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1.
汶川地震发震断层为高角度逆断层,这种断层滑动和发生强震需要断层深部具备特殊的力学条件。发震断层地区地表出露若干韧性剪切带,其中不同类型石英变形具有不同的变形温度。细粒糜棱岩中的石英表现为高温位错蠕变,变形温度为500~700℃;含残斑初糜棱岩中的石英表现为中温位错蠕变,其变形温度为400~500℃;早期石英脉中的石英表现为低温位错蠕变,变形温度为280~400℃;晚期石英脉以碎裂变形为主,其变形温度为150~250℃。石英的这些变形特征显示出断层带经历了多期脆-塑性转化。根据糜棱岩中的重结晶石英的粒度估计的断层塑性流动应力为15~80MPa。石英和长石内的微量水以晶体缺陷水、颗粒边界水和流体包裹体水的形式存在,水含量随岩石的应变增加而升高,变化范围为0.01~0.15wt%。断层脆-塑性转化带内石英含有大量与裂隙愈合相关的次生流体包裹体,其捕获温度为330~350℃,流体压力为70~405MPa,估计的流体压力系数为0.16~0.9,代表强震发生后,断层带内产生的大量微裂隙逐渐愈合过程中的流体特征。在考虑断层带流体压力和应变速率变化条件下,利用石英流变参数建立了从间震期到地震成核阶段断层脆-塑性转化带流变结构和震后快速蠕滑阶段断层脆-塑性转化带流变结构。结果表明,在间震期、地震成核阶段、震后快速滑动阶段,断层强度和脆-塑性转化深度随应变速率和流体压力变化而变化,且脆-塑性转化特征与石英的变形机制、断层速度弱化和强化转化深度、汶川地震震源深度等吻合,显示映秀-北川断层具备摩擦滑动速度弱化和地震成核的基础,而断层带内存在高压流体可能是触发高角度逆断层滑动和汶川地震发生的主要机制。 相似文献
2.
岩石脆延性转化 (brittle ductiletransition)和脆塑性转化 (brittle plastictransition)是不同的概念。脆延性转化指从岩石的局部变形破坏到宏观均匀流动变形的转化 ,它与宏观结构和力学行为的变化相关。脆塑性转化指脆性向晶体塑性变形的转化 ,它与力学行为和微观机制的变化相关。通过地壳中最主要的石英、长石的实验室和野外变形温压条件对比发现 ,达到相同的变形特征 ,在实验室和野外所需温压条件不同。建立变形机制图使解决这一矛盾成为可能。但受实验资料的限制 ,目前几种主要岩石的变形机制图还无法建立。因此 ,通过对实验与自然环境下变形特征及微观机制对比 ,找出两者温压条件的差别 ,就成为将实验研究结果外推解决实际地质问题的有效途径 相似文献
3.
本文从实验的角度模拟了地壳温压条件下石英岩的变形破坏,并进行了相应的分区。实验结果表明:石英岩变形性状和失稳形式在不同温压条件下差异悬殊。其中,温度低于450℃时,试件在不同围压下均可能产生突发式失稳,但在围压高于400MPa时,试件剪切破裂贯通后才发生粘滑方式的摩擦滑移。温度高于500℃时,不同围压下的试件一致转变为渐进失稳。在这个过程中,石英岩变形最典型特征是非弹性变形组分的迅速增加。因此,遏制岩石突发失稳的因素之一可能是升温环境中增加的非弹性变形的阻滞作用。 相似文献
4.
《地震地质》2020,(1)
地震精定位结果显示,大陆地震多数集中于大陆地壳的多震层内,该多震层向下收敛于中部地壳的脆塑性转化带。地壳脆塑性转化带的主要成分为花岗质岩石,前人通常用石英-斜长石的组合代替花岗岩进行变形研究,反演转化带的深度和变形特征,并且认为花岗岩的变形强度由弱项矿物——石英的塑性变形控制。近年来,实验和野外研究均表明钾长石的变形强度高于石英和斜长石。大应变量变形实验和野外韧性剪切带的研究结果显示,在中地壳脆塑性转化带内,钾长石变形以脆性破裂为主,斜长石和石英通常表现为动态重结晶。因此,用石英和斜长石的组合体代替花岗岩来反演断层的变形特征,无法全面、真实地解释断层深部脆塑性转化带的变形特征。文中总结了花岗岩在野外和实验变形条件下的研究结果,并分析了花岗岩的主要组成矿物——石英、斜长石和钾长石的变形特征以及其温压条件的不同步性,讨论了断层深部脆塑性转化带的失稳条件。 相似文献
5.
龙马溪组页岩是目前国内页岩气勘探的主要层位之一,其静态弹性性质是影响压裂效果的重要因素,而动态弹性性质则是页岩"甜点"地震预测的重要基础.但对龙马溪组页岩动、静态弹性特征相互关系及其影响因素缺少对比研究,致使运用动态弹性性质进行"甜点"预测时存在不确定性.在对龙马溪组页岩样品系统动、静态性质联合测量基础上,分析了页岩样品动、静态弹性性质的变化规律,并讨论了成岩作用与动、静态弹性性质变化规律的因果关系.研究结果表明,龙马溪组页岩上下两段成岩过程存在明显差异,致使上段页岩在结构上表现为以塑性黏土颗粒作为受力骨架,而下段页岩在结构上逐渐转变为脆性石英颗粒作为受力骨架.页岩岩石结构特征的变化控制了动、静态弹性特征的整体变化规律,表现为动、静态杨氏模量、峰值强度等随石英含量的增大表现出近似"V"型的变化形式,而与钙质含量变化呈现正相关关系,与黏土含量变化表现出负相关性.上段页岩宏观力学性质受微观石英+黏土颗粒集合体弹性性质控制,应力应变曲线表现出明显塑性段,动、静态杨氏模量比大于1.4,破裂易于发生在黏土与石英颗粒边界形成宏观单剪型破裂模式,样品脆性低,且脆性变化不受石英含量的影响.下段页岩宏观力学性质受微观石英颗粒集合体弹性性质控制,应力应变曲线表现为弹性变形,动、静态杨氏模量比小于1.4,破裂发生在石英颗粒内部形成宏观劈裂型破裂模式,样品脆性高,且脆性变化与石英含量呈明显正相关关系.研究结果可为龙马溪页气储层的测井解释和地震"甜点"预测提供依据. 相似文献
6.
岩石软化温度及其在地球深部岩石力学性质研究中的意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
从高温高压岩石力学实验的角度阐述了岩石软化的现象,提出岩石软化温度的概念和定义以及测量方法.根据对大量经过高温变形试件的显微结构观察,从岩石中各矿物组分对不同温度下的变形反应和机制出发,认为岩石软化现象的本质是岩石中的各矿物组分在高温下逐步由脆性变形向韧性变形和塑性变形转化过程中在岩石力学性质上的综合反映.提出岩石中矿物变形序次及不同组分矿物在岩石中的结构位置和含量是决定岩石软化温度的主要因素.由此进一步讨论了岩石中矿物的变形序次对地壳内岩石脆-韧性变形转化条件的影响及其在地球深部岩石力学性质和地震孕育理论研究中的重要意义. 相似文献
7.
数字岩心是计算岩石弹性性质的一类常用方法.龙马溪组页岩具有多矿物构成、复杂微结构和强非均质等特征,常规岩石物理的弹性等效解析建模局限性较大,目前流行的静态数值等效建模方法的精度有限.本文基于高分辨率的页岩数字岩心数据,采用多阈值分割方法将数字岩心分解为黏土、石英、孔隙、TOC、长石类、黄铁矿类等六种矿物类型;利用矿物组分等效模量法计算各类矿物的弹性模量;采用二元函数分水岭方法表征不同压力下的岩石孔隙变形和颗粒接触关系变化;通过取向分布函数(ODF)定量分析矿物颗粒展布造成的各向异性特征.最后基于Biot孔弹方程,采用不分裂卷积完全匹配层(CPML)旋转交错网格有限差分法模拟不同压力下弹性波在数字岩心中的传播.以未加压的数字岩心为参考模型,计算不同压力下弹性波走时的平均时间差,进而估算各压力点的数字岩心等效速度.与该岩心样品的超声实验测量速度比较,动态法数值计算结果略偏高,据此校正数值计算过程中表征岩石微结构及颗粒接触关系随压力变化的二元函数,有效改善动态法弹性等效数值建模精度. 相似文献
8.
对地表常见的 5种岩石样品和应力变温特性进行了详细研究。实验结果与理论分析表明 ,岩石弹性变形的压力温度关系均表现为加压升温 ,减压降温 ,同经典热力学理论完全一致。在常温常压的地表环境下 ,开放观测系统记录到的岩石材料弹性变形所引起的最高温升在 0 .2K左右 ,升温率一般在 3mK/MPa左右。破裂或摩擦瞬间岩石有显著升温 ,温度变化量从几至十几摄氏度不等。弹性变形导致的温度变化量极其微小 ,不但远远小于气候影响的幅度 ,而且超出了卫星红外的直接探测能力。因此 ,需要探索新的红外图像分析方法 ,考察其它的热异常物理机制 相似文献
9.
在总结岩石变形机制与岩石流变学实验进展的基础上,讨论了岩石流变学数据的重复性。虽然高温高压流变学实验积累了大量的数据,但中、上地壳长英质岩石和早期获得的石英集合体的流变实验数据重复性比较差,而近年来发表的石英、长石的流变学实验数据重复性相对较好。虽然利用经验理论模型,根据端元组分可以拟合两相矿物集合体的流变律,但并不能满足定量确定复杂组分和特殊流变性的长英质岩石流变参数的需要。因此,利用长英质岩石流变参数估计大陆地壳流变强度剖面时,即使在相同地温和应变速率条件下,给出的流变曲线、脆-塑性转化带深度也有一定差别,还需要通过大量实验给出更精细的长英质岩石流变学实验数据。根据近年来流变学实验研究的新进展,讨论了在实验室条件下影响长英质岩石流变的各种因素,重点分析了流体、岩石成分、样品粒度和组构对流变的影响。微量结构水对岩石流变有显著的弱化作用,而熔体对流变的影响与熔体含量和分布相关,只有熔体呈薄膜状湿润颗粒边界时,熔体的弱化作用才显著。成分对岩石流变的影响不仅体现在样品的应力指数等流变参数的变化方面,还体现在样品从半脆性变形向塑性变形的转化温度方面。粒度主要影响岩石的变形机制,其中,细粒样品在扩散蠕变域具有应力与粒度线性负相关特性,是理想的应力计,可以用来定量确定韧性剪切带的流变强度;而在位错蠕变域,应力与粒度没有依存关系,这为将实验室条件得出的流变数据外推估计地壳流变提供了重要依据。组构和各向异性是地壳中岩石存在的普遍现象,但关于层状组构对多相矿物组成的岩石流变影响的研究非常少,需要通过新的实验来深入研究。 相似文献
10.
资料表明某些强地震前中小地震的地震非均匀度（GL值）参数在强地震孕育进入中期或短期阶段出现明显异常变化, 显示出区域中小地震活动状态发生变化. 本文通过对含有障碍体的平直断层、 挤压型雁列式断层及Ⅲ型剪切裂纹等3种类型的岩石样本变形破坏过程声发射事件时间序列的分析, 讨论了GL值变化的物理意义. 计算结果表明, 这3种标本变形破坏过程中, 在应力应变处于非弹性阶段前夕或在岩石整体破裂失稳前破裂成核期间, GL值出现持续大于１的异常变化. 表明GL值能较好地刻画受压岩石破坏前的应变的非弹性变化, 具有一定的标本破裂指示意义. 相似文献
11.
Simplified procedure for the estimation of local inelastic deformation demands for seismic performance assessment of buildings 
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下载免费PDF全文 The implementation of performance‐based design and assessment procedures in seismic codes leads to the need for an accurate estimation of local component demands. According to Part 3 of Eurocode 8 safety checks should be always conducted in terms of plastic rotations, even when linear elastic methods of analysis are used. This paper demonstrates that linear analysis fails to predict inelastic deformation demands at the member level. Therefore, a simplified procedure that allows for the estimation of beam inelastic deformation demands using linear elastic methods of analysis in a simple and conservative way is presented herein. A number of moment‐resisting steel frames designed according to different criteria and exhibiting different column‐to‐beam strength ratios were analysed and used for the derivation of the proposed procedure. A comparative study between alternative methods of quantifying inelastic deformation demands using linear analysis is also carried out. The results obtained allow concluding about the efficiency and conservativeness of the proposed procedure which makes it attractive to be employed in engineering practice. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
12.
The elastic and inelastic seismic response of plan‐asymmetric regular multi‐storey steel‐frame buildings has been investigated under bi‐directional horizontal ground motions. Symmetric variants of these buildings were designed according to Eurocodes 3 and 8. Asymmetric buildings were created by assuming a mass eccentricity in each of the two principal directions. The torsional response in the elastic and inelastic range is qualitatively similar with the exception of the stiff edge in the strong direction of torsionally stiff buildings and the stiff edge in the weak direction of torsionally flexible buildings. The response is influenced by the intensity of ground motion, i.e. by the magnitude of plastic deformation. In the limiting case of very strong ground motion, the behaviour of initially torsionally stiff and initially torsionally flexible buildings may become qualitatively similar. A decrease in stiffness due to plastic deformations in one direction may substantially influence the behaviour in the orthogonal direction. The response strongly depends on the detailed characteristics of the ground motion. On average, torsional effects are reduced with increasing plastic deformations, unless the plastic deformations are small. Taking into account also the dispersion of results which is generally larger in the inelastic range than in the elastic one, it can be concluded that (a) the amplification of displacements determined by the elastic analysis can be used as a rough estimate also in the inelastic range and (b) any favourable torsional effect on the stiff side of torsionally stiff buildings, which may arise from elastic analysis, may disappear in the inelastic range. The conclusions are limited to fairly regular buildings and subject to further investigations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
13.
An attempt has been made to explore the general trends in the seismic response of plan‐asymmetric structures without any restrictions imposed by a particular code. Systems with structural elements in both orthogonal directions under bi‐directional excitation were studied. Idealized single‐storey models with bi‐axial eccentricity were employed. The systems were torsionally stiff and, in the majority of cases, mass‐eccentric. The main findings are: in general, inelastic torsional response is qualitatively similar to elastic torsional response. Quantitatively, the torsional effect on the flexible side, expressed as an increase of displacements due to torsion, decreases slightly with increasing plastic deformation, unless the plastic deformations are small. The response on the stiff side generally strongly depends on the effect of several modes of vibration and on the influence of the ground motion in the transverse direction. These influences depend on the structural and ground motion characteristics in both directions. Reduction of displacements due to torsion, typical for elastic torsionally stiff structures, usually decreases with increasing plastic deformations. As an additional effect of large plastic deformations, a flattening of the displacement envelopes in the horizontal plane usually occurs, indicating that torsional effects in the inelastic range are generally smaller than in the elastic range. The dispersion of the results of inelastic torsional response analysis is generally larger than that of elastic analysis. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
14.
DEFORMATION OF THE BRITTLE-PLASTIC TRANSITION ZONE AT THE POST-SEISMIC RELAXATION PERIOD: A CASE STUDY OF THE RED RIVER FAULT 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 The transition from microscopic brittle deformation to microscopic plastic deformation is called brittle-plastic transition, which is considered as a key layer for determining the limit of lower continental crust seismicity. The depth and deformation mechanism of the brittle-plastic transition zone is controlled mainly by temperature. Besides, the strain rate and fluid pore pressure also affect the transition during the different deformation stages at the seismic cycle.
In this paper, microstructure observation of catalcastic samples collected from the Red River Fault was carried out using optical polarized microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The morphology, microstructures of deformation characteristics, mineral composition, water-rock reaction, pressure solution, exsolution, crack healing in the samples were systematically observed. The mineral components quantitative analyses were examined using the EDS. Water-rock reaction and pressure solution were systematically observed under SEM. The fabric of the main minerals in the samples was measured using electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD). Based on these analyses, the deformation mode was setup for the brittle-plastic transition zone of the fault during the post-seismic relaxation period.
Both brittle deformation and plastic deformation were developed in the cataclastic samples. EBSD data shows that the c axial fabrics of quartz present low-temperature plastic deformation characteristics. The feldspar deformed as cataclastic rock, and the micro-fracture in feldspar was healed by static recrystallized quartz and calcite veins. The calcite vein underwent plastic deformation, which represents the post-seismic relaxation deformation.
Based on the analysis of deformation mechanism of cataclastic samples in brittle-plastic transition zone of the Red River Fault, and combined with previous studies, we concluded that the brittle fracture and fracture healing is the main deformation mode at brittle-plastic transition zone in the post-seismic relaxation. High stress and high strain rate at post-seismic relaxation lead to brittle fracture of high-strength minerals such as feldspar in rocks. Plastic deformation occurs in low-strength minerals such as quartz and mica. Under the fluid condition, micro-fractures were healed by quartz and calcite. The minerals such as quartz and calcite in the fracture transformed from static recrystallization to dynamic recrystallization with stress gradually accumulating. With fracture healing and stress accumulation, the fault strength gradually increases which could accumulate energy for the next earthquake. 相似文献
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Field studies and seismic data show that semi-brittle flow of fault rocks probably is the dominant deformation mechanism at the base of the seismogenic zone at the so-called frictional-plastic transition. As the bottom of seismogenic fault, the dynamic characteristics of the frictional-plastic transition zone and plastic zone are very important for the seismogenic fault during seismic cycles. Granite is the major composition of the crust in the brittle-plastic transition zone. Compared to calcite, quartz, plagioclase, pyroxene and olivine, the rheologic data of K-feldspar is scarce. Previous deformation studies of granite performed on a quartz-plagioclase aggregate revealed that the deformation strength of granite was similar with quartz. In the brittle-plastic transition zone, the deformation characteristics of granite are very complex, temperature of brittle-plastic transition of quartz is much lower than that of feldspar under both natural deformation condition and lab deformation condition. In the mylonite deformed under the middle crust deformation condition, quartz grains are elongated or fine-grained via dislocation creep, dynamic recrystallization and superplastic flow, plagioclase grains are fine-grained by bugling recrystallization, K-feldspar are fine-grained by micro-fractures. Recently, both field and experimental studies presented that the strength of K-feldspar is much higher than that of quartz and plagioclase. The same deformation mechanism of K-feldspar and plagioclase occurred under different temperature and pressure conditions, these conditions of K-feldspar are higher than plagioclase. The strength of granite is similar to feldspar while it contains a high content of K-feldspar. High shear strain experiment studies reveal that granite is deformed by local ductile shear zones in the brittle-plastic transition zone. In the ductile shear zone, K-feldspar is brittle fractured, plagioclase are bugling and sub-grain rotation re-crystallized, and quartz grains are plastic elongated. These local shear zones are altered to local slip-zones with strain increasing. Abundances of K-feldspar, plagioclase and mica are higher in the slip-zones than that in other portions of the samples (K-feldspar is the highest), and abundance of quartz is decreased. Amorphous material is easily formed by shear strain acting on brittle fine-grained K-feldspar and re-crystallized mica and plagioclase. Ductile shear zone is the major deformation mechanism of fault zones in the brittle-plastic transition zone. There is a model of a fault failed by bearing constant shear strain in the transition zone:local shear zones are formed along the fractured K-feldspar grains; plagioclase and quartz are fine-grained by recrystallization, K-feldspar is crushed into fine grains, these small grains and mica grains partially change to amorphous material, local slip-zones are generated by these small grains and the amorphous materials; then, the fault should be failed via two ways, 1)the local slip-zones contact to a throughout slip-zone in the center of the fault zone, the fault is failed along this slip-zone, and 2)the local slip-zones lead to bigger mineral grains that are in contact with each other, stress is concentrated between these big grains, the fault is failed by these big grains that are fractured. Thus, the real deformation character of the granite can't be revealed by studies performing on a quartz-plagioclase aggregate. This paper reports the different deformation characters between K-feldspar, plagioclase and quartz under the same pressure and temperature condition based on previous studies. Then, we discuss a mode of instability of a fault zone in the brittle-plastic transition zone. It is still unclear that how many contents of weak mineral phase(or strong mineral phase)will control the strength of a three-mineral-phase granite. Rheological character of K-feldspar is very important for study of the deformation characteristic of the granitic rocks. 相似文献
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Inelastic deformation capacity of links is a factor that significantly influences design of steel eccentrically braced frames (EBFs). The link rotation angle is used to describe inelastic link deformation. The link rotation angle is generally calculated by making use of design story drifts that in turn are calculated by modifying the elastic displacements by a displacement amplification factor. This paper presents a numerical study undertaken to evaluate the displacement amplification factor given in ASCE7‐10 for EBFs and the rigid‐plastic mechanism used for calculating link rotation angles. A total of 72 EBFs were designed by considering the number of stories, the bay width, the link length to bay width ratio, and the seismic hazard level as the prime variables. All structures were analyzed using elastic and inelastic time history analyses. The results indicated that the displacement amplification factor given in ASCE7‐10 provides unconservative estimates of the story drifts. On the other hand, the rigid‐plastic mechanism provides conservative estimates of link rotations. Based on the results of the numerical study, a new set of displacement amplification factors that vary along the height of the structure and modifications to the rigid‐plastic mechanism were developed. In light of the proposed modifications, the EBFs were redesigned and analyzed using inelastic time history analysis. The results indicated that the proposed modifications provide improvements for the displacement amplification factor and link rotation angle calculation procedures. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献