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不同地区地震活动的强度和频率是不同的.基于地震危险性分析的地震滑坡危险研究在综合了地震烈度、位置、复发时间等因素的基础上,考虑了地震动峰值加速度时空分布的特点,可以有效地应用于潜在地震滑坡危险区区划.以汶川地震灾区为研究对象,根据研究区的地质构造、地震活动特点等划分出灾区的潜在震源区,对该区进行地震危险性分析,并在此基础上采用综合指标法做出基于地震危险性分析的地震滑坡危险性区划.所得地震滑坡危险性区划按照滑坡危险程度分为高危险、较高危险、较低危险和低危险四级,表示未来一段时间内研究区在遭受一定超越概率水平的地震动作用下,不同地区地震滑坡发生的可能程度. 本文给出的地震滑坡危险性区划结果中,汶川地震滑坡崩塌较发育的汶川、北川、茂县等部分区域均处于高危险或较高危险区域;在对具有较高DEM精度的北川擂鼓镇地区所作的地震滑坡危险性区划中,汶川地震中实际发生的地震滑坡灾害与地震滑坡危险区划结果表现出较好的一致性.对区域范围而言,基于地震危险性分析的地震滑坡区划,可为初期阶段的土地规划使用及重大工程选址提供参考. 相似文献
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Newmark方法在芦山地震诱发滑坡分布预测研究中的应用 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7
对于地震滑坡灾害而言,进行地震滑坡危险区划是降低损失的有效手段之一.因此,地震滑坡危险性预测方法的研究成为这一领域的热点.2013年4月20日芦山地震诱发了大量的滑坡崩塌,造成了严重的人员伤亡和社会经济财产损失.文中通过对地震灾区震后航片、遥感影像等的解译,初步获得此次地震诱发滑坡的分布概况.在芦山地震灾区的地形和岩性分析的基础上,基于Newmark物理平衡模型,对该区的潜在地震滑坡危险区进行了分析预测,通过对比本研究获得的潜在滑坡区域预测结果与解译的滑坡分布情况,表明Newmark模型是一种有效的地震诱发滑坡预测分析方法.进一步探讨了不同滑坡影响范围估算方法的差异,认为震级与产生滑坡最远距离之间的关系是一种较好的估算方法. 相似文献
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芦山地震震后次生滑坡灾害风险评价研究 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
以北京时间2013年4月20日8时02分四川省雅安市芦山县7.0级地震为例,对研究区进行震后次生滑坡灾害风险评价.研究在利用芦山地震受灾区航空影像对震后次生滑坡灾害隐患点解译的基础上,选择坡度、坡向、震后累计降雨量和危险植被指数4个评价因子,利用统计分级法对各因子进行敏感性分析,采用层次分析法（Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP）对评价因子进行权重量化,最后综合运用GIS空间分析技术对芦山地震震后次生滑坡灾害进行风险评价,研究结果将研究区划分为次生滑坡灾害高危险区、中危险区和低危险区. 相似文献
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GIS支持下的地震诱发滑坡危险区预测研究 总被引：24，自引：0，他引：24
为了满足对地震诱发滑坡危险区预测的不断增长的迫切要求，灾害评价成为帮助决策过程重要的基础工具之一。即使地震滑坡危险性各组份的评价很困难，但地理信息可辅助提出这种灾害制图的有关方法。描述了用于地理信息系统识别和定量计算不同地震滑坡危险区的技术方法，确定了地震烈度、地形坡度、岩土体类型和现存滑坡密度共4个因子参与的地震诱发滑坡危险性分析。在ARC／INFO DRID支持下，进行叠合分析，由此编制了云南省地震诱发滑坡危险区预测图。由地貌学家提出的地震诱发滑坡预测为规划和工程师提供了对区域规划和建筑工程有价值的技术方法。 相似文献
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地震诱发滑坡的危险性分析与预测 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
结合地震滑坡的特点和相关文献研究，介绍了地震力的分析方法、地震滑坡的机理、地震危险性分析的方法、地震活动性参数的确定方法以及场点地震危险性概率计算原则。将两种地震诱发滑坡预测结果进行对比，分析结果表明，地震滑坡危险区主要集中在中国西部地区（川、滇、甘、陕、新疆等省区）及中国台湾地区，随预测年限的增加场地的地震滑坡危险性也随之增高，地震崩塌滑坡的危险区域明显加大。 相似文献
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利用GIS技术详细研究汶川地震在甘肃省陇南市武都区和文县触发的滑坡地质灾害的分布规律及其与地震烈度、地形坡度、断层、高程、地层岩性的相关关系，采用基于GIS的加权信息量模型的崩塌滑坡危险性评价方法，对研究区的地震滑坡危险性进行学科分析。结果表明：极高危险区在高程上主要分布在集水高程区，高度危险区主要沿白水江、白龙江等主干河流两侧极高易发区的边界向两侧扩展，轻度和极轻度危险区面积占比较小，主要分布在低烈度、活动断裂不发育、人类活动微弱的高海拔地区，另外国道G215沿极高危险性区域分布明显；利用危险性等级分区结果统计人口公里格网数据，得到武都区和文县潜在影响人口，发现研究区约78万人将受到地震滑坡灾害的潜在影响。 相似文献
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利用高分辨率无人机航拍影像,结合基本地质资料,分析了影响2014年8月3日鲁甸M_S6.5地震震后崩塌滑坡分布的主要因素,使用M5'模型树算法建立了崩塌滑坡密度与其影响因子间的分段线性模型,并检验了该模型的预测性能。结果表明,地震诱发的崩塌滑坡分布受断层距、岩土体结构强度、坡度、植被条件等的影响,其中,断层距、岩土体结构强度及坡度等为主要影响因素;崩塌滑坡易发生在结构破裂区及坡度为38°~50°的区域,其分布密度随断层距的增加而减小;利用M5'模型树算法建立的模型体现出崩塌滑坡分布与其影响因子间复杂的非线性关系,模型检验结果显示,理论模型与实际关联函数间的相关系数达到0.88,因此,可利用该模型预测地震诱发的崩塌滑坡的分布。 相似文献
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震后快速准确获取同震崩塌滑坡的分布范围和评估可能的灾害损失对地震灾害应急救援和安置规划至关重要，2022年MW5.8芦山地震为开展不同评价模型在区域地震崩塌滑坡的快速评估研究提供了宝贵窗口。文中选用基于机器学习方法建立的新一代中国地震滑坡危险性模型(下文称Xu2019模型)和简易Newmark模型进行了2022年MW5.8芦山地震崩塌滑坡快速应急评估研究，基于本次事件的地震滑坡数据库(包括2 352处崩塌滑坡，面积为5.51km2),探讨2种模型的准确性和适用性。结果表明，基于Xu2019模型计算得到的崩塌滑坡面积为5.07km2,与实际崩塌滑坡面积十分吻合，而基于Newmark模型计算预测的崩塌滑坡面积达21.3km2。从评估结果的空间分布上来看，2种模型预测的高危险区域基本一致，高危险区域基本位于发震断层的上盘。但Xu2019模型对于西北区域(崩塌滑坡集中发育区)的危险性预测明显偏低，而Newmark模型对西... 相似文献
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《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2014,(12)
正SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences,an academic journal cosponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China,and published by Science China Press and Springer,is committed to publishing high-quality,original results in both basic and applied research. 相似文献
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《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2014,(9)
正SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences,an academic journal cosponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China,and published by Science China Press and Springer,is committed to publishing high-quality,original results in 相似文献
13.
In natural waters arsenic concentrations up to a few milligrams per litre were measured. The natural content of arsenic found in soils varies between 0.01 mg/kg and a few hundred milligrams per kilogram. Anthropogenic sources of arsenic in the environment are the smelting of ores, the burning of coal, and the use of arsenic compounds in many products and production processes in the past. A lot of arsenic compounds are toxic and cause acute and chronic poisoning. In aqueous environment the inorganic arsenic species arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)) are the most abundant species. The mobility of these species is influenced by the pH value, the redox potential, and the presence of adsorbents such as oxides and hydroxides of Fe(III), Al(III), Mn(III/IV), humic substances, and clay minerals. 相似文献
14.
Due to deleterious effects on non-target organisms, the use of organotin compounds on boat hulls of small vessels (<25 m) has been widely prohibited. The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) resolved that the complete prohibition on organotin compounds acting as biocides in antifouling systems should commence in 2008. As a result of restrictions on the use of organotin based paints, other antifouling formulations containing organic biocides have been utilised. This survey was conducted to assess the contamination of replacement biocides in the marine environment following the ban of TBT-based paints. Surface sediments samples were collected in the major ports and marinas along the France Mediterranean coastline (Cote d’Azur) and analysed for organotin compounds, Irgarol 1051, Sea-nine 211TM, Chlorothalonil, Dichlofluanid and Folpet. Every port and marina exhibited high levels of organotin compounds, with concentrations in sediments ranging from 37 ng Sn g−1dry wt in Menton Garavan to over 4000 ng Sn g−1dry wt close to the ship chandler within the port of Villefranche-sur-Mer. TBT degradation indexes suggested that fresh inputs are still made. Among the other antifoulants monitored, only Irgarol 1051 exhibited measurable concentrations in almost every port, with concentrations ranging from 40 ng g−1dry wt (Cannes) to almost 700 ng g−1dry wt (Villefranche-sur-Mer, ship chandler). 相似文献
15.
Ian R. Falconer 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2005,33(1):64-71
Microcystins are cyclic heptapeptide toxins produced by a range of cyanobacterial genera. These cyanobacteria occur naturally in drinking water reservoirs subject to eutrophication, and in rivers and natural lakes. Because of the diversity of organisms, the toxins occur, from oligo‐mesotrophic lakes in North Temperate latitudes, to hypertrophic tropical ponds. The toxins are responsible for numerous cases of injury and death of domestic animals, and human poisoning from drinking water. The initial poisoning includes hepatic cell death. This leads to secondary effects from liver deficiency, including jaundice and photosensitisation. The toxic effects are largely due to inhibition of phosphatase enzymes, acting to regulate protein phosphorylation. The consequences include structural damage, apoptosis and, at lower concentrations, cell cycle effects and tumour promotion. As there is no clear evidence for direct carcinogenesis by microcystins, they are classed as non‐carcinogenic toxins in drinking water. Guideline Values for safe drinking water are derived from data for subchronic rodent toxicity, using the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (the highest dose giving no toxicity). To this dose are applied uncertainty factors, to calculate a Tolerable Daily Intake. On the basis of a standard bodyweight and water consumption the Guideline Value is determined for drinking water. For microcystin‐LR the WHO have set a provisional Guideline Value of 1 μg/L for drinking water. 相似文献
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The geomagnetic field and secular variation exhibit asymmetrical spatial features which are possibly originating from an heterogeneous thermal control of the Earth's lower mantle on the core. The identification of this control in magnetic data is subject to several difficulties, some of which can be alleviated by the use of core surface flow models. Using numerical dynamos driven by heterogeneous boundary heat flux, we confirm that within the parameter space accessible to simulations, time average surface flows obey a simple thermal wind equilibrium between the Coriolis and buoyancy forces, the Lorentz, inertial and viscous forces playing only a secondary role, even for Elsasser numbers significantly larger than 1. Furthermore, we average the models over the duration of three vortex turnovers, and correlate them with a longer time average which fully reveals the signature of boundary heterogeneity. This allows us to quantify the possibility of observing mantle control in core surface flows averaged over a short time period. A scaling analysis is performed in order to apply the results to the Earth's core. We find that three vortex turnovers could represent between 100 and 360 years of Earth time, and that the heat flux heterogeneity at the core-mantle boundary could be large enough to yield an observable signature of thermal mantle control in a time average core surface flow within reach of the available geomagnetic data. 相似文献
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George W. Housner 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2008,7(2):I0001-I0001
Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States. 相似文献
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JianCheng Shi 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2014,57(10):2281-2282
正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases 相似文献