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最近几年，一些消减带内的俯冲大地震再次破裂了以前巨大地震曾破裂过的板块边界地段引人注目。有关破裂了板块边界同一部位的相继发生的两次大地震的已有地震资料，提供了比较这两次地震的地震矩释放空间分布的机会。本文对发生在板块边界地段的地震作了此种比较，这些地段曾在下列地震中遭到破坏；（1）1957年（MW＝8．6），1986年（MW＝8．0和1996年（MW＝7．9）的阿留申群岛地震；（2）1963年（NW＝85）和1995年（MW＝8．5）和1995年（MW＝7．9）的千岛群岛地震；（3）1971年（MW＝8．0）和1995年（MW＝7．7）的所罗门群岛地震；（4）1968年（MW＝8．2）和1994年（MW＝7．7）的本州北部地震。以前的研究已经确定了4次初步大地震和2次复发地震的矩释放的空间分布。这里，运用长周期面波和宽频带体波的经验格林函数分析得到的震源时间函数，反演确定了最近3次地震的滑动分布。通过比较相继地震破裂矩释放的空间分布，发现断层重复滑动图象有很大差异。1994年本州北部地震和1995年所罗门群岛地震，基本上填充了以前地震遗留下来的没有滑动的地区，而不是同一凹凸体的重新断裂。1995年千岛群岛地震和1996年阿留申群岛地震重新破裂了先前地震确定的凹凸体分布地段，但具有不同的滑动量。本研究提供了环太平洋板块边界的大震的复发性质比主要凹凸体的重复破裂更为复杂的一个直接的证据，无论是从整个断分段上发生的破裂是通过重复发生的具有接近相同的破裂长度、破裂地点及滑动大小的事件来实现这一点来说，还是从各个凹凸体在后续的地震循环中以相同的滑动函数发生破裂这一点来说，所研究的4个板块边界的断层滑动都不支持特征地震式的滑动模型。这些连续发生的滑动图象与滑动复杂性仅取决于不变的几何和构造的非均匀性的物理模型不符，而表明考虑动力学同样是重要的。 相似文献
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使用断层附近两个数字地震台网记录的重复地震数据研究了发生2008年汶川M7.9灾难性地震的龙门山断裂带的深部滑动速率。通过波形互相关分析,识别出波形高度相似的231组相似地震对和224组多重相似对。大部分相似地震活动表现为非周期性,复发间隔从数分钟到数百天不等。针对每一组多重相似对,我们首先依据在同一地震台站记录的波形来塑造参考地震的波形,用以量取每个地震相对于参考地震的S与P波的相对到时差,并确定每个地震与多重相似对质心的相对距离,从而挑选出每组地震中的重复事件。我们识别出了位于M7.9汶川地震震源区的12组重复微震,大部分重复微震分布在2008汶川地震同震大破裂闭锁区的边缘,揭示了微震活动与未来破坏性大震在空间位置上的密切关系。由重复微震直接获取的滑动速率随深度增加而增大,在4～18km深度范围滑动速率为3.5～9.6mm/a,约为GPS和地质等浅表观测的滑动速率值的2倍。研究结果对于理解断层活动性和地震危险性分析具有重要意义。 相似文献
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通过大探槽开挖和断层陡坎分析，揭示出发生于１６７９年８级地震的新夏垫断层自距今约２万ａ以来共发生了４次地震事件。前两次为砂体液化显示的事件；后两次为可见直接断错证据的事件。分析得到的１６７９年地震最大垂直位移为１．７５ｍ，前１６７９年事件为１．４１ｍ，是两次震级非常接近的特征地震。４次事件发生的时间分别为距今约２００００，１３０００，７５００和３１７ａ，平均重复间隔时间为（６５６１±６９１）ａ，显示了准周期重复的特征 相似文献
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地震的平均重复周期,可预报复发模式及其应用中的有关问题 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文评述了估算地震在原地平均重复周期的地质方法中存在的困难与问题,探讨了将平均重复周期应用于地震危险性评价中可能存在的不确定性。较详细地介绍了地震可预报复发模式的基本概念、计算公式和实例。当把活断层与地震的复发关系的定量研究与具体的可预报复发模式结合起来,可能会对地震的长期预报或危险性评价产生较好的效果。 相似文献
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中国大陆原地复发强震的基本特征及其预测 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：7
在印度板块与欧亚块相碰撞形成的喜马拉雅弧板块边界力作用下，中国大陆有自己独特的现代构造运动和地震活动基本格架。格架是两组近似于对数螺线的现代构造滑移线，即最大剪切应力和剪切应变集中释放的区，带。在这种格架控制下，强震和大震在原地或基本在原地重复发生是中国大陆地震活动的重要特征。本文还提出了ｉ－ｆ－ｊ复发轮回模式和估计当前轮回强震复发时间的概率分布以及计算未来强震复发概率分式。为中，长期预测原地复发 相似文献
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鲜水河断裂带乾宁——康定段的几何结构比较复杂，由雅拉河、色拉哈——康定、折多塘和磨西4条次级断裂组成，历史上曾发生过1725，1786和1955年3次7级以上强震．本文在断错地貌和年代学（14C 和TL）研究结果的基础上，确定的鲜水河断裂带乾宁——康定段各分支断裂晚第四纪以来的平均水平滑动速率分别为:雅拉河断裂:（2.00.2）mm/a；色拉哈——康定断裂:（5.50.6）mm/a；折多塘断裂:（3.60.3）mm/a；磨西断裂:（9.90.6）mm/a．
历史地震地表破裂、同震位错和古地震资料研究结果表明，雅拉河断裂具有上千年的强震复发间隔，色拉哈——康定和折多塘断裂强震复发的平均间隔在230～350ａ，未来百年均不存在强震复发的可能性；磨西断裂强震复发间隔在300ａ左右，上一次的1786年7级地震距今已达213ａ，未来百年正处于新一轮的强震复发背景之中． 相似文献
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在考虑地震失稳的滑动－弱化特征后，研究了估计大地震重复间隔的问题，建议了一种计算大地震重复间隔的方法，给出了计算复发间隔的公式。同时，应用这个方法计算了海原断裂带、华山山前断裂带、贺兰山东麓断裂带和小江西支断裂带的８级大震复发间隔，它们分别为３４６６年、２０４３年、２６８８年和９７５年。这些数值与古地震研究给出的实际古地震复发间隔甚为一致，说明建议的计算方法可以应用于活动断裂地震复发时间和地震危险性的估计。 相似文献
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重复地震是发生在同一断层位置上的一组地震,具有相似的震级、高度相似的波形和震源机制。由于具有相同的震源和传播路径,重复地震的走时变化可以反应的介质波速的变化,从而可以作为测量地壳中介质波速变化的有力工具。而对区域地震的重复性研究,也可以反过来说明该地区地震发震机制的变化情况。利用波形互相关的方法对浙江温州境内珊溪水库附近发生的地震事件序列进行处理,计算波形互相关系数,选取相关系数大于0.8的地震对进行研究,分析珊溪水库地区地震事件的相似性和重复性,并分析此方法对地震研究的意义。 相似文献
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虽然关于一些重要参数值仍然存在显著的不确定性，地学家们一致认为断层分布遵从幂律标度关系。本文我们把这些标度关系和地震分布的幂律标度关系结合起来获得了区域板内地震复发间隔对断层长度的标度关系式，再对其进行局部校准进而得到某一具体小地方的地震危险估计方法。小断层（未跨越孕震层与断４层）的标度资料表明地震复发间隔和断层长度的负幂成比例变化。由于最近认识到了大震标度中参数的不确定性，对于大断层（跨越孕震层的断层），其地震复发间隔是和断层长度的负幂还是和正幂成比例变化的问题是不确定的，这个问题对地震危险估计是至关重要的。 相似文献
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In this paper, the changes in sediment transport over 51 years from 1955 to 2006 in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China are assessed. Key factors affecting sediment yield and sediment transport, such as precipitation depth, discharge, and human activities are studied. To investigate the changes in sediment yield in this watershed, a trend analysis on sediment concentration, precipitation depth, and discharge is conducted. Precipitation depths at 2 Climate Stations （CSs）, as well as discharge and sediment transport at 3 Gauging Stations （GSs） are used to assess the features of sediment transport in the Kuye River. The rtmoff modulus （defined as the annual average discharge per unit area, L/（s·km^2）） and the sediment transport modulus （defined as the annual suspended sediment transport per unit area, t/（yr km^2）） are introduced in this study to assess the changes in runoff and sediment yield for this watershed. The results show that the highest average monthly discharge during the study period in the Kuye River is 66.23 m^3/s in August with an average monthly sediment concentration of 88.9 kg/m^3. However, the highest average monthly sediment concentration during the study period in the Kuye River is 125.34 kg/m^3 and occurs in July, which has an average discharge of 42.6 m^3/s that is much less than the average monthly discharge in August. It is found that both the runoff modulus and sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS on the Kuye River has a clear downward trend. During the summer season from July to August, the sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS is much higher than those at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs on the Yellow River. The easily erodible loess in the Kuye River watershed and the sparse vegetation are responsible for the extremely high sediment yield from the Kuye River watershed. The analyses of the grain size distribution of suspended load in the Kuye River are presented. The average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Kuye River is largest in February and then decreases until June. In July, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load approaches another peak and decreases until September. Then, the median grain size of suspended load starts to increase until February of the following year. However, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Yellow River at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs is the smallest between early summer and late fall The median grain size in the Yellow River starts to increase in November and approaches the largest size in January. 相似文献
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3He/4He ratios up to 3.5 times the ratio of atmospheric He were found in groundwater samples. The3He enrichment can be attributed to radiogenic3He produced by in-situ beta-decay of3H. This shows that tritiogenic3He is accumulating in confined waters. From tritiogenic3He and3H concentrations, ages of groundwaters can be calculated. Detection of tritiogenic3He gives a tool to trace a tritium contamination which occurred in the past and cannot be assessed only by the3H counting method. 相似文献
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Observations of trace gases (SO2, NH3, NO2 and O3) were made during the period 1981 to 1984 at 6 different locations representative of urban industrial, urban, nonurban, thermal power plant and marine environment. Diurnal variations of the trace gases were studied in an urban environment. Except in the urban industrial environment, the concentration of NH3 was found in the range of background values. Also, the average concentrations of NO2 and O3 at the different environments were in the order of background values. However, the concentrations of SO2 were substantially higher by about 7 times, in urban industrial and thermal power plant environments. The diurnal variations of SO2, NH3 and NO2 showed anitphase relationship with surface temperature at the urban environment station which is relatively free of industrial pollution. Discussion is centred on trace gas variations in different environments in India together with the values reported for various countries in the world. 相似文献
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The aim of this study is to estimate likely changes in flood indices under a future climate and to assess the uncertainty in these estimates for selected catchments in Poland. Precipitation and temperature time series from climate simulations from the EURO-CORDEX initiative for the periods 1971–2000, 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 following the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios have been used to produce hydrological simulations based on the HBV hydrological model. As the climate model outputs for Poland are highly biased, post processing in the form of bias correction was first performed so that the climate time series could be applied in hydrological simulations at a catchment-scale. The results indicate that bias correction significantly improves flow simulations and estimated flood indices based on comparisons with simulations from observed climate data for the control period. The estimated changes in the mean annual flood and in flood quantiles under a future climate indicate a large spread in the estimates both within and between the catchments. An ANOVA analysis was used to assess the relative contributions of the 2 emission scenarios, the 7 climate models and the 4 bias correction methods to the total spread in the projected changes in extreme river flow indices for each catchment. The analysis indicates that the differences between climate models generally make the largest contribution to the spread in the ensemble of the three factors considered. The results for bias corrected data show small differences between the four bias correction methods considered, and, in contrast with the results for uncorrected simulations, project increases in flood indices for most catchments under a future climate. 相似文献
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Changes in thermal extremes of the climate of Poland in 1951–2010 are examined. Warm extremes have become more frequent, while cold extremes have become less frequent. In the warming climate of Poland, the increase in the number of extremely warm days in a year and the decrease in the number of extremely cold days in a year have been observed. Also the increase of the maximum number of consecutive hot days in a year and the decrease of the maximum number of consecutive very cold and extremely cold days in a year have been observed. However, the trends are not of ubiquitous statistic significance, as the natural variability is strong. 相似文献
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Cu concentrations in surface (river and lake) and subsurface waters are determined. The geographic pattern of Cu distribution in natural water is identified. This pattern is controlled by the difference between its concentrations in drained rocks and soils and the geochemical redox conditions of its migration. Territories with low, medium, and elevated Cu concentrations in natural waters are identified. The concentrations of Cu in natural waters of the region are found to be generally lower than the Clarke values. 相似文献
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M. MONIRUL QADER MIRZA 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(5):613-631
Abstract The basin area of the Ganges River in Bangladesh is extremely dependent on a regular water supply from upstream to meet requirements for agriculture, fisheries, navigation, salinity control, and domestic and industrial sectors. In 1975, India commissioned a barrage on the Ganges River at Farakka to divert a significant portion of the dry season flow in order to make the Calcutta Port navigable. Statistical analyses of discharge and water level data have been carried out to determine if significant changes have occurred in the hydrology of the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period. Siltation of the Gorai River (an offtake of the Ganges River) has also been examined using the stage-discharge relationship and regression analysis. The analyses show that the diversion has caused considerable hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh. The water supply in the dry season has been reduced substantially, while siltation of the Gorai River has increased significantly. 相似文献
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Ermakova G. S. Gorelits O. V. Zhbakov K. K. Zemlyanov I. V. Milyutina I. Yu. 《Water Resources》2022,49(4):616-629
Water Resources - The results of studies of extreme floods in Crimean rivers in the summer of 2021 are presented. Analytical and historical generalization is made for the problem of the adverse... 相似文献