地壳内低速层广泛分布;北羌塘具有两个较大的沉积盆地,龙尾错和白滩湖坳陷,沉积厚度分别有10 km和15 km.尽管北羌塘下地壳受到强烈的新生代火山岩作用改造,但是这种深部岩浆热作用会加速烃源岩中有机质的热演化历程.北羌塘两个盆地具有很好的油气前景.与北羌塘低速层分布相比,南羌塘下低速层更深,可能与班公怒江洋于中生代的俯冲消减及拉萨地体北向俯冲有关. 相似文献
3.
对INDEPTH Ⅲ台站的接收函数进行扫描，利用Moho界面产生的转换波和多次波的走时信息，估计台站下方的地壳平均波速比VP/VS和地壳厚度.结果显示：（1）沿着INDEPTH Ⅲ剖面，地壳厚度整体变化不大，均为65±5km，其中拉萨地块Moho界面埋深较羌塘地体要深约5～6km.结合其他研究资料，我们推断，在整个班公-怒江缝合带存在约10km的Moho错断，为拉萨地体北缘的地幔盖层向北俯冲到羌塘地体之下所致.（2）青藏高原地壳平均波速比整体都较高，可能与青藏高原地壳广泛存在的流体/部分熔融岩浆有关.拉萨地体北部异常高的地壳VP/VS可能与嘉黎-崩错右旋走滑断裂相关；而另一个泊松比异常区位于羌塘中北部（st36～st40），它可能是由热的地幔引起的壳内部分熔融所致. 相似文献
4.
青藏高原东南缘的龙门山断裂两侧具有陡峭的地形特征，在约50~100 km的水平距离内，地形高程从2000 m增加到4000 m，该区强烈的壳幔变形特征及地球动力学模式一直是研究的热点问题.本文从四川地区49个固定台站记录的远震资料提取了P波接收函数，获得了四川盆地及周边的地壳厚度和泊松比，并以此构建反演的初始模型.在线性反演的基础上，引入了分别拟合低频和高频接收函数的两步反演技术，用以反演台站下方的地壳S波速度结构.数字试验表明，该方法可以有效抑制接收函数反演的不唯一性，为了得到最优解，最后用Bootstrap重采样技术估计解的不确定性.结果表明，四川盆地的地壳厚度在40~46 km，松潘-甘孜块体北部的地壳厚度为46~52 km，而南部增厚到50~60 km.从四川盆地向西跨过龙门山断裂，地壳厚度增加了10~15 km.在四川盆地及周边地区，地壳泊松比在0.26~0.32之间，呈块体分布特征，高泊松比（0.28~0.32）主要沿龙门山断裂以及安宁河-小江断裂分布.地壳S波速度结构表明，来自青藏高原中部的中下地壳低速层可能受到了坚硬的四川盆地阻挡，改变原来的运动方向并沿龙门山断裂展布，由于低速层的囤积导致该区地形陡峭和下地壳增厚. 相似文献
5.
本文首次采用Rayleigh面波双台法研究中国西部及其邻域的三维横波速度结构.共处理了超过3000条双台资料，经仔细挑选共获得110条高质量的双台Rayleigh波相速度频散资料.采用Tarantola的概率方法反演得到研究区域内15～120 s的Rayleigh相速度分布图像.采用Tarantola非线性问题的最小二乘反演方法反演得到研究区域内2°×2°的三维横波速度结构.利用不同周期的Rayleigh面波相速度大致对λ/3波长附近深度的横波速度最为敏感这一物理特性，在反演过程中引入一种层速度自适应调整的技巧，可以较好地加快收敛和提高反演的稳定性.反演得到的横波速度结构的主要结论为：（1）青藏高原的西部地区下地壳和上地幔顶部横波速度很高，软流层不发育；而青藏高原东缘地区的下地壳和上地幔顶部速度明显偏低，很可能是青藏高原地壳低速物质沿青藏高原东部边缘地区向南运动、形成经川滇地区连接缅甸北部低速区的低速物质运移通道；在青藏高原东北部边缘地区，下地壳的速度明显低于中地壳的速度；（2）青藏高原南部的拉萨地块具有较高速度的上地幔顶盖层，从南向北拉萨地块的软流层埋深约从130 km减至100 km，软流层厚度约从40 km增至80 km；北部羌塘地块的下地壳速度偏低，上地幔顶盖层缺失，速度很低，软流层的厚度较大；（3）塔里木盆地和准噶尔盆地都表现出较高的上地幔横波速度结构，软流层不明显，准噶尔盆地下地壳的厚度和速度都比塔里木盆地的高；（4）蒙古高原西部的下地壳上地幔顶部速度明显低于蒙古高原东部地区的，且在蒙古高原中西部地区存在巨厚的低速软流层.该软流层越往蒙古高原东部厚度越小，上覆顶盖层的速度和厚度越大.对上述反演结果作了地质解释. 相似文献
6.
利用程海断裂带附近27个数字地震台站远震波形资料, 提取每一个台站的接收函数, 计算出各台站莫霍面深度同时利用时间域线性反演方法, 获得了各个台站下方的横波速度。 结果显示: 程海断裂带莫霍面深度从南部42 km增至北部的54 km, 南部和北部莫霍面深度有明显的不同。 从程海断裂带下方不同深度S波速度剖面可以看出, 宾川及其北东部地区中下地壳存在明显的低速层, 此低速层可能与还没有固结的热物质有关。 而永胜南部地区, 地壳中S波速度垂直变化剧烈, 低速异常高速异常交替丛生, 这可能是此区地震频发的主要原因。 同时, 本文对宽频带地震仪和短周期地震仪得到的接收函数进行了初步的对比分析。 相似文献
7.
利用云南数字地震台网的区域地震波形资料，对川滇地区的地壳上地幔速度结构进行了初步研究. 结果表明，川滇地区上地幔顶部P波速度较小，约78 km/s，P波速度在上地幔表现为较小的正速度梯度，S波在100～160 km深度范围内表现为弱低速层. 对于较短的观测路径，不同路径的平均P波和S波速度存在明显的横向变化. 与川滇菱形块体内部的速度结构不同，在块体边界附近可以观测到比较明显的上地壳低速层，我们认为它可能与块体边界的断裂带有关；川滇菱形块体内部存在的下地壳低速层，有利于块体向南滑动，而中上地壳没有明显低速结构，可能表明川滇菱形块体向南滑动的解耦深度至少在下地壳. 根据不同路径的反演结果，给出了云南中部地区地壳内部的平均速度结构. 相似文献
8.
收集整理2007年以来延边地震台记录的113个远震数字波形资料,采用远震接收函数反演延边地震台下方地壳结构,运用H-Kappa叠加方法,计算得到台站下方地壳厚度和泊松比.采用全球平均地壳模型作为初始模型,反演台站下方0-100 km的S波速结构.反演结果表明,延边地震台下方地壳厚度为30.8 km,波速比为1.84,泊松比较高,为0.29.在台站下方15-20 km及25-30 km处存在低速层. 相似文献
9.
利用INDEPTH/ASCENT台阵和其它布设在青藏高原的流动宽频带地震仪数据,反演了青藏高原东部和周边区域的上地幔顶层Pn波速度以及台站延迟.研究区域的平均Pn波速度是8.1 km/s,略高于中国大陆的平均Pn波速度.低速区主要分布在羌塘地块的西部和松潘-甘孜地块,高温异常的岩石圈上地幔很可能是导致这一低速区的原因.班公-怒江缝合带东端区域的Pn波速度达到8.35 km/s,这一高速区可能与向北俯冲的印度板块(东端)有关.另一Pn波高速区分布在祁连山和昆仑山之间,主要由柴达木盆地和共和盆地及其周边地区,两个并不完全连续的高速异常区组成,它可能对应于特提斯洋闭合时北部增生的克拉通地体;在后来的欧亚板块与印度板块的碰撞中,这一地体有可能阻挡了青藏高原向北的生长.相对密集的台站提供了高分辨率的速度结构横向分布和地壳厚度变化.台站延迟显示青藏高原北部和东部的地壳存在显著的减薄--松潘-甘孜地块东北缘的地壳厚度仅为约50 km,而羌塘地块东部唐古拉山地壳最厚,达到75 km,这可能是由于印度-欧亚板块碰撞引起的羌塘地块内部变形增厚所致. 相似文献
10.
青藏高原东部地壳上地幔S波速度结构——下地壳流的深部环境 总被引：21，自引：0，他引：21
在青藏高原东部沿30°N布设由26个台站组成的远震观测剖面．用远震P波接收函数反演方法获得了该剖面下方0～80km深度范围的S波速度结构．反演的结果揭示了沿剖面不同构造块体的地壳速度结构横向变化特征．从喜马拉雅东构造结北侧的林芝，往东北方向的地壳逐渐增厚；地壳厚度在班公．怒江缝合带为最大值，达72km；进入羌塘地块，减至65km；至巴颜喀拉地块，为57～64km；至四川盆地，仅为40—45km．剖面的巴塘以东部分与2000年完成的竹巴龙．资中人工地震测深剖面重合，由远震接收函数确定的S波地壳结构与由人工地震测深获得的P波地壳结构在莫霍界面和壳内主要界面的深度上有很好的一致性．在羌塘地块和巴颜喀拉地块，沿观测剖面的下地壳（30～60km深度范围内）普遍存在低速异常，而四川盆地下地壳则属于正常的速度分布．剖面通过的各构造单元地壳平均波速比（泊松比）：拉萨地块1．73（σ=0．247），班公-怒江缝合带1．78（σ=0．269），羌塘地块1．80（σ=0．275），巴颜喀拉地块1．86（σ=0．294）和扬子地块1．77（σ==0．265）．羌塘地块和巴颜喀拉地块具有下地壳S波低速异常、复杂的莫霍过渡带以及地壳高泊松比的特征，预示下地壳物质处于热和软弱状态，这是青藏高原东部存在下地壳流的深部环境．下地壳韧性物质的流动可能起因于从高原内部至外部上地壳内重力势能的变化． 相似文献
11.
《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2014,(12)
正SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences,an academic journal cosponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China,and published by Science China Press and Springer,is committed to publishing high-quality,original results in both basic and applied research. 相似文献
12.
《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2014,(9)
正SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences,an academic journal cosponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China,and published by Science China Press and Springer,is committed to publishing high-quality,original results in 相似文献
13.
In natural waters arsenic concentrations up to a few milligrams per litre were measured. The natural content of arsenic found in soils varies between 0.01 mg/kg and a few hundred milligrams per kilogram. Anthropogenic sources of arsenic in the environment are the smelting of ores, the burning of coal, and the use of arsenic compounds in many products and production processes in the past. A lot of arsenic compounds are toxic and cause acute and chronic poisoning. In aqueous environment the inorganic arsenic species arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)) are the most abundant species. The mobility of these species is influenced by the pH value, the redox potential, and the presence of adsorbents such as oxides and hydroxides of Fe(III), Al(III), Mn(III/IV), humic substances, and clay minerals. 相似文献
14.
Due to deleterious effects on non-target organisms, the use of organotin compounds on boat hulls of small vessels (<25 m) has been widely prohibited. The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) resolved that the complete prohibition on organotin compounds acting as biocides in antifouling systems should commence in 2008. As a result of restrictions on the use of organotin based paints, other antifouling formulations containing organic biocides have been utilised. This survey was conducted to assess the contamination of replacement biocides in the marine environment following the ban of TBT-based paints. Surface sediments samples were collected in the major ports and marinas along the France Mediterranean coastline (Cote d’Azur) and analysed for organotin compounds, Irgarol 1051, Sea-nine 211TM, Chlorothalonil, Dichlofluanid and Folpet. Every port and marina exhibited high levels of organotin compounds, with concentrations in sediments ranging from 37 ng Sn g−1dry wt in Menton Garavan to over 4000 ng Sn g−1dry wt close to the ship chandler within the port of Villefranche-sur-Mer. TBT degradation indexes suggested that fresh inputs are still made. Among the other antifoulants monitored, only Irgarol 1051 exhibited measurable concentrations in almost every port, with concentrations ranging from 40 ng g−1dry wt (Cannes) to almost 700 ng g−1dry wt (Villefranche-sur-Mer, ship chandler). 相似文献
15.
Ian R. Falconer 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2005,33(1):64-71
Microcystins are cyclic heptapeptide toxins produced by a range of cyanobacterial genera. These cyanobacteria occur naturally in drinking water reservoirs subject to eutrophication, and in rivers and natural lakes. Because of the diversity of organisms, the toxins occur, from oligo‐mesotrophic lakes in North Temperate latitudes, to hypertrophic tropical ponds. The toxins are responsible for numerous cases of injury and death of domestic animals, and human poisoning from drinking water. The initial poisoning includes hepatic cell death. This leads to secondary effects from liver deficiency, including jaundice and photosensitisation. The toxic effects are largely due to inhibition of phosphatase enzymes, acting to regulate protein phosphorylation. The consequences include structural damage, apoptosis and, at lower concentrations, cell cycle effects and tumour promotion. As there is no clear evidence for direct carcinogenesis by microcystins, they are classed as non‐carcinogenic toxins in drinking water. Guideline Values for safe drinking water are derived from data for subchronic rodent toxicity, using the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (the highest dose giving no toxicity). To this dose are applied uncertainty factors, to calculate a Tolerable Daily Intake. On the basis of a standard bodyweight and water consumption the Guideline Value is determined for drinking water. For microcystin‐LR the WHO have set a provisional Guideline Value of 1 μg/L for drinking water. 相似文献
16.
The geomagnetic field and secular variation exhibit asymmetrical spatial features which are possibly originating from an heterogeneous thermal control of the Earth's lower mantle on the core. The identification of this control in magnetic data is subject to several difficulties, some of which can be alleviated by the use of core surface flow models. Using numerical dynamos driven by heterogeneous boundary heat flux, we confirm that within the parameter space accessible to simulations, time average surface flows obey a simple thermal wind equilibrium between the Coriolis and buoyancy forces, the Lorentz, inertial and viscous forces playing only a secondary role, even for Elsasser numbers significantly larger than 1. Furthermore, we average the models over the duration of three vortex turnovers, and correlate them with a longer time average which fully reveals the signature of boundary heterogeneity. This allows us to quantify the possibility of observing mantle control in core surface flows averaged over a short time period. A scaling analysis is performed in order to apply the results to the Earth's core. We find that three vortex turnovers could represent between 100 and 360 years of Earth time, and that the heat flux heterogeneity at the core-mantle boundary could be large enough to yield an observable signature of thermal mantle control in a time average core surface flow within reach of the available geomagnetic data. 相似文献
17.
George W. Housner 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2008,7(2):I0001-I0001
Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States. 相似文献
20.
JianCheng Shi 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2014,57(10):2281-2282
正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases 相似文献