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1.
湖泊沉积物-水界面氧气交换速率的测定及影响因素   总被引:12,自引:2,他引:10  
王建军  沈吉  张路  刘恩峰 《湖泊科学》2009,21(4):474-482
水流启动-停止法可有效获取体积式氧气交换速率(O2(f)).且该速率与沉积物柱样培养法获得的总氧气交换速率(TOE)之间具显著相关性;与由一维溶解氧剖面计算获得的氧气在扩散界面层中的扩散速率和氧气在沉积物中的扩散速率相比,O2(t)与TOE不仅能代表氧气扩散速率,而且还包括沉积物中生物呼吸以及生物扰动引起的界面氧气交换速率信息.此外,通过比较太湖及南四湖多位点不同沉积物性质条件下界面氧气交换速率,结果表明界面氧气交换速率在空间尺度上的差异性,除与生物因素有关外,还与沉积物有机物质含量显著相关.  相似文献   

2.
采用间隙水连续采集法考察滇池和抚仙湖沉积物-水界面营养盐通量,并比较在氧气缺乏及氧气充足条件下界面的氮磷行为.结果表明,滇池草海沉积物-水界面营养盐通量显著高于滇池湖心及抚仙湖.对云南滇池及抚仙湖沉积物进行好氧和厌氧处理对照比较,结果显示,好氧组上覆水pH显著大于厌氧组,而间隙水pH在两处理组之间差异不显著;这可能与厌氧呼吸途径过程中产生酸性物质有关;而在两种处理条件下,间隙水均处于厌氧状态.较好氧条件而言,厌氧条件下间隙水磷和铵氮浓度的增加,与有机质矿化增强有关;而间隙水磷还可能受FeOOH-P模型控制.由分子扩散模型计算获得的界面磷或者铵氮扩散通量均高于表观通量,而且好氧条件下的扩散通量与表观通量之间的差异较厌氧条件下的大;这表明两种营养盐均存在释放潜力,但这种潜力的发挥受氧气的影响.较好氧条件而言,厌氧条件下使用分子扩散模型得到的界面营养盐扩散通量更接近于表观通量.  相似文献   

3.
滇池流域点源污染控制与存在问题解析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
采用间隙水连续采集法考察滇池和抚仙湖沉积物-水界面营养盐通量,并比较在氧气缺乏及氧气充足条件下界面的氮磷行为.结果表明,滇池草海沉积物-水界面营养盐通量显著高于滇池湖心及抚仙湖.对云南滇池及抚仙湖沉积物进行好氧和厌氧处理对照比较,结果显示,好氧组上覆水pH显著大于厌氧组,而间隙水pH在两处理组之间差异不显著;这可能与厌氧呼吸途径过程中产生酸性物质有关;而在两种处理条件下,间隙水均处于厌氧状态.较好氧条件而言,厌氧条件下间隙水磷和铵氮浓度的增加,与有机质矿化增强有关;而间隙水磷还可能受FeOOH-P模型控制.由分子扩散模型计算获得的界面磷或者铵氮扩散通量均高于表观通量,而且好氧条件下的扩散通量与表观通量之间的差异较厌氧条件下的大;这表明两种营养盐均存在释放潜力,但这种潜力的发挥受氧气的影响,较好氧条件而言,厌氧条件下使用分子扩散模型得到的界面营养盐扩散通量更接近于表观通量.  相似文献   

4.
湖泊底泥疏浚环境效应:Ⅱ.内源氮释放控制作用   总被引:16,自引:5,他引:11  
通过为期一年的疏浚模拟试验,在试验室培养疏浚与对照柱样研究了底泥疏浚对内源氮释放的控制效果.研究结果发现,疏浚表层30cm能够有效的消减沉积物中有机质含量与孔隙水中NH4+含量.在一年的试验周期内,疏浚和对照柱沉积物-水界面的NH4+通量分别为5.3至18.6mg/(m2·d)与-9.4至67.5mg/(m2·d),疏浚柱沉积物-水界面的NH4+通量总体上低于未疏浚对照的通量,尤其是在温度较高的月份,从2006年5-12月疏浚柱沉积物-水界面NH4+释放通量显著低于未疏浚对照柱,疏浚沉积物的NH4+的释放潜力低于未疏浚对照沉积物.研究结果表明,在外源得到有效控制的前提下,底泥疏浚是消减研究区内源氮负荷有效的技术手段.  相似文献   

5.
水动力条件对沉积物-水界面氧通量的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
氧环境决定了水体沉积物中各种生命所需元素的最终归趋,沉积物-水界面是水相与沉积物相氧传递的重要场所,而水动力条件是影响沉积物-水界面氧传递的重要因素.选择三峡库区一级支流御临河为研究对象,根据长年监测数据建立实验室模型,采用声学多普勒流速测试仪及微电极测试系统构建了非侵入式涡度相关测试系统,探究了不同水动力条件对沉积物-水界面氧通量的影响.结果表明:水体静止状态下沉积物-水界面溶解氧浓度随时间的增加而减少,非静止状态下随时间的增加而增加;沉积物-水界面氧通量随水体流速的增加而增加.根据氧通量求解对应流速下垂直涡动扩散系数并进行线性拟合,当水体流速为0.01~0.14 m/s时,垂直涡动扩散系数与水体流速的相关性最好,此时沉积物-水界面氧通量的传递以涡动扩散为主导.  相似文献   

6.
湖泊底泥疏浚环境效应:Ⅰ.内源磷释放控制作用   总被引:12,自引:5,他引:7  
通过为期一年的疏浚模拟试验,在试验室培养疏浚与对照柱样研究了底泥疏浚对内源磷释放的控制效果,结果发现,疏浚表层30cm能够有效的消减沉积物中不同形态磷含量与孔隙水中PO43-p含量,在一年的试验周期内,疏浚和对照柱沉积物-水界面的PO43-P通量分别为-143.8至14.4与-237.3至3047.6μg(m2·d),疏浚柱沉积物-水界面的磷通量总体上低于未疏浚对照的磷通量,尤其是在温度较高的月份,从2006年3-10月疏浚柱沉积物-水界面磷释放通量显著低于未疏浚对照柱,疏浚沉积物的磷的释放潜力低于未疏浚对照沉积物,研究结果表明,在外源磷得到有效控制的前提下,底泥疏浚是消减研究区内源磷负荷有效的技术手段.  相似文献   

7.
湖泊底泥疏浚环境效应:II.内源氮释放控制作用   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
通过为期一年的疏浚模拟试验,在试验室培养疏浚与对照柱样研究了底泥疏浚对内源氮释放的控制效果.研究结果发现,疏浚表层30cm能够有效的消减沉积物中有机质含量与孔隙水中NH4^+含量.在一年的试验周期内,疏浚和对照柱沉积物-水界面的NH4’通量分别为5.3至18.6mg/(m2·d)与-9.4至67.5mg/(m2·d),疏浚柱沉积物-水界面的Nm+通量总体上低于未疏浚对照的通量,尤其是在温度较高的月份,从2006年5-12月疏浚柱沉积物-水界面NH4^+释放通量显著低于未疏浚对照柱,疏浚沉积物的NH4^+的释放潜力低于未疏浚对照沉积物.研究结果表明,在外源得到有效控制的前提下,底泥疏浚是消减研究区内源氮负荷有效的技术手段.  相似文献   

8.
湖泊底泥疏浚环境效应:Ⅰ.内源磷释放控制作用   总被引:9,自引:1,他引:8  
通过为期一年的疏浚模拟试验,在试验室培养疏浚与对照柱样研究了底泥疏浚对内源磷释放的控制效果.结果发现,疏浚表层30cm能够有效的消减沉积物中不f司形态磷含量与孔隙水中PO4^3-P含量.在一年的试验周期内,疏浚和对照柱沉积物-水界面的PO4^3-P通量分别为-143.8至14.4与-237.3至3047.6μg/(m^2·d),疏浚柱沉积物-水界面的磷通量总体上低于未疏浚对照的磷通量,尤其是在温度较高的月份,从2006年3-10月疏浚柱沉积物-水界面磷释放通量显著低于未疏浚对照柱,疏浚沉积物的磷的释放潜力低于未疏浚对照沉积物.研究结果表明,在外源磷得到有效控制的前提下,底泥疏浚是消减研究区内源磷负荷有效的技术手段.  相似文献   

9.
湖泊底泥疏浚环境效应:Ⅲ.对沉积物反硝化作用的影响   总被引:8,自引:1,他引:7  
通过为期一年的疏浚模拟试验,在试验室培养疏浚与对照柱样,研究了底泥疏浚对沉积物反硝化过程的影响.沉积物反硝化速率的测定采用经典的乙炔抑制法.研究结果表明,在一年的试验周期内,疏浚和对照柱沉积物的反硝化速率分别为6.9-26.9nmol/(g·h)和21.6-102.7nmol/(g·h),除2006年的2月外的其他月份,疏浚沉积物的反硝化速率显著(P<0.05)低于未疏浚对照沉积物,同时还研究了环境因子对沉积物反硝化速率的影响,结果表明,疏浚和对照沉积物的反硝化速率都受温度的控制.硝态氟浓度是疏浚和对照沉积物反硝化速率的主要限制因子,有机碳对疏浚沉积物的反硝化速率有影响,但对未疏浚对照沉积物的反硝化速率没有影响.疏浚后短期内沉积物反硝化速率低于未疏浚对照沉积物,可看作是底泥疏浚在富营养华水体脱氮方面的一个负效应.  相似文献   

10.
东巢湖沉积物水界面氮、磷、氧迁移特征及意义   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
以东巢湖近城市湖湾沉积物为研究对象,在沉积物氮、磷营养盐分析的基础上,采用沉积物柱状芯样静态释放模拟法定量评估研究区域沉积物—水界面氨氮、溶解性活性磷酸盐营养盐释放潜力,利用微电极非损伤测定技术获得沉积物—水微界面溶解氧(DO)剖面分布及微界面DO消耗和扩散特征.结果表明:东巢湖近城市湖湾沉积物氮、磷污染物蓄积量较高,受TN、TP污染程度较重.沉积物内源氨氮、磷酸盐释放明显,平均释放速率分别达到32.44 mg/(m~2·d)和1.25mg/(m~2·d),区域内沉积物已成为水柱中氮、磷营养盐的污染源.研究区域上覆水体处于好氧状态,沉积物—水微界面平均DO穿透深度(OPD)达到5.3 mm,平均DO扩散通量为4.56 mmol/(m~2·d),表现出良好的DO扩散能力.沉积物内源氨氮和磷酸盐释放能力与表层沉积物TN/TP物质含量及沉积物—水微界面DO穿透深度有关,在沉积物氮、磷污染较重的情况下,DO穿透深度越低越有利于氮、磷污染物从沉积物向上覆水体释放.  相似文献   

11.
The fundamental assumption of 210Pb sediment dating is the stable flux of 210Pbex, which was derived from atmosphere and then transferred into sediments via lake water. When the sedimentation rate is relatively constant, the 210Pbex activity in sediments will be exponentially reduced with sedimentation age. 210Pbex in lake water is incorporated into sediments mainly via organic particulates. If the sedimentation flux of organic matter in lake water is suddenly increased, 210Pbex will be significantly deposited and then transferred into sediments. On the one hand such sudden purification effect is obviously unfit for the fundamental assumption of 210Pb dating; on the other hand, the sudden enhancement of 210Pbex flux would be indicative of the conspicuous variation of primary productivity of lake water. This problem will be discussed in accordance with the variation trend of 210Pbex in the vertical profile of recent sediments of Lake Chenghai, Yunnan Province. The sediment core was collected from the deep-water area of Lake Chenghai in June 1997. The vertical profile of 137Cs activity is characterized by a tree-peak pattern. This profile gave reliable ages, and also showed the stability of sediment accumulation in the recent ten years. The vertical profile of 210Pbex activity displays a specific distribution of peaks, and is similar to the vertical profile of Corg. This phenomenon seems to be related to the mechanism of constraining the transfer of 210Pbex into lake sediments. The average atomic ratios of Horg/Corg and Corg/Norg in Lake Chenghai sediments are 5.51 and 7.04, respectively, indicating that the organic matter was predominantly derived from the remains of endogenic algae. In terms of the three-stage evolutionary characteristics of organic matter in sediments, i.e., “deposition-de-composition-accumulation”, the sedimentation fluxes (F(Corg)) of organic carbon (Corg) since 1970 were calculated by modeling. The sedimentation fluxes of 210Pbex (F(210Pbex)) in different years display good synchronous relations with the sedimentation flux of organic carbon (F(Corg)), especially in the years of 1972–1974 and 1986–1989. The variation of F(Corg) led to the variation of F(210Pbex); the variation of F(210Pbex) reflects, to some extent, the historical variation of lake productivity.  相似文献   

12.
Accumulation rates of marine and terrigenous organic carbon in the continental margin sediments off southwestern Taiwan were estimated from the measured concentrations and isotopic compositions of total organic carbon (TOC) and previously reported sedimentation rates. Surficial sediments were collected from the study area spanning from the narrow shelf near the Kaoping River mouth to the deep slope with depths reaching almost 3000 m. The average sediment loading of Kaoping River is 17 Mt/yr, which yields high sediment accumulation rates ranging from 0.08 to 1.44 g cm−2 yr−1 in the continental margin. About half of the discharged sediments were deposited on the margin within 120 km of the river mouth. Carbon isotopic compositions of terrestrial and marine end-members of organic matter were determined, respectively, based on suspended particulate matter (SPM) collected from three major rivers in the southwestern Taiwan and from an offshore station. All samples were analyzed for the TOC content and its isotopic composition (δ13Corg). The SPM samples were also analyzed for the total nitrogen (TN) content. TOC content in marine sediments ranges from 0.45% to 1.35% with the highest values on the upper slope near the Kaoping River mouth. The TOC/TN ratio of the SPM samples from the offshore station is 6.8±0.6, almost identical to the Redfield ratio, indicating their predominantly marine origin; their δ13Corg values are also typically marine with a mean of −21.5±0.3‰. The riverine SPM samples exhibit typical terrestrial δ13Corg values around −25‰. The δ13Corg values of surficial sediments range from −24.8‰ to −21.2‰, showing a distribution pattern influenced by inputs from the Kaoping River. The relative contributions from marine and terrestrial sources to sedimentary organic carbon were determined by the isotope mixing model with end-member compositions derived from the riverine and marine SPM. High fluvial sediment inputs lead to efficient trapping of organic carbon over a wide range of water depth in this continental margin. The marine organic accumulation rate ranges from 1.6 to 70 g C m−2 yr−1 with an area weighted mean of 4.2 g C m−2 yr−1, which is on a par with the mean terrestrial contribution and accounts for 2.3% of mean primary production. The depth-dependent accumulation rate of marine organic carbon can be simulated with a function involving primary productivity and mineral accumulation rate, which may be applicable to other continental margins with high sedimentation rates. Away from the nearshore area, the content of terrigenous organic carbon in surficial sediments decreases with distance from the river mouth, indicating its degradation in marine environments.  相似文献   

13.
The results of studying the composition of hydrocarbon gases (C1–C5) and organic matter in bottom sediments of the Ivankovo Reservoir in 1995, 2004, and 2005 are given. The methods used in the study include vapor-phase gas chromatography, instrumental pyrolysis gas chromatography, and mass-spectrometry for determining organic carbon δ 13Corg. The gas field of bottom sediments in different regions of the reservoir varies widely in terms of gas saturation and the spectrum of hydrocarbon gases. This suggests the heterogeneous composition of organic matter in the sediments and different conditions of its input and transformation processes. The gases were found to contain saturated hydrocarbons from methane to pentane C1–C5, including isomers i-C4 and i-C5 and unsaturated compounds C2–C4. A correlation was found to exist between methane distribution and the distribution of its more high-molecular homologues, which confirms their genetic relationship in bottom sediments. The obtained results show an increase in the rate of microbiological processes and organic matter transformation for most regions in the Ivankovo Reservoir. The only exceptions are the zones of Moshkovichskii Bay and the sections at Gorodnya and Konakovo, where technogenic organic matter is being accumulated. The high information value of hydrocarbon gases as biogeochemical markers of the sources of organic matter and the rates of its transformation is demonstrated. The isotopic composition of organic-matter carbon in the bottom sediments of the Ivankovo Reservoir δ 13C varies from ?26.21 to ?30.86‰.  相似文献   

14.
《国际泥沙研究》2023,38(4):556-565
The new concept presented for forecasting the rate of accumulation of suspended sediment in reservoir water in the bottom sediment allows reasonable estimates of the siltation process globally, regionally, or locally, to be obtained without the need for costly research. The method draws on three key parameters, i.e., the concentration of suspended sediments (SS), and its organic matter (OMSS) content, as well as the storage capacity (VR) (i.e., the water storage in the reservoir). All of these parameters easy to determine, with information on them, in fact, made widely available by most agencies managing reservoirs in different parts of the world. In practice, the proposed method can represent a missing link in the precise determination of a reservoirs rate of siltation (and hence, losses of storage capacity).  相似文献   

15.
Multi-proxies of lacustrine sediments, such as total carbon (TC), total organic carbon (TOC), total inorganic carbon (TIC), total nitrogen (TN), total sulfur (TS), hydrogen index (HI), oxygen index (OI) and stable carbon isotopic composition of organic matter (δ 13Corg), were analyzed using a 7.3 m core from Zigê Tangco. The source of the organic matter in the sediment was mainly from autochthonous phytoplankton, therefore the significances of proxies can be interpreted as that high TOC, TOC/TS, HI and δ13Corg values, low TC, TIC values corresponded to warm and wet climatic condition, and vice versa. The process of climatic development in the Zigê Tangco region was hence recovered. During the early and Mid-Holocene, the climate was warm and wet and intensive cold events occurred during the periods of 8600 to 8400 cal a BP and 7400 to 7000 cal a BP. In the second half of Holocene, the climate became cold and dry gradually. The palaeoclimatic process during Holocene in Zigê Tangco region matched well with that in Co Ngoin region which is ca 40 km to the south-east. Therefore this palaeoclimatic process represents the Holocene climatic feature in the Central Tibetan Plateau which has the same pattern in the Northern Tibetan Plateau, but the time and duration of some climatic events might be different. We can conclude that in Holocene solar insolation controlled the climatic pattern on the central Tibetan Plateau.  相似文献   

16.
Studies of water, suspension, and sediments of the Volga R. (from Konakovo Town to the delta) showed that at the confluence with tributaries, diffusion and dilution play the major role. Changes in conductivity, Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), pH, suspension, chlorophyll a, dissolved and organic carbon, lipids, and hydrocarbons take place mostly under the effect of natural processes. Typical features in the case of summer low-water period are low chlorophyll a, suspension, and BOD5. The accumulation of pollutants takes place in bottom sediments because of an increase in the share of Corg, and hydrocarbons have a petroleum and pyrogenic composition.  相似文献   

17.
The oxygen cycle and the balance of free oxygen and oxygen bound in CO2in Lake Baikal are discussed based on new data on the gas exchange between the lake and atmosphere, O2consumption in bottom sediments, and the rate of aerobic decomposition in the abyssal zone of the lake.  相似文献   

18.
Traits have been revealed in the microbial processes of methane formation and organic matter destruction in bottom sediments of technogenic water bodies, in which at the abundance of Corg compounds, including toxic, dissolved oxygen deficiency, and low redox potential, organic matter decay in sediments is mostly anaerobic with the predominance of methanogenesis and sulfate reduction. Data on major microbial processes are used to calculate the total sludge destruction; it is maximal in the sediments of low-toxicity technogenic water bodies; organic matter destruction in them is mostly due to methanogenesis; it is minimal in high-toxicity water bodies, the share of sulfate reduction in them increases, and that of methanogenesis decreases.  相似文献   

19.
Two organic maturity indices, the statistical thermal alteration index (stTAI) and vitrinite reflectance (RO), are used to gain insight into the geological histories of sequences of Tertiary and Upper Cretaceous sediments in northern Japan that contain an unconformity and which are affected by faulting and contact metamorphism. The stTAI is based on the brightness, or gray level, of fossil pollen of Pinus, Podocarpus, Abies, and Picea species. Pollen brightness is measured using a transmitted‐light microscope equipped with a computer‐driven digital image processor. The stTAI represents the mean value of the modes for the complete array of indigenous pollen in rock samples. The stTAI indicates the level of organic maturation for Neogene sedimentary rocks of Japan, from incipient diagenesis to early catagenesis (RO ≤1.0%). With the progressive diagenesis and catagenesis of sedimentary rocks, stTAI values generally show a progressive decrease, whereas RO values increase. The effects of an unconformity and faulting are more clearly recorded in stTAI trends than in RO trends. During early stages of organic maturation (RO ≤0.7%), stTAI shows a rapid decrease, while RO shows a rapid increase during the mature and post‐mature stages (RO ≥0.8%). The occurrence of a range in RO values for a given level of organic maturity makes it difficult to determine the influence of the unconformity on the increasing RO trend. RO values show a progressive increase toward an igneous dyke, but this trend is not apparent in stTAI values. Measurements of Tertiary and Upper Cretaceous rocks in Japan reveal that stTAI is more sensitive to heating duration than RO, although RO is more sensitive to heating temperature.  相似文献   

20.
The influence of riverine inputs on biogeochemical cycling and organic matter recycling in sediments on the continental shelf off the Rhône River mouth (NW Mediterranean Sea) was investigated by measuring sediment oxygen uptake rates using a combination of in situ and laboratory techniques. Four stations were investigated during two cruises in June 2001 and June 2002, with depths ranging from 9 to 192 m and over a distance to the Rhône River mouth ranging from 4 to 36 km. Diffusive oxygen uptake (DOU) rates were determined using an in situ sediment microprofiler and total oxygen uptake (TOU) rates were measured using sediment core incubations. There was good agreement between these two techniques which indicates that the non-diffusive fraction of the oxygen flux was minimal at the investigated stations. DOU rates ranged from 3.7±0.4 mmol O2 m−2 d−1 at the continental shelf break to 19.3±0.5 mmol O2 m−2 d−1 in front of the Rhône River mouth. Sediment oxygen uptake rates mostly decreased with increasing depth and with distance from the Rhône mouth. The highest oxygen uptake rate was observed at 63 m on the Rhône prodelta, corresponding to intense remineralization of organic matter. This oxygen uptake rate was much larger than expected for the increasing bathymetry, which indicates that biogeochemical cycles and benthic deposition are largely influenced by the Rhône River inputs. This functioning was also supported by the detailed spatial distribution of total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and C/N atomic ratio in surficial sediments. Sediments of the Rhône prodelta are enriched in organic carbon (2–2.2%) relative to the continental shelf sediments (<1%) and showed C/N ratios exceeding Redfield stoichiometry for fresh marine organic matter. A positive exponential correlation was found between DOU and TOC contents (r2=0.98, n=4). South-westward of the Rhône River mouth, sediments contained highly degraded organic matter of both terrestrial and marine origin, due to direct inputs from the Rhône River, sedimentation of marine organic matter and organic material redeposition after resuspension events.  相似文献   

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