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1.
在反射地震转换波资料处理中,准确求取共转换点一直是一个难题,采用叠前时间偏移技术能避免共转换点道集的抽取,而且能够使转换波归位到真正的反射点上,实现准确成像.本文针对火山岩地震屏蔽层的转换波成像问题,通过对转换波共近似转换点道集进行速度分析,建立了转换波叠前时间偏移的初始速度场,通过速度扫描和纵、横波速度比值扫描确定最佳的偏移速度场和纵、横波速度比值,实现了在火山岩高速层覆盖区域的转换波偏移成像.实际资料的成像结果表明,本文采用的近似转换点计算以及转换波叠前时间偏移方法是有效的. 相似文献
2.
多分量地震资料叠前深度偏移技术可以对地下复杂地质构造进行更准确的成像,精确成像的前提是获取准确的纵横波偏移速度。本文采用高斯束偏移方法对多波地震数据进行偏移速度分析,首先分别给出纵波和转换波共偏移距域高斯束叠前深度偏移方法原理,在此基础上抽取纵波和转换波偏移距域共成像点道集;然后根据共成像点道集拉平准则,分别对纵波和横波速度进行更新;当两种波成像深度不一致时,对纵波和转换波成像剖面进行深度匹配,完成高精度的纵横波偏移速度分析。模型数据和实际资料试算表明,该方法是一种有效的多波偏移速度分析方法。 相似文献
3.
共成像点道集(CIG)可用于速度建模、偏移质量控制以及地下属性解释等。对于复杂碳酸盐岩储层,叠前AVO反演技术在储层识别、裂缝预测和流体检测方面的作用日益显著,叠前反演的精度很大程度上依赖于共成像点道集的AVO特性是否符合地下介质的真实地震响应。因此,叠前偏移不仅要实现反射点的准确归位,还必须得到振幅保真的共成像点道集,从而为AVO/AVA反演提供保幅的共成像点道集输入数据。本文在理论上对真振幅Kirchhoff叠前深度偏移和逆时偏移(RTM)抽道集技术的保幅性进行分析:真振幅Kirchhoff偏移抽道集通过改变加权函数实现振幅保持,仅适用于横向速度变化不大的情况;基于双程波动方程的逆时偏移采用互相关成像条件抽取共成像点道集,成像精确且无倾角限制,相对保幅性优于前者,适应任意复杂速度模型。模型和实例测试结果表明:在简单构造区域,真振幅Kirchhoff保幅叠前深度偏移与保幅逆时偏移抽取的共成像点道集都能起到良好的保幅效果;但在复杂构造区,基于逆时偏移抽取的共成像点道集,保留了全部波场的路径与振幅信息,其保幅性与成像精度优于Kirchhoff保幅叠前深度偏移。因此,针对探区的复杂程度差别及勘探精度的不同要求,应选择不同的抽道集方法,保证振幅精度的同时,兼顾生产效率。 相似文献
4.
共聚焦点(CFP)偏移技术是一种基于等时原理,将Kirchhoff积分法的一步偏移分两步聚焦（即激发聚焦和检波聚焦）来完成的叠前地震成像方法.该方法借助于逆时聚集算子和共聚焦点道集来实现叠前偏移成像.基于共聚焦点道集的叠前深度偏移是把基于共炮集的深度偏移的算法引入到CFP技术上来,基于波场延拓的理论来实现偏移成像,该方法首先生成共聚焦点道集,然后基于面炮合成的理论合成聚焦震源,最终通过相关成像来实现叠前偏移成像.该方法选取较少的聚焦点就可以实现对于地下构造的偏移成像,和炮域波动方程偏移相比,其计算效率得到了提高.通过模型试算和实际资料的试处理,验证了该方法在实现叠前深度偏移成像上的正确性和有效性. 相似文献
5.
《地球物理学进展》2017,(3)
基于多分量地震资料的深度偏移能够更加充分的利用地震记录上的多波信息,而且地下介质中广泛的存在各向异性,本文提出了一种有效的适用于二维各向异性介质的多波高斯束叠前深度偏移方法.首先基于各向异性射线追踪理论,导出了适用于二维各向异性介质的射线追踪方程组,实现了二维各向异性介质中P波和S波的射线追踪.其次将各向异性射线追踪理论引入到高斯束偏移方法中,分别给出适用于二维各向异性介质的PP波和PS波高斯束叠前深度偏移成像方法.本文成像方法充分考虑各向异性因素对地震波场的影响,能够对存在各向异性介质的地下构造准确偏移归位.通过对不同各向异性介质的数值模型进行PP波和PS波高斯束叠前深度偏移成像测试分析表明,本文方法是一种准确有效的适应于各向异性介质条件的多波叠前深度偏移成像算法. 相似文献
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高斯束叠前深度偏移是对地下介质进行精确成像的方法之一,多分量地震资料的叠前深度偏移技术可以对复杂构造进行更准确的成像。由于实际地下介质具有粘滞性,研究粘弹性叠前深度偏移具有一定的现实意义。本文采用高斯束偏移方法对多分量地震数据进行吸收衰减补偿,首先利用高斯束模拟粘弹性介质中传播的地震波,并在模拟中引入与品质因子Q有关的复速度和精确的粘弹性Zoeppritz方程,合成地震记录;然后给出纵波和转换波共炮域高斯束叠前深度偏移原理,在此基础上推导补偿吸收衰减的表达式,校正Q引起的振幅衰减和相位畸变,实现基于吸收衰减补偿的多分量高斯束叠前深度偏移,并分析Q误差对偏移结果的影响。数值实验表明,在考虑地下介质的粘滞性时,本文方法具有更高的成像分辨率。 相似文献
7.
《地球物理学进展》2020,(4)
为了提高叠前数据质量,将叠前时间偏移/反偏移与共散射点道集相结合,提出了一种新的时间偏移/反偏移方法.利用改进的CRS参数建立精确的速度模型,提高偏移成像质量.将振幅映射到共偏移距顶点来生成共散射点道集,将偏移和中点上的多参数叠加,通过叠加数据,实现了叠前数据增强,道集的数量远高于传统叠前时间偏移的叠加数量.利用基于中点位移、半偏移距和偏移速度的算子进行反偏移处理,能量重新分配回时间域中的每个绕射同相轴,压制噪声,地震资料信噪比和成像精度均得到了提高.提高质量后的叠前数据可用于后续的速度分析、叠加、偏移等常规处理中,效果好于原始CMP道集.模型和实际数据的计算结果均验证了该方法的正确性和有效性,该方法在低信噪比资料的处理中将会有广阔的应用前景. 相似文献
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9.
基于波场延拓的叠前深度偏移是实现复杂构造地质体成像的最可靠方法,但存在着计算量大、对观测系统适应性差等缺点.面炮偏移是波动方程实现精确叠前成像的另一类方法,具有较高的计算效率,不存在偏移孔径问题,而且可以通过控制照明方法,解决平面波在目标区域的能量补偿问题.本文采用面炮成像技术进行叠前深度偏移,通过对面炮震源下行波场的质量控制和优选射线个数和范围,以达到最佳的成像效果.采用控制照明技术,较大地提高了目标地层的成像精度.与此同时,得到振幅随入射角变化(AVA)道集,有利于叠前振幅解释和储层岩性预测.数据实验表明面炮成像技术是一种快速有效的方法,其成像精度与单平方根算子的共炮点道集偏移和双平方根算子的共中心点道集偏移相当,但在计算速度上要快得多,而且易于并行计算. 相似文献
10.
《地球物理学进展》2017,(2)
Kirchhoff偏移和逆时偏移(RTM)是目前最广泛应用的两种叠前深度偏移方法.两种方法的基础均为波动方程,理论上没有倾角限制.抽取的共成像点道集(CIG)可用于速度建模、叠前反演以及地下属性解释等.叠前反演的精度依赖于共成像点道集的AVO特性是否符合地下介质的真实地震响应.因此,叠前偏移不仅要实现反射点的准确归位,得到的共成像点道集必须要振幅保真.本文在理论上阐述两种偏移方法的基本原理,并对抽道集技术的保幅性进行对比.Marmousi和Sigsbee2a模型结果表明:在简单构造区,两者的成像效果相当;在复杂构造区,不论在成像精度还是保幅性上逆时偏移都比Kirchhoff偏移优越,特别是高陡倾角断层、岩下构造等复杂构造成像时.然而,在碳酸盐岩储层实际资料处理时发现,由于速度场准确性的限制,两种偏移方法各有优势.因此,在实际应用时,由于无法明确得到地下介质的确切信息,较难对两种偏移方法给出明确的优劣评价. 相似文献
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Velocity analysis after migration 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The double‐square‐root (DSR) equation used in pre‐stack migration is formulated in terms of velocity‐dependent and velocity‐independent terms. The velocity‐dependent term is shown to be the hyperbolic normal moveout (NMO) correction, whereas the velocity‐independent term is related to the recording geometry only. This separation of the velocity‐dependent term offers a means of applying vertical corrections to an initial migration velocity field. Using this concept, procedures are described both for velocity determination and for achieving improved structural imaging.
This decoupling is accurate both for constant‐velocity media and for media whose velocity varies as a function of depth. In media whose velocity varies as a function of both space and depth, a procedure is described for building velocity models through common‐image gather (CIG) stacking following prestack depth migration (PSDM) and time conversion (TC). This so‐called PSDM‐TC stack procedure provides a means of (a) incorporating both vertical and lateral velocity updates into an initial velocity model, (b) obtaining improved structural imaging by using a non‐optimal velocity model for the prestack depth migration, and (c) updating velocity by flattening CIGs and maximizing stack energy. The procedure can be applied to both P‐P wave and P‐SV wave migration. 相似文献
This decoupling is accurate both for constant‐velocity media and for media whose velocity varies as a function of depth. In media whose velocity varies as a function of both space and depth, a procedure is described for building velocity models through common‐image gather (CIG) stacking following prestack depth migration (PSDM) and time conversion (TC). This so‐called PSDM‐TC stack procedure provides a means of (a) incorporating both vertical and lateral velocity updates into an initial velocity model, (b) obtaining improved structural imaging by using a non‐optimal velocity model for the prestack depth migration, and (c) updating velocity by flattening CIGs and maximizing stack energy. The procedure can be applied to both P‐P wave and P‐SV wave migration. 相似文献
12.
Kai Yang Bao‐shu Chen Xiao‐jiang Wang Xiao‐chun Yang Jun‐rong Liu 《Geophysical Prospecting》2012,60(2):255-269
In the application of a conventional common‐reflection‐surface (CRS) stack, it is well‐known that only one optimum stacking operator is determined for each zero‐offset sample to be simulated. As a result, the conflicting dip situations are not taken into account and only the most prominent event contributes to any a particular stack sample. In this paper, we name this phenomenon caused by conflicting dip problems as ‘dip discrimination phenomenon’. This phenomenon is not welcome because it not only leads to the loss of weak reflections and tips of diffractions in the final zero‐offset‐CRS stacked section but also to a deteriorated quality in subsequent migration. The common‐reflection‐surface stack with the output imaging scheme (CRS‐OIS) is a novel technique to implement a CRS stack based on a unified Kirchhoff imaging approach. As far as dealing with conflicting dip problems is concerned, the CRS‐OIS is a better option than a conventional CRS stack. However, we think the CRS‐OIS can do more in this aspect. In this paper, we propose a workflow to handle the dip discrimination phenomenon based on a cascaded implementation of prestack time migration, CRS‐OIS and prestack time demigration. Firstly, a common offset prestack time migration is implemented. Then, a CRS‐OIS is applied to the time‐migrated common offset gather. Afterwards, a prestack time demigration is performed to reconstruct each unmigrated common offset gather with its reflections being greatly enhanced and diffractions being well preserved. Compared with existing techniques dealing with conflicting dip problems, the technique presented in this paper preserves most of the diffractions and accounts for reflections from all possible dips properly. More importantly, both the post‐stacked data set and prestacked data set can be of much better quality after the implementation of the presented scheme. It serves as a promising alternative to other techniques except that it cannot provide the typical CRS wavefield attributes. The numerical tests on a synthetic Marmousi data set and a real 2D marine data set demonstrated its effectiveness and robustness. 相似文献
13.
Prestack depth migration of multicomponent seismic data improves the imaging accuracy of subsurface complex geological structures. An accurate velocity field is critical to accurate imaging. Gaussian beam migration was used to perform multicomponent migration velocity analysis of PP- and PS-waves. First, PP- and PS-wave Gaussian beam prestack depth migration algorithms that operate on common-offset gathers are presented to extract offset-domain common-image gathers of PP- and PS-waves. Second, based on the residual moveout equation, the migration velocity fields of P- and S-waves are updated. Depth matching is used to ensure that the depth of the target layers in the PP- and PS-wave migration profiles are consistent, and high-precision P- and S-wave velocities are obtained. Finally, synthetic and field seismic data suggest that the method can be used effectively in multiwave migration velocity analysis. 相似文献
14.
立体层析成像是一种新的地震反射波层析成像方法,能为叠前深度偏移提供较为精确的宏观速度模型。本文研究了立体层析成像的实现方法,包括斜率与走时数据的拾取、离散速度模型构建和初始化、射线参数的确定、斜率和走时及射线计算以及反演问题解法等,建立立体层析成像的算法流程。并通过对Marmousi模型试验,对立体层析成像运行所需的主要参数,如初始速度模型、拾取数据量、离散网格尺寸、速度平滑权重等进行测试和分析,总结这些不同参数对立体层析反演结果的影响规律,用以指导生产实践。 相似文献
15.
Tariq Alkhalifah 《Geophysical Prospecting》2005,53(5):643-653
Imaging pre‐salt reflections for data acquired from the coastal region of the Red Sea is a task that requires prestack migration velocity analysis. Conventional post‐stack time processing lacks the lateral inhomogeneity capability, necessary for such a problem. Prestack migration velocity analysis in the vertical time domain reduces the velocity–depth ambiguity that usually hampers the performance of prestack depth‐migration velocity analysis. In prestack τ‐migration velocity analysis, the interval velocity model and the output images are defined in τ (i.e. vertical time). As a result, we avoid placing reflectors at erroneous depths during the velocity analysis process and thus avoid inaccurately altering the shape of the velocity model, which in turn speeds up the convergence to the true model. Using a 1D velocity update scheme, the prestack τ‐migration velocity analysis produces good images of data from the Midyan region of the Red Sea. For the first seismic line from this region, only three prestack τ‐migration velocity analysis iterations were required to focus pre‐salt reflections in τ. However, the second line, which crosses the first line, is slightly more complicated and thus required five iterations to reach the final, reasonably focused, τ‐image. After mapping the images for the two crossing lines to depth, using the final velocity models, the placements of reflectors in the two 2D lines were consistent at their crossing point. Some errors occurred due to the influence of out‐of‐plane reflections on 2D imaging. However, such errors are identifiable and are generally small. 相似文献
16.
基于虚拟偏移距方法的各向异性转换波保幅叠前时间偏移 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
In this paper, we use the method of pseudo-offset migration （POM） to complete converted wave pre-stack time migration with amplitude-preservation in an anisotropic medium. The method maps the original traces into common conversion scatter point （CCSP） gathers directly by POM, which simplifies the conventional processing procedure for converted waves. The POM gather fold and SNR are high, which is favorable for velocity analysis and especially suitable for seismic data with low SNR. We used equivalent anisotropic theory to compute anisotropic parameters. Based on the scattering wave traveltime equation in a VTI medium, the POM pseudo-offset migration in anisotropic media was deduced. By amplitude-preserving POM gather mapping, velocity analysis, stack processing, and so on, the anisotropic migration results were acquired. The forward modeling computation and actual data processing demonstrate the validity of converted wave pre-stack time migration with amplitude-preservation using the anisotropic POM method. 相似文献
17.
宽方位高密度地震勘探可以有效的提高地震资料的空间分辨率和裂缝预测的精度,但地震道数的增加也大幅度提升了地震数据的处理成本.为提高海量地震数据偏移处理的计算效率,本文发展了一种快速射线束叠前时间偏移方法.该方法首先根据给定的射线束中心间隔将炮记录划分为一系列数据子集,然后利用倾斜叠加将数据子集分解为不同方向的平面波,最后根据射线束中心到地下成像点的双程走时和射线参数拾取相应的平面波振幅累加到成像点上.同Kirchhoff叠前时间偏移相比,本文方法不但保持了一致的成像精度,且由于仅需在稀疏的射线束中心位置进行成像累加运算,计算效率得到了大幅度的提升.文中所给出的模型和实际资料的测试结果验证了本文方法的正确性和有效性. 相似文献
18.
复杂构造地震成像主要取决于叠前地震数据品质、偏移速度可靠性和偏移算子成像精度. 库车坳陷异常复杂的近地表条件导致极低信噪比的地震采集数据. 该区逆冲推覆高陡构造刺穿盐体大面积分布, 盐层厚度变化大、顶底面形态复杂, 盐下断裂带破碎、小断块发育, 形成异常复杂的地震成像问题. 本文重点研究三个关键环节:(1)精细的叠前地震预处理研究: 根据该区地震地质复杂性和地震资料特征, 采用一些新的方法技术和技术组合从振幅与时移的大、中、小尺度变化三个层次来解决资料信噪比问题, 重建深部反射信号; (2)三级偏移速度分析研究:利用库车坳陷盐刺穿逆冲推覆构造建模理论及变速成图配套技术解决叠前时间偏移速度场时深转换问题,利用井约束低频速度地震迭代反演技术解决连井层速度场与偏移速度场的融合问题,实现从DMO速度分析、叠前时间偏移速度分析到叠前深度偏移速度分析的有机衔接,建立拓扑结构相对保持的叠前深度偏移速度模型;(3)基于退化Fourier偏移算子的半解析波动方程叠前时间和深度偏移研究, 极大地改善了地震偏移过程中高波数波的成像问题. 通过对库车坳陷大北、博孜、却勒、西秋4和西秋10等复杂高陡构造的叠前时间和深度偏移地震成像处理,取得了较好的应用效果. 相似文献
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