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在浅水环境中,利用频率域海洋可控源电磁法探测油气藏薄层面临着挑战,这是因为空气波支配着电磁响应而它只含有少量海底电阻率结构的信息.本文研究了空气波对时间域可控源电磁(CSEM)响应的影 响. 空气波到达时间取决于海水深度.在浅水区空气波到达早,而在深海水区空气波到达晚,空气波与来自深部电阻体的电磁波出现在不同时间段.虽然在中等深度的海水区空气波和来自深部电阻体的电磁信号几乎同时到达,但与不含有油气藏的背景模型相比,仍可以看到明显的异常.浅水区勘探的好处在于可以使用表面拖曳系统. 相似文献
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Lars O. Løseth 《Geophysical Prospecting》2011,59(1):145-160
In marine controlled‐source electromagnetic (CSEM) surveys the subsurface is explored by emitting low‐frequency signals from an electric dipole source close to the sea‐bed. The main goal is often to detect and describe possible thin resistive layers beneath the sea‐bed. To gain insight into how CSEM signals propagate, it is informative to study a stratified model. The electromagnetic field is then given in terms of integrals over TE‐ and TM‐polarized plane‐wave constituents. An asymptotic evaluation of the field integrals for large propagation distances results in explicit spatial expressions for the field components and the derived expressions can be used to analyse how the CSEM signals propagate. There are two major signal pathways in a standard CSEM model. One of these pathways is via the thin resistive layer and the resulting response is accounted for by a pole in the reflection response for the TM mode. The signal is propagating nearly vertically down to the resistor from the source, then guided while attenuated along the reservoir, before propagating nearly vertically up to the receiver. The response is slightly altered by the sea‐bed interface and further modified in shallow water due to multiple reflections between the sea‐surface and sea‐bed at both the source and receiver sides. The other major signal pathway is via the resistive air half‐space, the so‐called airwave. The airwave is generated by the TE mode and interacts with the subsurface via vertically propagating signals reflected between the sea‐surface and subsurface at both the source and receiver sides. 相似文献
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Seismic interferometry deals with the generation of new seismic responses by crosscorrelating existing ones. One of the main assumptions underlying most interferometry methods is that the medium is lossless. We develop an ‘interferometry‐by‐deconvolution’ approach which circumvents this assumption. The proposed method applies not only to seismic waves, but to any type of diffusion and/or wave field in a dissipative medium. This opens the way to applying interferometry to controlled‐source electromagnetic (CSEM) data. Interferometry‐by‐deconvolution replaces the overburden by a homogeneous half space, thereby solving the shallow sea problem for CSEM applications. We demonstrate this at the hand of numerically modeled CSEM data. 相似文献
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地层宏观电性各向异性会对可控源电磁响应产生重要影响.由于海底地层电性结构常表现为电导率各向异性，若仅对海洋可控源电磁（MCSEM）数据进行常规各向同性反演，有可能无法获得准确的反演解释结果，从而削弱MCSEM技术的可靠性.本文实现了电导率垂直各向异性（VTI）条件下频率域海洋可控源电磁数据三维反演算法.其中，三维正演采用基于二次场控制方程的交错网格有限体积法，并利用直接矩阵分解技术来求解离散所得的大型线性方程组，有利于快速计算多场源的响应.反演采用具有近似二次收敛性的高斯牛顿算法对目标函数进行最优化.最后，对具有VTI电性各向异性特征的盐丘构造模型的MCSEM合成数据分别进行了电导率各向同性和垂直各向异性三维反演，结果表明：各向同性三维反演算法无法对受VTI介质影响的MCSEM数据进行正确的反演解释，而垂直各向异性三维反演能够获得更为可靠的地下电阻率结构和异常体分布，展现出对海底电性各向异性结构更为优良的反演解释能力. 相似文献
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本文提出了一维垂直各向异性(VTI)介质倾斜偶极源频率域海洋可控源电磁(CSEM)资料高斯-牛顿反演方法.在电阻率各向异性介质水平偶极源和垂直偶极源海洋CSEM正演算法的基础上,利用欧拉旋转方法,实现了各向异性介质倾斜偶极源海洋CSEM正演算法.海洋可控源电磁场关于地下介质横向电阻率(ρ_h)和垂向电阻率(ρ_v)的偏导数(即灵敏度矩阵)是解析计算的,结合垂直各向异性介质横向电阻率与垂向电阻率的关系,将各向异性率融入到正则化因子选择中,实现了正则化因子的自适应选择.理论模型合成数据和实测资料反演算例表明,我们提出的反演方法能够较准确的重构海底围岩和基岩的各向异性电阻率以及高阻薄层的埋藏深度、厚度和垂向电阻率. 相似文献
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In shallow water the frequency domain controlled source electromagnetic method is subject to airwave saturation that strongly limits the sensitivity to resistive hydrocarbon targets at depth. It has been suggested that time‐domain CSEM may offer an improved sensitivity and resolution of these deep targets in the presence of the airwave. In order to examine and test these claims, this work presents a side‐by‐side investigation of both methods with a main focus on practical considerations, and how these effect the resolution of a hydrocarbon reservoir. Synthetic noisy data for both time‐domain and frequency domain methods are simulated using a realistic frequency dependent noise model and frequency dependent scaling for representative source waveforms. The synthetic data studied here include the frequency domain response from a compact broadband waveform, the time‐domain step‐response from a low‐frequency square wave and the time‐domain impulse response obtained from pseudo‐random binary sequences. These data are used in a systematic resolution study of each method as a function of water‐depth, relative noise and stacking length. The results indicate that the broadband frequency domain data have the best resolution for a given stacking time, whereas the time‐domain data require prohibitively longer stacking times to achieve similar resolution. 相似文献
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本文提出了一种基于非结构化网格的海洋电磁有限单元正演算法.为了回避场源奇异性,文中选用二次场算法,将背景电阻率设置为水平层状且各向异性,场源在水平层状各向异性介质中所激发的一次场通过汉克尔积分得到.基于Coulomb规范得到二次矢量位和标量位所满足的Maxwell方程组,通过Galerkin加权余量法形成大型稀疏有限元方程,采用不完全LU分解(ILU)预条件因子的quasi-minimum residual(QMR)迭代解法对有限元方程进行求解得到二次矢量位和标量位;进而,利用滑动平均方法得到二次矢量位和标量位在空间的导数,由此得到二次电磁场;通过一维模型对算法的可靠性进行验证,与此同时,针对实际复杂海洋电磁模型,比较有限元模拟结果与积分方程模拟结果,进一步验证算法精度.若干计算结果均表明,文中算法具有良好的通用性,适用于井中电磁、航空电磁,环境地球物理等非均匀且各向异性介质中的电磁感应基础研究. 相似文献
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海底采集到的电磁数据按照其主要包含的信息及研究目的大致可分为海洋可控源电磁场(CSEM)信号、天然场源大地电磁场(MT)信号、海洋环境电磁场信号以及其他随机干扰信号.常常通过计算功率谱密度、时频分析和极化分析的方法研究海洋电磁场特征.本文介绍一种新方法——时频方向谱分析法及其在实测海洋电磁数据处理中的应用,该方法能够在一定的时间-频率尺度上有效分辨场源信号的运动方向.对于海洋CSEM数据,利用该方法可以估算发射源的运动方向,进而在发射源或采集站方位信息缺失情况下,实现海洋CSEM数据的旋转电性轴处理.对于海洋电磁数据,利用该方法可以详细分析海水运动感应电磁场的信号特征. 相似文献
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本文以非结构化网格剖分为基础,推导了电导率呈任意各向异性条件下的海洋可控源电磁法二次场磁矢量位、标量位所满足的有限元方程.将不完全LU分解预条件因子(ILU)与Induced dimension reduction(IDR(s))迭代算法相结合对有限元方程进行求解.之后,采用加权移动最小二乘法对二次场矢量位、标量位进行求导得到相应的电磁场各分量.最后,开展了两个地电模型的电磁场计算与分析.结果表明:本文所提出的电导率呈任意各向异性条件下的海洋可控源电磁法三维正演算法正确;不完全LU分解预处理的IDR(s)算法计算效率明显优于常用的ILU-QMR、ILU-BICGSTAB算法;算法具有良好的通用性,可用于陆地电磁、航空电磁、井中电磁等地球物理勘探方法在电导率任意各向异性方面的研究. 相似文献
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在海洋可控源电磁法勘探中,接收站常置于海底.在进行海洋电磁场模拟时,由于海水和海底介质存在显著电性差异,这给海底接收点处场值的求取带来困难.本文提出一种新的接收点插值算法,该算法考虑到海底电场法向分量不连续性问题,用法向电流分量进行插值以准确求取海底任意接收点处电磁场值.本文利用交错网格有限差分法实现了二维介质中频率域海洋可控源法(CSEM)正演.对构造走向做傅里叶变换,将三维电磁模拟问题转换为波数域2.5维问题,即三维场源激励下针对二维地电模型的电磁模拟问题.使用交错网格有限差分法,基于一次场/二次场分离方法导出波数域二次电场离散形式,并进一步求得波数域电磁场.采用本文提出的改进的插值算法可求得海底任意接收点处波数域电磁场,采用傅里叶逆变换对波数域电磁场进行积分可得到接收点处空间域电磁场.模型算例表明,与常规的线性插值和严格插值算法相比,本文提出的改进的插值算法具有更高的精度. 相似文献
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本文采用有理函数Krylov子空间模型降阶算法实现了同时求解多频可控源电磁法三维正演响应的快速计算.首先采用基于Yee氏交错网格的拟态有限体积法实现控制方程的空间离散，将任意频率的电场响应表示为关于频率参数的传递函数.采用有理函数Krylov子空间算法求解该传递函数.针对构建m维有理函数Krylov子空间需要求解m次（几十到上百）关于有理函数极点和离散控制方程系数矩阵的线性方程组的问题，本文提出采用单个重复极点的有理函数Krylov子空间模型降阶算法，结合直接法求解器PARDISO，采用Gram-Schmidt方法，只需要1次系数矩阵分解和m次矩阵回代即可实现有理函数Krylov子空间的构建，极大地减少了计算量.针对最优化有理函数极点选取问题，本文根据传递函数的有理函数Krylov子空间投影算法的误差分析理论，引入关于单个重复极点的收敛率函数，通过求解有理函数的最大收敛率直接给出最优化的单个重复极点公式.最终实现了不同发射频率的可控源电磁法三维正演响应的快速计算.分别计算了典型层状模型多发射频率的CSAMT和海洋CSEM的正演响应，通过与解析解的对比验证了本文算法在多发射频率正演的计算精度和计算效率；并通过一个三维海洋CSEM勘探设计最优化发射频率和接收区域选取的例子进一步说明本文算法的优点. 相似文献
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Anwar H. Bhuyian Brd P. Thrane Martin Landr Stle E. Johansen 《Geophysical Prospecting》2010,58(3):505-533
A comprehensive controlled source electromagnetic (CSEM) modelling study, based on complex resistivity structures in a deep marine geological setting, is conducted. The study demonstrates the effects of acquisition parameters and multi‐layered resistors on CSEM responses. Three‐dimensional (3D) finite difference time domain (FDTD) grid‐modelling is used for CSEM sensitivity analysis. Interpolation of normalized CSEM responses provides attributes representing relative sensitivity of the modelled structures. Modelling results show that fine grid, 1 × 1 km receiver spacing, provides good correlations between CSEM responses and the modelled structures, irrespective of source orientation. The resolution of CSEM attributes decreases for receiver spacing >2 × 2 km, when using only in‐line data. Broadside data in the grid geometry increase data density by 100 – approximately 200% by filling in in‐line responses and improve the resolution of CSEM attributes. Optimized source orientation (i.e., oblique to the strike of an elongated resistor) improves the structural definition of the CSEM anomalies for coarse‐grid geometries (receiver spacing ≥3 × 3 km). The study also shows that a multi‐resistor anomaly is not simply the summation but a cumulative response with mutual interference between constituent resistors. The combined response of constituent resistors is approximately 50% higher than the cumulative response of the multi‐resistor for 0.5 Hz at 4000 m offset. A gradual inverse variation of offset and frequency allows differentiation of CSEM anomalies for multi‐layered resistors. Similar frequency‐offset variations for laterally persistent high‐resistivity facies show visual continuity with varying geometric expressions. 3D grid‐modelling is an effective and adequate tool for CSEM survey design and sensitivity analysis. 相似文献
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陆地可控源电磁法的观测资料可依据频段范围近似地划分为近区场、中间区场及远区场,但采用测量相互正交电、磁分量,并计算视电阻率的资料处理方式只适用于远区场数据.为更有效地利用陆地可控源电磁法不同区间场的观测资料,本文结合三维数值模拟技术并采用电场分量直接进行反演的策略,对不同区间电场的响应特征与探测效果进行了分析.数值模拟结果表明:近区电场的异常响应最明显,异常响应不随频率发生显著变化,但纵向分辨能力差;远区电场异常响应随频率发生显著变化,其探测深度取决于频率的高低;中间区场较为复杂,地表电场异常响应的等值线中心并不是位于异常体中心正上方,而是在沿场传播方向上向异常体与围岩的分界面处偏移,并且发现中间区场资料的加入会影响反演结果的准确性.综合合成数据和野外实测资料的反演结果,发现结合近区场和远区场资料而舍弃中间区场资料的反演效果更佳,这为陆地可控源电磁法资料的反演解释提供了一种有效途径. 相似文献
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大规模地球物理电磁数据的定量解释需要发展高效、稳定的三维正反演算法.本文通过求解离散化的三维电场矢量Helmholtz方程,实现了基于有限体积法的频率域可控源电磁(CSEM)三维正演算法.为模拟具有强电性差异的三维电性介质,该算法采用拟态有限体积法(MFV)对Maxwell方程组进行离散化;另外,为获得稳定、高精度的正演数值结果,采用直接矩阵分解技术来求解离散所得到的大型稀疏线性方程组.对于具有多个发射源的CSEM测量来说,一次矩阵分解结果能够用于同频率下所有场源的正演计算.为降低场源奇异性及边界条件对数值精度的影响,采用虚拟场源校正技术,避免了散射场公式中在构建场源项时所需的大量时间.对于具有多个频率的CSEM的模拟计算,采用分频并行策略来加快三维正演计算.最后,通过与一维层状模型及三维模型的数值结果的对比验证了本文所开发的正演算法对频率域CSEM模拟计算的准确性及有效性,表明该正演算法能够有效应用于三维介质的数值计算.另外,对于多频率CSEM的并行测试结果表明基于分频并行策略的并行计算能够显著地降低正演计算时间. 相似文献
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Controlled-Source Electromagnetic Approaches for Hydrocarbon Exploration and Monitoring on Land 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
Rita Streich 《Surveys in Geophysics》2016,37(1):47-80
Electromagnetic methods that utilize controlled sources have been applied for natural resource exploration for more than a century. Nevertheless, concomitant with the recent adoption of marine controlled-source electromagnetics (CSEM) by the hydrocarbon industry, the overall usefulness of CSEM methods on land has been questioned within the industry. Truly, there are few published examples of land CSEM surveys carried out completely analogously to the current marine CSEM standard approach of towing a bipole source across an array of stationary receivers, continuously transmitting a low-frequency signal and interpreting the data in the frequency domain. Rather, different sensitivity properties of different exploration targets in diverse geological settings, gradual advances in theoretical understanding, acquisition and computer technology, and different schools in different parts of the world have resulted in a sometimes confusing multitude of land-based controlled-source EM surveying approaches. Here, I aim to review previous and present-day approaches, and provide reasoning for their diversity. I focus on surface-based techniques while excluding airborne EM and well logging and on applications for hydrocarbon exploration. Attempts at the very demanding task of using onshore controlled-source EM for reservoir monitoring are shown, and the possible future potential of EM monitoring is discussed. 相似文献
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为了分析海洋中含金属矿的储油气砂层的成分、结构对于海洋可控源电磁场的影响特征，引入多相微增等效介质模型，结合非结构化网格实现了海洋可控源电磁三维矢量有限元正演.首先对多相微增模型进行了介绍，并分析不同参数影响下的等效电导率变化特征.而后，详细推导了频率域可控源电磁法非结构化矢量有限元方程.接着，利用预处理的IDR （s）迭代算法求解线性方程组.最后设计典型的海洋地电模型，通过正演计算，验证了本文算法的正确性和有效性，同时研究了海洋储油砂层中的金属矿的含量、孔隙度、含水饱和度等参数对于可控源电磁场响应特征的影响. 相似文献
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海洋可控源电磁法在国外已成为海底天然气水合物调查的有效手段之一.为实现我国海域深水条件下水合物的海洋可控源电磁探测,本文从方法原理出发,采用低功耗嵌入式控制、前端低噪声斩波放大、高精度时间同步和水声通讯等技术,设计并开发了由承压舱、玻璃浮球、采集电路、电场与磁场传感器、姿态测量装置、声学释放器、USBL定位信标、测量臂、水泥块等部件组成的海底可控源电磁接收机,实现了海洋微弱电磁场信号的高精度采集.海底可控源电磁接收机具有高可靠性、低噪声、低功耗和低时漂的特点.利用研制的海底可控源电磁接收机,在琼东南海域进行水合物勘查,采集得到了可靠的人工源电磁场数据.通过数据处理及反演,获得了研究区海底的电阻率模型,结合地震资料,对高阻异常体进行推断解释,其结果为天然气水合物钻探井位布置提供了电性依据. 相似文献
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在使用电偶极发射源的可控源电磁法(CSEM)勘探中,发射源的方位、长度、形状等对观测数据有重要的影响,然而现有的大部分三维数值模拟方法没有全面地将这些因素考虑进来,很多都只能应对非常简单的场源形态,例如单一方位的点电偶极子,这有可能显著降低模拟结果的准确性.本文实现了基于交错网格有限体积(FV)离散的海洋CSEM三维正演算法,能够模拟形态相对复杂的场源,包括任意方位的有限长直导线和弯曲导线发射源.该算法使用一次场/二次场方法,只需对二次场使用FV法求解,避免了场源的奇异性问题;一次场的计算为一维正演问题,使用准解析法求解,并且只要在计算一次场时考虑复杂的场源形态便可以实现同样场源的三维正演.通过与一维理论模型的解析解对比验证了三维程序的准确性,并针对三维理论模型进行了一系列正演测试,初步考察了场源形态对三维正演结果的影响. 相似文献