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从杂散电流腐蚀的数学模型、监测手段、防护措施和可展望的问题等方面,对交流电引起的杂散电流腐蚀进行系统评述。首先,介绍杂散电流腐蚀的机理及数据模型,并从不同行业学者所选取的模型及软件入手,介绍杂散电流腐蚀的模型建立的相关类型;其次,对目前杂散电流监测的主要方法及其自动监测系统的发展进行阐述;最后,介绍基于杂散电流腐蚀防护原则建立的防护体系及其相应特点,并对杂散电流腐蚀的监测中具有可行性发展的技术进行探讨。 相似文献
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城市热岛效应下浅层土中混凝土的酸腐蚀试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
针对城市热岛效应引起城区浅层土地温场升高这一观测结果,采用室内快速模拟试验方法,对城区酸性土壤腐蚀混凝土材料的温度效应开展了试验研究。试验研究了在温度为5℃、20℃和40℃条件下,混凝土试样在酸浓度分别为0%、5%和10%的沙土介质中放置30d、90d后的抗压强度变化规律,并对混凝土试样在腐蚀过程中的腐蚀系数变化规律和微观机理进行了分析;最后,对南京城区热岛效应环境下浅层土中混凝土材料酸腐蚀的强度变化规律进行了分析。试验结果表明,在同一腐蚀浓度下,混凝土试样抗压强度的下降速度随着温度的升高而不断加快,其腐蚀系数也随着温度的升高而不断增大;腐蚀介质的浓度越大,环境温度对混凝土腐蚀系数的影响就越明显;在温度为40℃、硫酸浓度为10%的沙土中放置30 d后,混凝土的腐蚀系数K达到45.21%,约是在5℃条件下腐蚀系数的2倍,相当于环境温度每上升1℃,混凝土腐蚀系数平均增加0.64%。该研究成果对于减轻城市热岛效应对岩土工程的影响具有重要意义。 相似文献
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《世界地震译丛》2016,(2)
应用电磁辐射(EME)和声发射(AE)信号检测研究了机械应力加载条件下脆性、介电性材料的断裂。对环氧树脂样品采用3点弯曲实验装置施加应力使之破裂,同时监测破裂引起的电磁辐射和声发射信号。本次研究的重点是裂纹面的走向及距离对检测到的电磁辐射信号的影响。由于采用的电磁辐射传感器是电容式传感器,我们利用人工检测源测试了传感器、连接的放大器、数据采集卡以及内置带通滤波器的系统响应特征。基于在破裂面位置上模拟的表面电荷密度,我们提出了一种电磁辐射信号的源。将电磁辐射源的有限元方法模拟结果与实验结果进行比较,显示出较好的一致性。实验结果显示辐射出的电磁场优势方向明显,检测到的信号幅值显著依赖于信号源到传感器的距离,并发现测量链对检测到的电磁信号带宽具有显著影响。进一步研究表明电磁信号由3部分构成,分别产生于不同机制,即裂纹生长过程中电荷的分离和弛豫,以及带电裂纹面的振动。 相似文献
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为了掌握锈蚀对钢筋混凝土梁正截面承载力的影响规律,采用电加速锈蚀试验与理论分析相结合的方法,对不同锈蚀等级下钢筋混凝土梁的承载力退化进行了研究。结果表明,钢筋从未锈蚀到严重锈蚀过程中,梁从典型的适筋梁破坏逐渐转化成典型的少筋梁破坏。随着腐蚀程度的增加,梁的极限承载力下降、延性降低、刚度减小。腐蚀量小于1%的情况下,梁的极限承载力略有提高。当腐蚀量增加至24%时,由于严重的局部腐蚀以及锈胀裂纹的存在及扩展都使得梁的极限承载力较经验模型出现较大降低。在钢筋锈蚀率小于24%的情况下,采用协同系数或基于规范的计算模型,能够较准确地计算钢筋混凝土梁正截面受弯极限承载力的影响。 相似文献
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对4榀相同特性的砖墙进行不同程度的酸雨腐蚀试验及低周反复荷载试验,得出其在不同腐蚀循环次数下的滞回曲线。基于陆新征-曲哲恢复力模型对砖墙试件进行模拟分析,并与试验结果进行对比,验证得出三弹簧单元模型能够较准确预测砌体构件的滞回性能。利用三弹簧单元模型对不同腐蚀次数下砌体结构进行IDA分析,得出不同腐蚀次数下砌体结构的易损性曲线,通过对"小震"、"中震"、"大震"下结构失效概率的分析得出,酸雨腐蚀能够严重影响结构的力学性能,使得结构的抗震性能显著下降。 相似文献
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介绍了地震属性分类及地质含义,并以彩16井区为例优选出对储层含油气性敏感的地震属性参数，建立它们与含油气性的关系，利用单属性及多属性聚类分析评价了目的层的储层质量，并进行了有利储层预测，并指出下一步的有利勘探目标. 相似文献
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掌握钢筋腐蚀状态可为结构安全评定及全寿命设计提供科学依据。利用分段法解析腐蚀传感器的恒电流阶跃响应数据,提取腐蚀过程特征参数。采用Sym 4小波分析电化学噪声数据得到判定点蚀发生的能量分布。显示腐蚀后混凝土的电阻量级仅为102Ω.cm2,极化电阻量级为102Ω.cm2,钢筋的腐蚀速率较大;双电层电容量级为10-4F.cm-2;β<1说明CPE项的出现,导致电容表现为非理想电容;σ/Rp≥10-2,说明较长测试时间内扩散起主导作用;腐蚀前EN的能量主要集中在1、2、3晶胞上,而腐蚀发生后EN的能量转移到特征晶胞5、6、7上。本文认为,分段解析恒电流阶跃响应数据能够在时域内准确获取腐蚀过程特征参数;基于小波分析的能量分布方法能够定性判定点蚀的发生;五电极传感器能够准确监测腐蚀过程。 相似文献
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埋地管线的腐蚀情况十分复杂,具有随机性的特点,从而导致其在地震激励下的反应必然具有随机性。本文在管线腐蚀离散状态模型和弹性地基梁原理的基础上,利用随机摄动理论推导给出了腐蚀管线在地震激励下位移和应力的解析表达式,并进行了均值和标准差的计算。实例分析中将该方法计算结果与Monte Carlo模拟方法计算结果进行了对比。结果表明,利用随机摄动方法可以快速、精确地求得腐蚀管线的随机地震反应。 相似文献
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The toxicity of a number of new anti-fouling paints, claimed to function by physical means and not by leakage of toxic substances, have been tested on two common organisms in the Baltic Sea, i.e., the red macro alga Ceramium tenuicorne and the copepod Nitocra spinipes. In order to compare the toxicity between the paints a ranking system was developed based on the EC50- and LC50-values. The results showed a wide span in toxicity with the most toxic paints ranked 160 times more toxic than the ones ranked least toxic.
Also, TBT, irgarol and diuron, which have been used as active ingredients in traditional anti-fouling paints, were used to evaluate the sensitivity of the two test organisms. The results showed that the test organisms were equally sensitive to the substances as similar organisms in earlier studies.
In conclusion, the ranking system presented in this study permits ranking and comparison of total toxicity of complex mixtures. 相似文献
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The seismic response to overpressure: a modelling study based on laboratory, well and seismic data 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
We investigate the seismic detectability of an overpressured reservoir in the North Sea by computing synthetic seismograms for different pore-pressure conditions. The modelling procedure requires the construction of a geological model from seismic, well and laboratory data. Seismic inversion and AVO techniques are used to obtain the P-wave velocity with higher reliability than conventional velocity analysis. From laboratory experiments, we obtain the wave velocities of the reservoir units versus confining and pore pressures. Laboratory experiments yield an estimate of the relationship between wave velocities and effective pressure under in situ conditions. These measurements provide the basis for calibrating the pressure model. Overpressures are caused by different mechanisms. We do not consider processes such as gas generation and diagenesis, which imply changes in phase composition, but focus on the effects of pure pore-pressure variations. The results indicate that changes in pore pressure can be detected with seismic methods under circumstances such as those of moderately deep North Sea reservoirs. 相似文献
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Stratum energy of coal-bed gas reservoir, including coal-radix flexibility energy, groundwater flexibility energy and gas flexibility energy (hereinafter "three energy"), depends on the energy homeostasis system, the core process of which is the effective transfer of energy and the geological selective process. Combining with the mechanics experimentations of coal samples, different flexibility energy has been analyzed and researched quantificationally, and a profound discussion to their controls on the coal-bed gas reservoir formation has been made. It is shown that when gas reservoir is surrounded by edge water and bottom water, the deposited energy in the early phase of forming gas reservoir is mostly coal-radix and gas flexibility energy, but the effect of groundwater flexibility energy increases while water-body increases. The deposited energy in the middle and later phase of forming gas reser voir is mostly gas flexibility energy, which is greater than 80% of all deposited energy. In the whole process, larger groundwater body exerts greater influences on gas accumulation. The paper indicated that higher stratum energy is more propitious to forming coal-bed gas reservoir. And higher coal-radix flexibility energy and gas flexibility energy are more propitious to higher yield of gas reservoirs, while higher groundwater flexibility energy is more propitious to stable yield of gas reservoirs. Therefore, the key to evaluating the coal-bed gas reservoir formation is the stratum energy of coal-bed gas reservoir. 相似文献
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New biocide-free anti-fouling paints are toxic 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A number of new anti-fouling paints claimed to be more friendly to the environment, have entered the market since prohibition of biocide containing paints have been enforced in many areas. Leakage waters from five new anti-fouling paints were tested for toxic effects to the macro algae Ceramium tenuicorne and Ceramium strictum and to the crustacean Nitocra spinipes. A banned copper and irgarol 1051 containing anti-fouling paint was used as reference. Five of the six paints tested were toxic to all or some of the organisms after two weeks of leakage with EC50 ranging from 0.08 to around 2% leakage water and LC50 ranging from 1.1% to 88%. The toxicity of leakage water from these paints was still high after 16 weeks. We conclude that these paints contain substances toxic to common organisms in the coastal Baltic ecosystem. A silicone based paint did not exhibit toxic effects to the two organisms. We recommend that biological tests should be used to identify the most harmful products before they are released on the market. 相似文献
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A reservoir of water is contained by a concrete valley block, a ferrocement wall and a steel plate. Both wall and plate contain an array of pressure transducer sockets (Figures 1 and 2). Using the M.A.M.A.1 equipment pure modes of vibration are excited. Frequency and mode shape are measured with the reservoir empty. When the reservoir is full hydrodynamic pressure is also measured. These hydrodynamic pressures are compared with Chopra's2 two-dimensional, series solution, which includes compressibility of water, and with two- and three-dimensional finite element solutions of Laplace's equation, which do not include compressibility. Chopra's solution is unsatisfactory for modes which contain a vertical node line. The best agreement between experimental and theoretical hydrodynamic pressure is obtained when the latter is obtained from three-dimensional solutions of Laplace's equations, indicating that compressibility does not play a significant rǒle. This conclusion is supported by agreement between experimental frequencies (reservoir full) and those calculated using added mass obtained from the Laplace solution. Similar conclusions were reached from tests on a floating steel plate, suspended in the surface of the reservoir by a soft spring. Here, dynamic pressure measurements were not made, reliance being placed on agreement between calculated and measured frequencies and mode shapes. 相似文献
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天然气在开发过程中，储层有效压力和含气饱和度均会发生变化，研究有效压力和含气饱和度的变化对地震响应特征的影响，在基于时移地震的剩余气分布预测研究中具有重要意义。天然气和石油的声学性质有着明显的差异，油藏时移地震的研究成果不能直接应用于气藏，因此需要开展气藏的时移地震研究。利用Shapiro模型表征干岩石弹性模量随有效压力的变化，借助Batzle-Wang方程描述流体速度随压力的变化关系，联合Gassmann理论进行流体替代，表征饱和流体岩石速度随含气饱和度的变化，建立了饱和流体岩石速度随有效压力和饱和度变化的岩石物理模型。基于该模型，对不同含气饱和度和不同有效压力下的气藏储层模型进行了多波时移地震叠前振幅变化（AVO）模拟。结果表明多波时移地震AVO技术可以有效地区分有效压力变化和含气饱和度变化，为进一步开展气藏多波时移地震流体监测提供了理论参考依据。 相似文献
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为了解水库水体加、卸载及渗透过程中,库底岩石介质有效应力变化对弹性波速的影响,以及弹性波速变化与孔隙压力、有效应力变化之间的定量关系,以四川省紫坪铺水库为例,在前期已建立库区地质构造与水文地质结构模型,并推导出岩石介质变形与流体渗流耦合数学模型的基础上,进一步建立了有效应力对岩石弹性波速影响的数学模型,利用有限元方法定量计算了库底岩石介质的孔隙压力、附加有效应力和弹性波速的变化。结果表明:在水库水体加、卸载及渗透过程中,地下岩石介质弹性波速增量值的变化并不明显,最大变幅仅为±0.013km/s,变化范围主要集中在库底5km以上的局部区域;弹性波速增量值与附加有效应力变化同步,与水库水位变化形态相似;不同观测点弹性波速变化量的大小与埋藏位置、深度及附加有效应力的变化幅度有关,同一观测点,弹性纵波波速变化幅度大于弹性横波波速。文中数值模拟的结果与一些学者通过环境噪声方法获得的紫坪铺水库附近区域相对波速变化的反演结果在变化形态上大体一致,但变化幅度略有差异。 相似文献
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Fluid Pressure Variation in a Sedimentary Geothermal Reservoir in the North German Basin: Case Study Groß Schönebeck 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Ernst Huenges Ute Trautwein Björn Legarth Günter Zimmermann 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2006,163(10):2141-2152
The Rotliegend of the North German basin is the target reservoir of an interdisciplinary investigation program to develop a technology for the generation of geothermal electricity from low-enthalpy reservoirs. An in situ downhole laboratory was established in the 4.3 km deep well Groβ Schönebeck with the purpose of developing appropriate stimulation methods to increase permeability of deep aquifers by enhancing or creating secondary porosity and flow paths. The goal is to learn how to enhance the inflow performance of a well from a variety of rock types in low permeable geothermal reservoirs. A change in effective stress due to fluid pressure was observed to be one of the key parameters influencing flow properties both downhole and in laboratory experiments on reservoir rocks. Fluid pressure variation was induced using proppant-gel-frac techniques as well as waterfrac techniques in several different new experiments in the borehole. A pressure step test indicates generation and extension of multiple fractures with closure pressures between 6 and 8.4 MPa above formation pressure. In a 24-hour production test 859 m3 water was produced from depth indicating an increase of productivity in comparison with former tests. Different depth sections and transmissibility values were observed in the borehole depending on fluid pressure. In addition, laboratory experiments were performed on core samples from the sandstone reservoir under uniaxial strain conditions, i.e., no lateral strain, constant axial load. The experiments on the borehole and the laboratory scale were realized on the same rock types under comparable stress conditions with similar pore pressure variations. Nevertheless, stress dependences of permeability are not easy to compare from scale to scale. Laboratory investigations reflect permeability variations due to microstructural heterogeneities and the behavior in the borehole is dominated by the generation of connections to large-scale structural patterns. 相似文献
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PeterDusicka AhmadM.ltani IanG.Buckle 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2004,3(2):195-203
Non-linear finite element models accounting for large displacements have been used to investigate the behavior of steel built-up shear links that had previously been tested using large-scale experiments. The links were designed using steel grades with yield points ranging from high to low strengths. The objectives of the numerical analyses were to further investigate the non-linear behavior and to correlate the numerical results with experimental observations. Elasto-plastic as well as cyclic stress-strain material properties were incorporated to study the influence of material behavior on the overall shear link response. Non-linear monotonic analyses of the shear links incorporating the cyclic stress-strain steel properties resulted in similar trends in the response as the backbone curves recorded from the physical experiments. The numerical models of built-up shear links utilizing structural grade steels closely correlated to the experimentally recorded shear strength.Models utilizing low yield point steels overestimated the shear strength, which was caused by the characteristics of cyclic behavior of those steels. The detailed numerical models also allowed for investigation of the plastic strain demands on the different components of the link. It was shown that finite element models combined with appropriate stress-strain relationship may be used with confidence to check the design of shear links of different steel grades and sectional geometries. 相似文献
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《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2008,(Z2)
Study on characterizing reservoir parameters dynamic variations by time-lapse seismic attributes is the theoretical basis for effectively distinguishing reservoir parameters variations and conducting time-lapse seismic interpretation,and it is also a key step for time-lapse seismic application in real oil fields. Based on the rock physical model of unconsolidated sandstone,the different effects of oil saturation and effective pressure variations on seismic P-wave and S-wave velocities are calculated and analyzed. Using numerical simulation on decoupled wave equations,the responses of seismic amplitude with different offsets to reservoir oil saturation variations are analyzed,pre-stack time-lapse seismic attributes differences for oil saturation and effective pressure variations of P-P wave and P-S converted wave are calculated,and time-lapse seismic AVO (Amplitude Versus Offset) response rules of P-P wave and P-S converted wave to effective pressure and oil saturation variations are compared. The theoretical modeling study shows that it is feasible to distinguish different reservoir parameters dynamic variations by pre-stack time-lapse seismic information,including pre-stack time-lapse seismic attributes and AVO information,which has great potential in improving time-lapse seismic interpreta-tion precision. It also shows that the time-lapse seismic response mechanism study on objective oil fields is especially important in establishing effective time-lapse seismic data process and interpreta-tion scheme. 相似文献